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Created page with '{{Infobox | image = 250px | bodyclass = geography | above = Northern South Asia | captionstyle = text-align:left | caption1 = | label1 = Area | data1 = | label2 = Population | data2 = ~500,000,000 (2022) | label3 = Population density | data3 = | label4 = GDP (PPP) | data4 = | label5 = GDP...'

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{{Short description|The northern region of the Indian subcontinent}}
{{EngvarB|date=October 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox
| image = [[File:Northern south asia.jpg|250px]]
| bodyclass = geography
| above = Northern South Asia
| captionstyle = text-align:left
| caption1 =
| label1 = Area
| data1 =
| label2 = Population
| data2 = ~500,000,000 (2022)
| label3 = Population density
| data3 =
| label4 = GDP (PPP)
| data4 =
| label5 = GDP (nominal)
| data5 =
| label6 = GDP per capita
| data6 =
| label7 = HDI
| data7 =
| label8 = religions
| data8 =
| religions_year = 2011
| religions_ref =
| label9 = [[Demonym]]
| data9 = [[Desi|Northern South Asian]]
| label10 = Countries
| data10 = {{flag|Afghanistan}} {{flag|Bangladesh}} {{flag|Bhutan}} {{flag|India}} ([[North India]] and [[Northeast India]]) {{flag|Nepal}} {{flag|Pakistan}}
| label15 = Largest city
| data15 =
| label11 = Languages
| data11 = [[Languages of South Asia|Most common first languages]]: {{hlist

