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The '''nottuswara''' (''nōṭṭusvaras'', from "[[musical note|note]]" + "[[swara]]s") are a set of 33 compositions (as documented in the book '''prathama abhyasa pustakamu''' authored by '''Sri Subbarama Dikshitar''') in [[Carnatic music]] by [[Muthuswami Dikshitar]] (18th c.), who is celebrated as one among the [[Trinity of Carnatic music]]. A few other nottusvaras were added later by his disciples which adhere to the original idea and intent. Nottusvaras are notable as an interaction between the East and the West during the [[Company rule|East India company rule]], being based on Western sources, mostly simple melodies inspired by Scottish and Irish tunes.<ref name=kanniks07/> They are all composed with [[Sanskrit]] lyrics in the Western [[C major]] scale, whose pitch intervals correspond to that of the [[Shankarabharana]] [[raga]] scale in Carnatic music, or the [[Bilaval]] [[that (music)|that]] of Hindustani music. Technically, the compositions are not in [[Shankarabharana]] proper, being based on simple melodies and devoid of the ornamentation (''gamaka'') that is characteristic of Carnatic music.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Weidman|2006|p=32}}</ref> On the other hand, the lyrics (''sahitya'') of these compositions are entirely Indian and consistent with the rest of the ''stotra''-literature, or other songs addressed to similar deities.<ref name=kanniks07/><br />
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Sometimes the name "nottuswara" is used to refer to other compositions based on Western notes, not necessarily by Muthuswami Dikshitar.<ref>[http://www.karnatik.com/c1340.shtml Carnatic Songs — English Note]: a popular composition with an unknown composer</ref><br />
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==Violin==<br />
According to one popular account,<ref>{{Harvtxt|Weidman|2009|pp=52–54}}</ref> the violin was introduced into Carnatic music by Baluswami Dikshitar (1786–1858), the younger brother of Muthuswami Dikshitar. He encountered the instrument being played by British bands in colonial Madras, and decided to learn it. The music was mostly Irish and Scottish fiddling, rather than [[Western classical music]]. After three years of lessons, he adapted the violin to Carnatic music. It is believed that Muthuswami Dikshitar composed these lyrics to aid his brother master the plain notes on the [[violin]].<ref>[http://www.narthaki.com/info/articles/art270.html East meets West: Western instruments in Carnatic music]</ref><br />
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==Publication history==<br />
They were first documented in print by [[C. P. Brown]] in 1833. In 1893, Manali Chinnaswamy Mudaliar published them with European notation, and in 1905, they were compiled by Subbarama Dikshitar as 'Prathamaabhyaasa pustakamu' in [[Telugu language|Telugu]]. In recent years, Kanniks Kannikeswaran has researched these compositions further, found the sources of a few compositions, and given several lectures.<ref name=kanniks07/><ref name=hindu/><br />
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==Examples==<br />
The European songs used as basis include "Limerick", "Castilian Maid", "Lord MacDonald's Reel", "Voulez-vous Danser?", and "God Save the Queen".<ref>{{Harvtxt|Weidman|2009|p=54}}</ref><br />
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{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! Composition !! Based on<br />
|-<br />
| "Santatam Pahimam" [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EYHizdMbJ-w Example] || "[[God Save the Queen]]"/"[[My Country, 'Tis of Thee]]"/"Grand Dieu sauve le roi" [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_8KveQdaNmA Anthem]<ref name=columbus/><br />
|-<br />
| "Vande Meenakshi" [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fuXMBr8Quzo Traditional setting]/[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B5r9Biejz9M "Indo-Celtic"] || "[[Rakes of Mallow]]" [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hKfQtqNDlFA Leroy Anderson]/[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=59RrWNkfuWM Live version]<br />
|-<br />
| "Kamalasana Vandita Padabje" [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=idbIEBZFfSw Flute] || Galopede / Yarmouth Reel / Persian Ricardo [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6O4kCS2ow54 Jabara]/[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kDm7B0_28I8 Concert]/[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E6DC0GC45II Reel]<br />
|-<br />
| "Shakti Sahita Ganapatim" [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-y3rR0Va_q8 Traditional]/[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N6bsfLBzshU Indo-Celtic] || "Voulez-vous danser?"<br />
|-<br />
| "Shyamale Meenakshi" [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c-E9BXBiJCw Video] || "[[Twinkle Twinkle Little Star]]"/[[Twelve Variations on "Ah vous dirai-je, Maman"|Mozart's variations on "Ah! vous dirai-je, Maman"]]<ref name=hindu/><br />
