imported>IndianPrimates: Modified captions of two images. The old captions failed to mention that the actions shown in the image are illegal and potentially harmful to both langurs and humans.

2021-08-30T08:06:12Z

Modified captions of two images. The old captions failed to mention that the actions shown in the image are illegal and potentially harmful to both langurs and humans.

New page

{{Short description|Species of mammal}}
{{Speciesbox
| name = Northern plains gray langur
| image = Northern plains gray langur.jpg
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name=iucn>{{Cite iucn |title=''Semnopithecus entellus'' |author=Kumara, H.N. |author2=Kumar, A. |author3=Singh, M. |name-list-style=amp |page=e.T39832A17942050 |year=2020 |access-date=2 November 2020}}</ref>
| genus = Semnopithecus
| species = entellus<ref name=msw3>{{MSW3 Groves | pages = 166 | id=12100696 |heading=Species ''Semnopithecus entellus''}}</ref>
| authority = ([[Louis Dufresne|Dufresne]], 1797)
| synonyms =
| range_map = Bengal Gray Langur area.png
| range_map_caption = Northern plains gray langur range
}}

The '''northern plains gray langur''' (''Semnopithecus entellus''), also known as the '''sacred langur''', '''Bengal sacred langur''' and '''Hanuman langur''', is a species of [[primate]] in the family [[Cercopithecidae]].

==Taxonomy==
The northern plains gray langur belongs to the genus ''Semnopithecus'' along with the other Indian langurs. The [[southern plains gray langur]] was once classified as a subspecies of ''S. entellus'', i.e., ''S. entellus dussumieri'' and later regarded as a separate species, i.e., ''S. dussumieri'', but is now regarded as an invalid taxon.<ref>{{Cite iucn |author=Groves, C. P. |author2=Chhangani, A. |name-list-style=amp |title=''Semnopithecus dussumieri'' |page=e.T39835A10274796 |date=2008}}</ref><ref name=Nag>{{cite journal |last=Nag|first=C. |author2=Karanth, P. |title=Taxonomic Implications of a Field Study of Morphotypes of Hanuman Langurs (''Semnopithecus entellus'') in Peninsular India |journal=International Journal of Primatology |year=2011 |volume=32 |issue=4 |pages=830–848 |url=http://wgbis.ces.iisc.ernet.in/biodiversity/pubs/ces_pubs/pubs_2011/theme1_05.pdf |doi=10.1007/s10764-011-9504-0}}</ref><ref name=asian>{{cite journal |author=Roos, C. |author2=Boonratana, R. |author3=Supriatna, J. |author4=Fellowes, J.R. |author5=Groves, C.P. |author6=Nash, S.D. |author7=Rylands, A.B. |author8=Mittermeier, R.A. |name-list-style=amp |year=2014 |title=An updated taxonomy and conservation status review of Asian primates |journal=Asian Primates Journal |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=2−38|url=http://static1.1.sqspcdn.com/static/f/1200343/25106535/1403670682630/2014June24_APJ_Vol4_1.pdf?token=EY6Cm%2BAdyf9lSBug8Jv%2BeF%2B%2BPDM%3D}}</ref> Most of the specimens that had been regarded as ''Semnopithecus dussumieri'' fall within the revised range of ''Semnopithecus entellus''.<ref name=handbook/>

==Description==
The fur of adults is mostly light colored, with darker fur on the back and limbs.<ref name=all/> The face, ears, hands and feet are all black.<ref name=all/> Infants have brown fur.<ref name=all/> Body size excluding tail ranges from {{convert|45.1|cm|in}} to {{convert|78.4|cm|in}} long, and the tail length is between {{convert|80.3|cm|in}} and {{convert|111.8|cm|in}}.<ref name=all/><ref name=handbook/> Adult males weigh between {{convert|16.9|kg|lb}} and {{convert|19.5|kg|lb}} while adult females weigh between {{convert|9.5|kg|lb}} and {{convert|16.1|kg|lb}}.<ref name=all/><ref name=handbook/>

== Distribution and habitats ==
The range of the northern plains gray langur covers a large portion of [[India]] south of the [[Himalayas]] south to the [[Tapti River]] and the [[Krishna River]].<ref name=handbook>{{cite book|title=Handbook of the Mammals of the World: Volume 3, Primates|year=2013|isbn=978-8496553897|publisher=Lynx |editor=Mittermeier, Russell A. |editor2=Rylands, Anthony B. |editor3=Wilson, Don E. | author=Anandam, M.V. |author2=Karanth, K.P.|author3=Molur, S. |page=733}}</ref><ref name=all>{{cite book|title=All the World's Primates |author=McQuinn, A. |editor=Rowe, N. |editor2=Myers, M. |pages=578–579|year=2016|publisher=Pogonias Press|isbn=9781940496061}}</ref>
It is thought to have been introduced to western [[Bangladesh]] by [[Hindu]] pilgrims on the bank of the [[Jalangi River]].<ref name=iucn />

