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{{short description|Migratory duck that breeds in northern Eurasia and North America}}
{{pp-move|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Speciesbox
| name = Northern pintail
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 13 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2019 |title=''Anas acuta'' |volume=2019 |page=e.T22680301A153882797 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T22680301A153882797.en}}</ref>
| image = Northern Pintails (Male & Female) I IMG 0911.jpg
| image_caption = Male and female (left-right)<br/>{{Audio|Anas_acuta.ogg|Call}}
| genus = Anas
| species = acuta
| authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]]
| range_map = AnasAcutaIUCN2019 2.png
| range_map_caption = Range of ''A. acuta'' {{leftlegend|#00FF00|Breeding|outline=gray}} {{leftlegend|#00FFFF|Passage|outline=gray}} {{leftlegend|#007FFF|Non-breeding|outline=gray}} {{leftlegend|#FF00FF|Vagrant (seasonality uncertain)|outline=gray}}
| synonyms =
''Dafila acuta''
}}
[[File:Pijlstaart mannetje en vrouwtje-4961953.webm| thumb|Anas acuta]]
The '''pintail''' or '''northern pintail''' ('''''Anas acuta''''') is a [[duck]] species with wide geographic [[Range (biology)|distribution]] that breeds in the northern areas of Europe and across the [[Palearctic]] and North America. It is [[bird migration|migratory]] and winters south of its [[breeding range]] to the [[equator]]. Unusually for a bird with such a large range, it has no geographical [[subspecies]] if the possibly [[conspecific]] duck [[Eaton's pintail]] is considered to be a separate species.

This is a large duck, and the male's long central tail feathers give rise to the species' English and scientific names. Both sexes have blue-grey bills and grey legs and feet. The drake is more striking, having a thin white stripe running from the back of its chocolate-coloured head down its neck to its mostly white undercarriage. The drake also has attractive grey, brown, and black patterning on its back and sides. The hen's plumage is more subtle and subdued, with drab brown feathers similar to those of other female [[dabbling duck]]s. Hens make a coarse quack and the drakes a flute-like whistle.

The northern pintail is a bird of open [[wetland]]s which nests on the ground, often some distance from water. It feeds by dabbling for plant food and adds small [[invertebrate]]s to its diet during the [[nesting season]]. It is highly gregarious when not breeding, forming large mixed flocks with other species of duck. This duck's population is affected by predators, parasites and avian diseases. Human activities, such as agriculture, hunting and fishing, have also had a significant impact on numbers. Nevertheless, owing to the huge range and large population of this species, it is not threatened globally.

==Taxonomy==
This species was first described by [[Carl Linnaeus]] in his landmark 1758 [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|10th edition of ''Systema Naturae'']] as ''Anas acuta''.<ref name=Linnaeus/> The scientific name comes from two [[Latin]] words: ''anas'', meaning "duck", and ''acuta'', which comes from the verb ''acuere'', "to sharpen"; the species term, like the [[English language|English]] name, refers to the pointed tail of the male in breeding plumage.<ref name= job90>{{cite book | last= Jobling | first= James A | year= 2010| title= The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | url= https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling | publisher = Christopher Helm | location = London | isbn = 978-1-4081-2501-4 |pages = 31, 46}}</ref>
Within the large [[Anatinae|dabbling duck]] genus ''Anas'',<ref name=Linnaeus/> the northern pintail's closest relatives are other pintails, such as the [[yellow-billed pintail]] (''A. georgica'') and [[Eaton's pintail]] (''A. eatoni''). The pintails are sometimes separated in the genus ''Dafila'' (described by [[James Francis Stephens|Stephens]], 1824), an arrangement supported by morphological, molecular and behavioural data.<ref name=Johnson1999/><ref name=Johnson2000/><ref name=Livezey/> The famous [[Great Britain|British]] [[ornithology|ornithologist]] Sir [[Peter Scott]] gave this name to his daughter, the artist Dafila Scott.<ref name=Dafila/>