|[[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|[[Hindi–Urdu]]
|[[Nepali language|Nepali]]
|[[Assamese language|Assamese]]
}}
| label12 = Time zones
| data12 = [[UTC+5:30]]; [[UTC+5:45]]; [[UTC+06:00]]
| label13 = Internet [[Top-level domain|TLD]]
| data13 = [[.in]], [[.bd]], [[.np]], [[.bt]]
| label14 = [[Calling code]]
| data14 = [[List of country calling codes|Zone 8 & 9]]
| label16 = Religions
| data16 = [[Hinduism]], [[Islam]], [[Christianity]], [[Buddhism]], [[Irreligion]], [[Animism|Tribal]], [[Jainism]], [[Sikhism]], [[Judaism]] [[Zoroastrianism]]
| label17 = [[Ethnic groups]]
| data17 = [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Indo-Aryan]], [[Tibeto-Burman]], [[Kolarian]], [[Khasi people|Khasi]]
| data18 = [[Hindustan]],
[[Aryavarta]]
| label18 = Historical names
}}
'''Northern South Asia''' is a geographical area in [[South Asia]], and is the northern region of [[the subcontinent]]. Depending on definition, it includes some or all of the countries of [[Afghanistan]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Bhutan]], [[Nepal]] and [[India]] (specifically [[North India]] and [[Northeast India]]), and [[Pakistan]].<ref name=":0" /> Northern South Asia is predominantly [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Indo-Aryan]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ivani |first=Jessica K. |last2=Paudyal |first2=Netra |last3=Peterson |first3=John |date=30 August 2021 |title=Indo-Aryan – a house divided? Evidence for the east–west Indo-Aryan divide and its significance for the study of northern South Asia |url=https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/216529/ |journal=Journal of South Asian Languages and Linguistics |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=287–326 |doi=10.1515/jsall-2021-2029 |issn=2196-078X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ishii |first=Hiroshi |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Social_Dynamics_in_Northern_South_Asia.html?id=PmVKvwEACAAJ |title=Social Dynamics in Northern South Asia |last2=Gellner |first2=David N. |last3=Nawa |first3=Katsuo |date=2007 |publisher=Manohar |language=en}}</ref> though there are diverse linguistic communities near the Himalayas.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Daurio |first=Maya |last2=Turin |first2=Mark |date=2020 |title=“Langscapes” and language borders: Linguistic boundary-making in northern South Asia |url=https://shs.hal.science/halshs-03083475 |journal=Eurasia Border Review |language=en |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=21 |doi=10.14943/ebr.10.1.21}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Mohanty |first=David Bradley, Panchanan |title=Sociolinguistics of South Asia: Tibeto-Burman, Austroasiatic and other languages |date=2023 |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781003198345-17/sociolinguistics-south-asia-david-bradley-panchanan-mohanty |work=The Routledge Handbook of Sociolinguistics Around the World |access-date=4 October 2023 |edition=2 |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9781003198345-17/sociolinguistics-south-asia-david-bradley-panchanan-mohanty |isbn=978-1-003-19834-5}}</ref> Until the [[Partition of India]] in 1947, Northern South Asia had a significant degree of cultural and political unity;<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pillalamarri |first=Akhilesh |title=The Geopolitics of South Asian Political Stability |url=https://thediplomat.com/2014/12/the-geopolitics-of-south-asian-political-stability/ |access-date=4 October 2023 |website=thediplomat.com |language=en-US}}</ref> the 1947 partition, along with the 1971 [[Bangladesh Liberation War|secession of Bangladesh]] from Pakistan, resulted in significant inter-migration in the region.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CFP: ECSAS panel, "Imagining the city: Literary and religious practices of urbanity in early modern and modern South Asia," proposals due Jan 22 {{!}} H-Net |url=https://networks.h-net.org/node/22055/discussions/12190438/cfp-ecsas-panel-imagining-city-literary-and-religious-practices |access-date=4 October 2023 |website=networks.h-net.org}}</ref> Since the end of colonial rule in the region, some of its borders have been heavily contested (primarily between India and its neighbours [[Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts|Pakistan]] and [[Sino-Indian border dispute|China]], as well as [[Insurgency in Northeast India|separatist movements]] in Northeast India), resulting in a significant military presence in the region and negative consequences for local peoples.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://library.oapen.org/handle/20.500.12657/31797 |title=Borderland Lives in Northern South Asia |date=3 March 2014 |publisher=Duke University Press |editor-last=Gellner |editor-first=David |language=English}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=25 October 2022 |title=In the North of South Asia, an arc of peace |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/opinion/in-the-north-of-south-asia-an-arc-of-peace-101666705026927.html |access-date=4 October 2023 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chowdhory |first=Nasreen |last2=Mohanty |first2=Biswajit |date=4 July 2023 |title=Dispossession, Border and Exception in South Asia: An Introduction |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/08865655.2023.2226404 |journal=Journal of Borderlands Studies |language=en |volume=38 |issue=4 |pages=537–547 |doi=10.1080/08865655.2023.2226404 |issn=0886-5655}}</ref> This tension in the region has also contributed to difficulties in sharing river waters among Northern South Asian countries;<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hill |first=Doug |title=Alternative Institutional Arrangements: Managing Transboundary Water Resources in South Asia |url=https://www.academia.edu/3096107/Alternative_Institutional_Arrangements_Managing_Transboundary_Water_Resources_in_South_Asia |journal=Academia}}</ref> [[Climate change in South Asia|climate change]] is projected to contribute significantly to this and other problems.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Crow |first=B. |last2=Singh |first2=Nirvikar |date=2008 |title=The management of inter-state rivers as demands grow and supplies tighten: India, China, Nepal, Pakistan, Bangladesh |url=https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/The-management-of-inter-state-rivers-as-demands-and-Crow-Singh/06e7e4247450fb2cc7b5796e17f30673b1fc7ef6 |journal=Semantic Scholar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=26 March 2019 |title=Putting policy into practice to clean up South Asia’s dirty air (commentary) |url=https://news.mongabay.com/2019/03/putting-policy-into-practice-to-clean-up-south-asias-dirty-air-commentary/ |access-date=4 October 2023 |website=Mongabay Environmental News |language=en-US}}</ref>