==Behaviour and ecology==
[[File:Monkeyfamily.jpg|thumb|Family perched on concrete ledge]]
[[File:A juvenile gray langur (Semnopithecus) feeds in the safety of its mother's arms in the Ranthambore National Park.jpg|thumb|Mother breastfeeding infant in Ranthambore National Park]]
The northern plains gray langur is diurnal, and is both [[terrestrial animal|terrestrial]] and [[arboreal]].<ref name=all/> Its natural [[habitat]]s are subtropical or tropical dry [[forest]]s and subtropical or tropical dry [[shrubland]].<ref name=iucn/> Females groom members of both sexes but males do not groom others.<ref name=all/>

The northern plains gray langur can live in several different types of groups. It can live in groups of multiple males and females, one male and multiple females or multiple males with no females, and males can also live alone without a group.<ref name=all/> Single male groups are most common.<ref name=all/> Group size can exceed 100 monkeys.<ref name=all/> Upon reaching maturity, males typically emigrate from their natal group while females typically remain.<ref name=handbook/><ref name=all/> Young adult females are typically dominant over older females.<ref name=handbook/> When a new male takes over a group it may engage in infanticide of young fathered by the previous male or males, but this is less common when the takeover occurs slowly over several months.<ref name=handbook/><ref name=all/>

The northern plains gray langur eats primarily fruits and leaves.<ref name=all/> It is able to survive on mature leaves, which is a key to its ability to survive throughout the dry season.<ref name=handbook/> It also eats seeds, flowers, buds, bark and insects, including caterpillars.<ref name=handbook/> It is also fed fruits and vegetables by humans, and some groups get a substantial portion of their diets from food provided by temples and from raiding crops.<ref name=all/>

Groups that have access to abundant food year-round, for example those that are provisioned by temples or are able to raid crops year-round, also breed throughout the year.<ref name=handbook/> Other groups, such as those living in forests, typically give birth between December and May.<ref name=handbook/> The [[gestation]] period is about 200 days.<ref name=handbook/> Females other than the mother [[alloparent]] the infant for the first month of its life.<ref name=handbook/> Weaning occurs at about 1 year and males reach maturity at about 6 to 7 year old.<ref name=handbook/>

The northern plains gray langur often associates with [[chital]] deer. Both species respond to each other's alarm calls.<ref name=all/> The chital seem to benefit from the vigilance of male langurs watching for predators in the trees, while the langurs seem to benefit from the chital's better senses of smell and hearing.<ref name=handbook/>

==Conservation status==
[[File:A Pet Colobinae is waiting for his master to come and feed.jpg|thumb|A captive gray langur. According to the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, it is illegal to hold the species in captivity.]]
The northern plains gray langur is listed as [[least concern]] on the [[IUCN Red List]].<ref name=iucn/> The northern plains gray langur adapts to many habitats and the [[Hindu]] religion considers the northern plains gray langur to be sacred.<ref name=all/> Hence it has large population within India, including within towns and cities.<ref name=all/> It is subject to some threats, including road kill, attacks by dogs, forest fires and diseases caught from domestic animals.<ref name=iucn/><ref name=all/> It is sometimes hunted for food, especially within the states of [[Odisha]] and [[Andhra Pradesh]] and is sometimes killed by humans to prevent it from raiding crops.<ref name=iucn/><ref name=all/> It is also threatened by [[habitat loss]].<ref name=iucn/>[[File:Northern Plains Gray Langur death and funeral rituals DSCN7520 (1) 05.jpg|thumb|A dead Northern Plains Gray Langur (Semnopithecus entellus) is given funeral as per Hindu rituals in Odisha, India. According to the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, it is illegal to handle the species, dead or alive, without procuring requisite permissions from the forest department.]]Captive gray langurs are used in [[Dehli]] to scare off [[rhesus macaque]]s, which steal from and sometimes attack people.<ref>{{cite news |title=In India, authorities fight monkeys with monkeys|url=https://www.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/asiapcf/10/05/sidner.monkey.business/index.html|date=2010 |publisher=CNN |access-date=2020-04-19 |author=Sidner, S.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Delhi's 30,000 unruly monkeys steal stuff, terrorize people and even kill|url=https://www.pri.org/stories/2014-07-20/delhi-s-30000-unruly-monkeys-steal-stuff-terrorize-people-and-even-kill|publisher=Public Radio International|date=2014|author=Tapper, J. |access-date=2020-04-19}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Commons category-inline|Semnopithecus entellus|''Semnopithecus entellus''}}
*{{Wikispecies-inline|Semnopithecus entellus|''Semnopithecus entellus''}}
*{{cite web |title=Semnopithecus |url=https://mammaldiversity.org/#c2Vtbm9waXRoZWN1cyZnbG9iYWxfc2VhcmNoPXRydWUmbG9vc2U9dHJ1ZQ |publisher=Mammal Diversity Database |access-date=2019-02-01}}
*{{cite web |title=Semnopithecus dussumieri |url=https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=944690#null |publisher=ITIS |access-date=2020-04-15}}

{{C.Colobinae nav}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q817180}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:langur, gray, northern}}
[[Category:Semnopithecus|northern plains gray langur]]
[[Category:Mammals of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Mammals of India]]
[[Category:Monkeys in India]]
[[Category:Mammals described in 1797|northern plains gray langur]]
[[Category:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Louis Dufresne|northern plains gray langur]]

Northern plains gray langur - Revision history

imported>IndianPrimates: Modified captions of two images. The old captions failed to mention that the actions shown in the image are illegal and potentially harmful to both langurs and humans.