|-<br />
| "Jagadisha Guruguha" || "Lord MacDonald's Reel"<ref name=ethno/><br />
|-<br />
|"Vara Shiva Balam" || "Castilian Maid"<br />
|}<br />
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==List of ''Nottuswaram''s by Muthuswamy Dikshithar==<br />
# Anjaneyam sadaa http://www.karnatik.com/c3326.shtml <br />
# Chintayeham sada http://www.karnatik.com/c3328.shtml<br />
# Dasharathe dinadayanidhe http://www.karnatik.com/c3145.shtml <br />
# Dinabandho dayasindho http://www.karnatik.com/c3330.shtml <br />
# Guruguha padapankaja http://www.karnatik.com/c3332.shtml <br />
# Guruguha sarasijakarapada http://www.karnatik.com/c3333.shtml <br />
# He maye maam http://www.karnatik.com/c3334.shtml <br />
# Jagadisha guruguha http://www.karnatik.com/c3335.shtml <br />
# Kamalasana vandita http://www.karnatik.com/c3336.shtml <br />
# Kanchisham ekamranayakam http://www.karnatik.com/c3337.shtml <br />
# Maye chitkale http://www.karnatik.com/c3338.shtml <br />
# Muchukundavarada tyagaraja http://www.karnatik.com/c3339.shtml <br />
# Pahi durge http://www.karnatik.com/c3340.shtml <br />
# Pahi mam janaki vallabha http://www.karnatik.com/c3341.shtml<br />
# Pankajamukha shankarahitha http://www.karnatik.com/c3342.shtml <br />
# Paradevate bhava http://www.karnatik.com/c3343.shtml <br />
# Parvati Pate http://www.karnatik.com/c3344.shtml <br />
# Pitavarnam bhaje http://www.karnatik.com/c3345.shtml <br />
# Ramachandram rajivaksham http://www.karnatik.com/c3348.shtml <br />
# Ramajanardana http://www.karnatik.com/c3347.shtml <br />
# Shakthisahitha ganapathim http://www.karnatik.com/c3354.shtml <br />
# Shyamale Meenakshi http://www.karnatik.com/c3357.shtml <br />
# Sadashiva jaye http://www.karnatik.com/c3349.shtml<br />
# Sakala Suravinuta http://www.karnatik.com/c3350.shtml <br />
# Samagana Priye http://www.karnatik.com/c2642.shtml <br />
# Santana Saubhagya http://www.karnatik.com/c3352.shtml <br />
# Santatam Pahi Mam http://www.karnatik.com/c1826.shtml <br />
# Shankaravara http://www.karnatik.com/c3355.shtml<br />
# Somaskandam http://www.karnatik.com/c3358.shtml <br />
# Varashivabalam http://www.karnatik.com/c3363.shtml <br />
# Varadaraja http://www.karnatik.com/c3362.shtml<br />
# Vagdevi Mamava http://www.karnatik.com/c3360.shtml <br />
# Vande meenakshi http://www.karnatik.com/c3361.shtml<br />
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==Notes==<br />
{{reflist|refs=<br />
<ref name=kanniks07>[http://archives.chennaionline.com/MusicSeason2007/fts15.asp Nottuswara Sahityas of Muthuswami Dikshitar - K Kannikeswaran]</ref><br />
<ref name=hindu>[https://web.archive.org/web/20071231181226/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2007/12/28/stories/2007122851430300.htm Dikshitar’s ‘note,’ voice care and sangita], [[The Hindu]], Friday, 28 December 2007<!-- Dasarathe, Kamlaam, Gurumoorthe, Shyamale Meenakshi--></ref><br />
<ref name=columbus>[http://www.columbuscarnaticmusic.org/articles.php A Creative Genius], Columbus Carnatic Music association, Ohio</ref><br />
<ref name=ethno>[https://web.archive.org/web/20091212031301/http://archives.chennaionline.com/columns/Ethnomusic/durga16.asp Homage to the Great Composer - Sri Muthuswami Dikshitar]</ref><br />
}}<br />
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==References==<br />
* {{citation | year=1990 | title=The European Airs of Muthuswamy Dikshitar | author=M R Shankaramurthy | publisher=Guruguha Gana Nilaya | place=Bangalore}}<br />
* {{citation | year=2009 | last=Weidman|first=Amanda | chapter=Listening to the violin in South Indian classical music | title = Theorizing the local: music, practice, and experience in South Asia and beyond | editor1=Richard K. Wolf | publisher=Oxford University Press US | isbn=978-0-19-533138-7 | pages=49–64 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0cpLTOxz0KkC&pg=PA54}}<br />
* {{citation | year=2006 | title = Singing the classical, voicing the modern: the postcolonial politics of music in South India | author1=Amanda J. Weidman | publisher=Duke University Press | isbn=978-0-8223-3620-4 | page=32 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fMg7aKE8RNgC&pg=PA32}}<br />
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==External links==<br />
* [http://www.medieval.org/music/world/carnatic/lyrics/nottu.html Muthuswamy Dikshitar - nottu svara sahityas]: The (Sanskrit) lyrics of all compositions<br />
* [http://ssubbanna.sulekha.com/blog/post/2008/03/sri-mutuswami-dikshitar-and-sri-vidya-2-of-7.htm Dikshitar and western music]<br />
* [http://www.kanniks.com/vismaya_page.htm Vismaya – An Indo Celtic Musical Journey], recordings of the Sanskrit lyrics with Western music<br />
* [http://indianraga.wordpress.com/2007/10/25/british-raj-and-indian-classical-music/ British Raj and Indian Classical Music]: other examples of interaction<br />
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[[Category:Carnatic compositions]]</div>122.164.203.114