Eaton's pintail has two subspecies, ''A. e. eatoni'' (the Kerguelen pintail) of [[Kerguelen Islands]], and ''A. e. drygalskyi'' (the Crozet pintail) of [[Crozet Islands]], and was formerly considered conspecific with the [[Northern Hemisphere|Northern Hemisphere's]] northern pintail. [[Sexual dimorphism]] is much less marked in the southern pintails, with the male's breeding appearance being similar to the female plumage. Unusually for a species with such a large range, northern pintail has no geographical subspecies if Eaton's pintail is treated as a separate species.<ref name=Madge/>

A claimed extinct subspecies from [[Manra Island]], Tristram's pintail, ''A. a. modesta'', appears to be indistinguishable from the nominate form.<ref name=Hume/> The three [[Type (biology)|syntype specimens]] of ''Dafila modesta'' Tristram ([https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/92048 Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1886, p.79. pl. VII]), the extinct subspecies, are held in the vertebrate zoology collections of [[National Museums Liverpool]] at [[World Museum]], with accession numbers NML-VZ T11792 (male immature), NML-VZ T11795 (female adult) and NML-VZ T11797 (female adult).<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=R. Wagstaffe|url=http://archive.org/details/type-specimens-of-birds-in-the-merseyside-county-museums-wagstaffe|title=Type Specimens of Birds in the Merseyside County Museums (formerly City of Liverpool Museums)|date=1978-12-01}}</ref> The specimens were collected by J. V. Arundel in Sydney Island ([[Manra Island]]), Phoenix Islands in 1885 and came to the Liverpool national collection via Canon [[Henry Baker Tristram]]'s collection which was purchased in 1896.<ref name=":0" />

[[File:Northern Pintail (Female).jpg|thumbnail|Northern pintail female wingspan]]
[[File:Male northern pintail (Anas acuta) in flight at Llano Seco-0708.jpg|thumbnail|Northern pintail male in flight]]
[[File:Northern pintail.2.jpg|thumbnail|Northern pintail female]]
[[File:Northern Pintail male AMSM6102.jpg|thumbnail|Male in [[Jamnagar]], [[Gujarat]], [[India]] ]]

==Description==
[[File:Male northern pintail at Llano Seco.jpg|thumb|Male in [[California]], U.S.]]
The northern pintail is a fairly large duck with a [[Wing chord (biology)|wing chord]] of {{Convert|23.6|-|28.2|cm|in|abbr=on}} and wingspan of {{convert|80|-|95|cm|in|abbr=on}}.<ref name=HBW/> The male is {{Convert|59|-|76|cm|in|abbr=on}} in length and weighs {{Convert|450|-|1360|g|lb|abbr=on}}, and therefore is considerably larger than the female, which is {{Convert|51|-|64|cm|in|abbr=on}} long and weighs {{Convert|454|-|1135|g|lb|abbr=on}}.<ref name=umich/> The northern pintail broadly overlaps in size with the similarly widespread [[mallard]], but is more slender, elongated and gracile, with a relatively longer neck and (in males) a longer tail. The unmistakable breeding [[plumage]]d male has a chocolate-brown head and white breast with a white stripe extending up the side of the neck. Its upperparts and sides are grey, but elongated grey feathers with black central stripes are draped across the back from the shoulder area. The vent area is yellow, contrasting with the black underside of the tail,<ref name=Madge/> which has the central feathers elongated to as much as {{Convert|10|cm|in|abbr=on}}. The bill is bluish and the legs are blue-grey.<ref name=Gooders/>

The adult female is mainly scalloped and mottled in light brown with a more uniformly grey-brown head, and its pointed tail is shorter than the male's; it is still easily identified by its shape, long neck, and long grey bill.<ref name=Madge/> In non-breeding (eclipse) plumage, the drake pintail looks similar to the female, but retains the male upperwing pattern and long grey shoulder feathers. Juvenile birds resemble the female, but are less neatly scalloped and have a duller brown [[speculum feathers|speculum]] with a narrower trailing edge.<ref name=Collins/>

The pintail walks well on land, and swims well.<ref name=Madge/> In water, the swimming posture is forward leaning, with the base of the neck almost flush with the water.<ref name=Gooders/> It has a very fast flight, with its wings slightly swept-back, rather than straight out from the body like other ducks. In flight, the male shows a black speculum bordered white at the rear and pale rufous at the front, whereas the female's speculum is dark brown bordered with white, narrowly at the front edge but very prominently at the rear, being visible at a distance of {{convert|1600|m|mi|abbr=on}}.<ref name=Collins/>