Northern South Asia is home to about half a billion people and is the poorest region of the subcontinent.<ref name=":0" /> It also has more gender inequality and constrictions on women's rights than other parts of South Asia.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sheikh |first=Saba M. |last2=Loney |first2=Tom |date=13 July 2018 |title=Is Educating Girls the Best Investment for South Asia? Association Between Female Education and Fertility Choices in South Asia: A Systematic Review of the Literature |url=https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpubh.2018.00172/full |journal=Frontiers in Public Health |volume=6 |doi=10.3389/fpubh.2018.00172 |issn=2296-2565 |pmc=6054002 |pmid=30057895}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 July 2017 |title=Women’s Seclusion and Men’s Honor |url=https://uapress.arizona.edu/book/womens-seclusion-and-mens-honor |access-date=5 October 2023 |website=UAPress |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>[https://www.un.org/esa/desa/papers/2011/wp107_2011.pdf Food Crises and Gender Inequality] https://www.un.org/ Bina Agarwal</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jejeebhoy |first=Shireen J. |last2=Sathar |first2=Zeba A. |date=2001 |title=Women's Autonomy in India and Pakistan: The Influence of Religion and Region |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2695183 |journal=Population and Development Review |volume=27 |issue=4 |pages=687–712 |issn=0098-7921}}</ref>

Northern South Asia is a Muslim-majority region, being the area with the most historical [[Ganga-Jamuni tehzeeb|Hindu-Muslim contact]] and having birthed [[Sikhism]], a religion with historical relations and similarities to both Hinduism and Islam.<ref>{{Cite web |title=3.3 Belief Systems of Land-Based Empires |url=https://library.fiveable.me/ |access-date=5 October 2023 |website=library.fiveable.me}}</ref>

== History ==
The sixteen "[[mahajanapada]]" dynasties flourished in Northern South Asia starting in the sixth century BC. They were conquered by the [[Maurya Empire]] starting in the late fourth century BC. This was then replaced by a number of competing polities that fought over territory until the development of robust states starting in the fourth century AD. Throughout the first millennium AD, regional political dynasties emerged that formed alliances and controlled vast swathes of the region.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Smith |first=Monica L. |title=Caste as a Cooperative Economic Entitlement Strategy in Complex Societies of the Indian Subcontinent and Sub-Saharan Africa |url=https://www.academia.edu/11060780/Caste_as_a_Cooperative_Economic_Entitlement_Strategy_in_Complex_Societies_of_the_Indian_Subcontinent_and_Sub_Saharan_Africa |journal=Academia}}</ref>

From the tenth century CE until about the eighteenth, Northern South Asia was invaded and ruled by Muslims from Afghanistan, Persia and Central Asia. [[Persian language|Persian]] became the language of the courts, and influenced [[Languages of South Asia|vernacular languages]]; this is when [[Hindi]] and [[Urdu]], two prominent modern-day languages in South Asia, first started to emerge.<ref>{{Cite web |title=‪“Hit It With a Stick and It Won’t Die”: Urdu Language, Muslim Identity and Poetry in Varanasi, India‬ |url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=VX0OAKoAAAAJ&citation_for_view=VX0OAKoAAAAJ:2osOgNQ5qMEC |access-date=4 October 2023 |website=scholar.google.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Farooqui |first=Salma Ahmed |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sxhAtCflwOMC |title=A Comprehensive History of Medieval India: Twelfth to the Mid-eighteenth Century |date=2011 |publisher=Pearson Education India |isbn=978-81-317-3202-1 |language=en}}</ref>

After the [[Partition of India|1947 partition]], religious nationalism led to a starker divide between Hindi and Urdu, which were respectively modified to have a greater share of their vocabularies come from Sanskrit and Perso-Arabic sources.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Arac |first=Jonathan |date= |title=From north Indian vernaculars to a new world philology Introduction: From north Indian vernaculars to a new world philology |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-8705.2010.01957.x |journal=Critical Quarterly |language=en |volume=52 |issue=3 |pages=60–62 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-8705.2010.01957.x}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[North India]]
* [[South India]]
* [[Eastern South Asia]]
* [[Northwestern South Asia]]
* [[Southern South Asia]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}{{South Asian topics}}
[[Category:South Asia]]

Northern South Asia - Revision history