The male's call is a soft ''{{not a typo|proop-proop}}'' whistle, similar to that of the [[common teal]], whereas the female has a [[mallard]]-like descending quack, and a low croak when flushed.<ref name=Madge/>

==Distribution and habitat==
[[File:Northern Pintail (Males) near Hodal I IMG 9252.jpg|thumb|Non-breeding males wintering in India]]

This [[dabbling duck]] breeds across northern areas of the [[Palearctic]] south to about [[Poland]] and [[Mongolia]],<ref name=umich/> and in [[Canada]], [[Alaska]] and the [[Midwestern United States]]. It mainly winters south of its breeding range, reaching almost to the equator in [[Panama]], northern [[sub-Saharan Africa]] and tropical [[South Asia]]. Small numbers migrate to [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]] islands, particularly [[Hawaii]], where a few hundred birds winter on the main islands in shallow [[wetland]]s and flooded agricultural habitats.<ref name=Madge/> [[Ocean|Transoceanic]] journeys also occur: a bird that was caught and [[bird ringing|ringed]] in [[Labrador]], Canada, was shot by a hunter in England nine days later,<ref name=umich/> and [[Japan|Japanese-ringed]] birds have been recovered from six US states east to [[Utah]] and [[Mississippi]].<ref name=ESPN/> In parts of the range, such as [[Great Britain]] and the northwestern United States, the pintail may be present all year.<ref name=Collins/><ref name=Cornell/>

The northern pintail's breeding habitat is open unwooded wetlands, such as wet grassland, lakesides or tundra. In winter, it will utilise a wider range of open habitats, such as sheltered estuaries, brackish marshes and coastal lagoons. It is highly gregarious outside the breeding season and forms very large mixed flocks with other ducks.<ref name=Madge/>

==Behaviour==

===Breeding===
[[File:Anas acuta 2005.01.10-10.18.52.jpg|thumb|Breeding pair]]
[[File:Anas acuta MWNH 0965.JPG|left|thumb|Egg, Collection [[Museum Wiesbaden]]]]
Both sexes reach sexual maturity at one year of age. The male mates with the female by swimming close to her with his head lowered and tail raised, continually whistling. If there is a group of males, they will chase the female in flight until only one drake is left. The female prepares for copulation, which takes place in the water, by lowering her body; the male then bobs his head up and down and mounts the female, taking the feathers on the back of her head in his mouth. After mating, he raises his head and back and whistles.<ref name=umich/>

Among the earliest species to breed in the spring, northern pintails typically form pairs during migration, or even while still on wintering grounds.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-11-13 |title=Northern Pintail |url=https://www.audubon.org/field-guide/bird/northern-pintail |access-date=2022-03-31 |website=Audubon |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Northern Pintail |url=https://www.nwf.org/Educational-Resources/Wildlife-Guide/Birds/Northern-Pintail |access-date=31 March 2022 |website=The National Wildlife Federation}}</ref> Breeding takes place between April and June, with the nest being constructed on the ground and hidden amongst vegetation in a dry location, often some distance from water. It is a shallow scrape on the ground lined with plant material and down.<ref name= Madge/> The female lays seven to nine cream-coloured eggs at the rate of one per day;<ref name=umich/> the eggs are {{Convert|55|x|38|mm|in|abbr=on}} in size and weigh {{Convert|45|g|oz|abbr=on}}, of which 7% is shell.<ref name=BTO/> If predators destroy the first clutch, the female can produce a replacement clutch as late as the end of July.<ref name=umich/>
The hen alone incubates the eggs for 22 to 24 days before they hatch. The [[precocial]] downy chicks are then led by the female to the nearest body of water, where they feed on dead insects on the water surface. The chicks fledge in 46 to 47 days after hatching, but stay with the female until she has completed [[moult]]ing.<ref name=umich/>

Around three-quarters of chicks live long enough to fledge, but not more than half of those survive long enough to reproduce.<ref name=umich/> The maximum recorded age is 27 years and 5 months for a [[Netherlands|Dutch]] bird.<ref name=BTO/>

===Feeding===
[[File:Northern Shoveler female & Northern Pintail male, up-ending, at Kolkata I 342.jpg|thumb|Up-ending to feed (male on right)]]
The pintail feeds by dabbling and upending in shallow water for plant food mainly in the evening or at night, and therefore spends much of the day resting.<ref name=Madge/> Its long neck enables it to take food items from the bottom of water bodies up to {{Convert|30|cm|in|abbr=on}} deep, which are beyond the reach of other dabbling ducks like the mallard.<ref name=Gooders/>

The winter diet is mainly plant material including seeds and [[rhizome]]s of aquatic plants, but the pintail sometimes feeds on roots, grain and other seeds in fields, though less frequently than other ''Anas'' ducks.<ref name=Gooders/> During the nesting season, this bird eats mainly [[invertebrate]] animals, including aquatic [[insect]]s, [[Mollusca|mollusc]]s and [[crustacean]]s.<ref name=umich/>

==Health==
[[File:Northern Pintail (Male)- Preening I IMG 1119.jpg|thumb|Male preening]]
Pintail nests and chicks are vulnerable to predation by mammals, such as [[fox]]es and [[badger]]s, and birds like [[gull]]s, [[crow]]s and [[magpie]]s. The adults can take flight to escape terrestrial predators, but nesting females in particular may be surprised by large [[carnivore]]s such as [[bobcat]]s.<ref name=umich/> Large [[bird of prey|birds of prey]], such as [[northern goshawk]]s, will take ducks from the ground, and some [[falcon]]s, including the [[gyrfalcon]], have the speed and power to catch flying birds.<ref name=Forsman/>

It is susceptible to a range of [[Parasitism|parasites]] including ''[[Cryptosporidium]]'', ''[[Giardia lamblia|Giardia]]'', [[Cestoda|tapeworms]], blood parasites and external feather lice,<ref name=AEM/><ref name=tape/><ref name=Williams/><ref name=lice/> and is also affected by other avian diseases. It is often the dominant species in major mortality events from avian [[botulism]] and avian [[cholera]],<ref name=Friend/> and can also contract [[avian influenza]], the [[Influenza A virus subtype H5N1|H5N1]] strain of which is highly pathogenic and occasionally infects humans.<ref name=USDA/>

The northern pintail is a popular species for game shooting because of its speed, agility, and excellent eating qualities, and is hunted across its range.<ref name=Marrone/><ref name=Cocker/> Although one of the world's most numerous ducks,<ref name=BTO/> the combination of hunting with other factors has led to population declines, and local restrictions on hunting have been introduced at times to help conserve numbers.<ref name=USFWSnews/>

This species' preferred habitat of shallow water is naturally susceptible to problems such as drought or the encroachment of vegetation, but this duck's habitat might be increasingly threatened by climate change.<ref name=BTO/> Populations are also affected by the conversion of wetlands and grassland to arable crops, depriving the duck of feeding and nesting areas. Spring planting means that many nests of this early breeding duck are destroyed by farming activities,<ref name=Audubon/> and a Canadian study showed that more than half of the surveyed nests were destroyed by agricultural work such as ploughing and [[harrow (tool)|harrowing]].<ref name=usdafs/>
[[File:Northern Pintail Drake on Seedskadee National Wildlife Refuge (23267347871).jpg|thumb|left|Male flying above [[Seedskadee National Wildlife Refuge]] in [[Wyoming]]]]
[[File:Female northern pintail in flight-1827.jpg|thumb|Female in flight, California USA]]

Hunting with lead shot, along with the use of lead sinkers in [[angling]], has been identified as a major cause of [[lead poisoning]] in waterfowl, which often feed off the bottom of lakes and wetlands where the shot collects.<ref name=Scheuhammer/> A [[Spain|Spanish]] study showed that northern pintail and [[common pochard]] were the species with the highest levels of lead shot ingestion, higher than in northern countries of the western Palearctic flyway, where lead shot has been banned.<ref name=Mateo/> In the United States, Canada, and many western European countries, all shot used for [[waterfowl]] must now be non-toxic, and therefore may not contain any [[lead]].<ref name=USFWS2/><ref name=Newsc/><ref name=BASC/>

==Status==
The northern pintail has a large range, estimated at {{Convert|41900000|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}, and a population estimated at 4.8–4.9 million individuals. The IUCN has categorised the northern pintail as not being threatened globally,<ref name="iucn status 13 November 2021"/> however it is endangered in Europe.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22680301/166201297 | title= Anas acuta European regional status}}</ref>

In the [[Palearctic realm|Palaearctic]], breeding populations are declining in much of the range, including its stronghold in Russia. In other regions, populations are stable or fluctuating.<ref name=BWP/>

Pintails in North America at least have been badly affected by avian diseases, with the breeding population falling from more than 10 million in 1957 to 3.5 million by 1964. Although the species has recovered from that low point, the breeding population in 1999 was 30% below the long-term average, despite years of major efforts focused on restoring the species. In 1997, an estimated 1.5 million water birds, the majority being northern pintails, died from avian botulism during two outbreaks in Canada and Utah.<ref name=Friend/>

The northern pintail is one of the species to which the Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds ([[AEWA]]) applies,<ref name=AEWA/> but it has no special status under the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora ([[CITES]]), which regulates international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants.<ref name=umich/>

==References==

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<ref name=AEWA>{{cite web |title=''Anas acuta'' |website=Agreement on the conservation of African-Eurasian migratory Waterbirds (AEWA) |url=http://www.unep-aewa.org/en/species/anas-acuta |publisher=AEWA |access-date=12 February 2015}}</ref>

<ref name=Audubon>{{cite web |title=Losing ground: The top 10 common birds in decline |website=Common birds in decline; a state of the birds report, summer 2007 |url=http://web4.audubon.org/bird/stateofthebirds/cbid/content/SOTB_CBID_Magazine_Top10.pdf |publisher=Audubon |access-date=15 January 2008}}</ref>

<ref name=BASC>{{cite web|title=Lead & Non-Lead Shot |url=http://www.basc.org.uk/content/nontoxicshot |archive-date=25 May 2006 |publisher=British Association for Shooting and Conservation |access-date=15 January 2008 |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060525052505/http://www.basc.org.uk/content/nontoxicshot }}</ref>

<ref name=BTO>{{cite web |title=Pintail ''Anas acuta'' [Linnaeus, 1758] |last=Robinson |first=R.A. |year=2005 |website=BirdFacts: profiles of birds occurring in Britain & Ireland (BTO Research Report 407) |url=http://blx1.bto.org/birdfacts/results/bob1890.htm |publisher=British Trust for Ornithology |access-date=13 January 2008}}</ref>

<ref name=BWP>{{cite book |editor1-last=Snow |editor1-first=David |editor2-last=Perrins |editor2-first=Christopher M. |title=The Birds of the Western Palearctic concise edition (2 volumes) |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1998 |location=Oxford |pages=222–225 |isbn=978-0-19-854099-1 }}</ref>

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<ref name=lice>{{cite web |title=Feather Lice Infection in Waterfowl |url=http://wildpro.twycrosszoo.org/s/00dis/parasitic/feather_lice_infection.htm |website=Wildpro - the electronic encyclopaedia and library for wildlife |access-date=14 January 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141210192346/http://wildpro.twycrosszoo.org/s/00dis/parasitic/feather_lice_infection.htm |archive-date=10 December 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

<ref name=Linnaeus>{{cite book |last=Linnaeus |first=Carolus |author-link=Carl Linnaeus |title=Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata |publisher=Laurentii Salvii |language=la |location=Holmiae [Stockholm] |year=1758 |quote=A. cauda acuminata elongata subtus nigra, occipite utrinque linea alba |page=126}}</ref>

<ref name=Livezey>{{cite journal |last=Livezey |first=B.C. |year=1991 |title=A phylogenetic analysis and classification of recent dabbling ducks (Tribe Anatini) based on comparative morphology |journal=The Auk |volume=108 |issue=3 |pages=471–507 |url=http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/auk/v108n03/p0471-p0507.pdf |doi=10.2307/4088089|jstor=4088089 }}</ref>

<ref name=Madge>{{cite book |last1=Madge |first1=Steve |last2=Burn |first2=Hilary |title=Wildfowl: An Identification Guide to the Ducks, Geese and Swans of the World (Helm Identification Guides) |year=1988 |publisher=Christopher Helm |pages=222–224 |isbn=978-0-7470-2201-5}}</ref>

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<ref name=Mateo>{{cite journal |last1=Mateo |first1=Rafael |last2=Martínez-Vilalta |first2=Albert |last3=Guitart |first3=Raimon |year=1997 |title=Lead shot pellets in the Ebro delta, Spain: Densities in sediments and prevalence of exposure in waterfowl |journal=Environmental Pollution |volume=96 |issue=3 |pages=335–341 |doi=10.1016/S0269-7491(97)00046-8 |pmid=15093399}}</ref>

<ref name=Newsc>{{cite web |title=Crunch time for lead shot ban |website=New Scientist |date=5 April 1997 |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg15420760.700-crunch-time-for-lead-shot-ban.html |access-date=15 January 2008}}</ref>

<ref name=Scheuhammer>{{cite journal |last1=Scheuhammer |first1=A.M. |last2=Norris |first2=S.L. |year=1996 |title=The ecotoxicology of lead shot and lead fishing weights |journal=Ecotoxicology |volume=5 |issue=5 |pages=279–295 |doi=10.1007/BF00119051 |pmid=24193869|s2cid=40092400 }}</ref>

<ref name=tape>{{cite web |title=Cotugnia fastigata |website=Parasite species summary page |url=http://wildpro.twycrosszoo.org/S/0zAPlat_Cestod/cycl_dava_cotugnia/cotugnia_fastigata.htm |access-date=14 January 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141210195021/http://wildpro.twycrosszoo.org/S/0zAPlat_Cestod/cycl_dava_cotugnia/cotugnia_fastigata.htm |archive-date=10 December 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name=umich>{{cite web |last=Robinson |first=Jerry |editor-last=Johansson |editor-first=Carl |title=''Anas acuta'' |url=http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Anas_acuta.html |year=2002 |website=Animal Diversity Web |publisher=University of Michigan Museum of Zoology |access-date=13 January 2008}}</ref>

<ref name=USDA>{{cite web |title=Avian influenza tests complete on wild northern pintail ducks in Montana |website=News release No. 0402.06 |url=http://www.usda.gov/wps/portal/usdahome?contentidonly=true&contentid=2006/10/0402.xml |publisher=U.S. Department of Agriculture |access-date=14 January 2008}}</ref>

<ref name=usdafs>{{cite web |title=Wildlife species: ''Anas acuta'' |website=Fire Effects Information System |url=http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/animals/bird/anac/all.html |publisher=USDA Forest Service |access-date=15 January 2008}}</ref>

<ref name=USFWSnews>{{cite web |title=U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Proposes Duck Hunting Regulations, Limited Canvasback Season Re-Opened |website=News Release 1 August 2003 |url=http://www.fws.gov/news/newsreleases/r9/34B56130-133F-4153-A4576F148A7C6451.html |publisher=U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service |access-date=15 January 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070820183752/http://www.fws.gov/news/newsreleases/r9/34B56130-133F-4153-A4576F148A7C6451.html |archive-date=20 August 2007}}</ref>

<ref name=USFWS2>{{cite web |title=Service continues to expand non-toxic shot options |date=25 October 2000 |url=http://www.fws.gov/southeast/news/2000/r00-045.html |publisher=U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service |access-date=15 January 2008}}</ref>

<ref name=Williams>{{cite journal |last1=Williams |first1=N.A. |last2=Calverley |first2=B.K. |last3=Mahrt |first3=J.L. |year=1977 |title=Blood parasites of mallard and pintail ducks from central Alberta and the Mackenzie Delta, Northwest Territories |journal=Journal of Wildlife Diseases |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=226–229 |pmid=410954 |doi=10.7589/0090-3558-13.3.226|s2cid=10120000 }}</ref>
}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikispecies|Anas acuta}}
{{Spoken Wikipedia|Northern_Pintail.ogg|date=2009-04-14}}
* {{InternetBirdCollection|northern-pintail-anas-acuta}}
* {{VIREO|northern+pintail}}

{{North American Game}}

{{Taxonbar |from=Q25450}}
{{Authority control}}
{{featured article}}

[[Category:Anas|northern pintail]]
[[Category:Holarctic birds]]
[[Category:Birds of Africa]]
[[Category:Birds of the Dominican Republic]]
[[Category:Birds of Haiti]]
[[Category:Birds described in 1758|northern pintail]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus|northern pintail]]

Northern pintail - Revision history

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