North Kamrup violence - Revision history

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	'''North Kamrup violence''' was a series of violent activities between those who supported the [[Assam Movement]] and those who opposed it ~~that occurred in North Kamrup, [[Assam]], in 4–5 January 1980~~.<ref>"The referred to the violence of North Kamrup on January 4-5, 1980." {{harvcol\|Nayar\|Kannabiran\|Tarkunde\|1986\|p=114}}</ref><ref name="Desai 1986">{{Cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9i5sNMNh_uIC&q=%22bengali+hindus%22+%22north+kamrup%22+%221980%22&pg=PA114\|title=Violation of Democratic Rights in India\|last=Desai\|first=Akshayakumar Ramanlal\|date=1986\|publisher=Popular Prakashan\|isbn=9780861321308\|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Dutta 2012">{{Cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tOmICwAAQBAJ&q=%22north+kamrup%22+%22massacre%22&pg=PT97\|title=Questions of Identity in Assam: Location, Migration, Hybridity\|last=Dutta\|first=Nandana\|date=11 September 2012\|publisher=SAGE Publications India\|isbn=9788132117001\|language=en}}</ref> Triggered by the death of a high school student, a member of the [[All Assam Students Union\|AASU]], it led to a series of attacks and counter-attacks between Assamese and immigrant villages leading to a curfew.<ref>"[T]riggered by the death of a high school student who had worked as a member of the AASU. He was killed in a village inhabited my Muslims of East Bengal origin. His death resulted in a series of attacks and counter-attacks between Assamese and immigrant villages..." {{harvcol\|Kimura\|2013\|p=69}}</ref> According to the Citizenship Rights Preservation Committee, representing ~~Kamrupi~~ Bengali speaking people, the violence was directed against linguistic, religio-linguistic, ethnic minorities and members of the CPI, CPI(M) and CPI(ML) political parties who opposed the Assam Movement.<ref>"The violence according to [the Citizenship Rights Preservation Committee] was directed against linguistic, religio-linguistic, ethnic minorities and against the workers of the CPI, CPI(M) and CPI(ML) who opposed the agitation." {{harvcol\|Nayar\|Kannabiran\|Tarkunde\|1986\|p=114}}</ref> Many of the victims were Miya ~~of Kamrupi Muslims~~ and it is alleged that the Army committed atrocities on Assamese villagers during the curfew.<ref>"Many of the victims were immigrants and it was alleged that the Army had committed atrocities on the Assamese villagers during the curfew under the auspices of carrying out an investigation." {{harvcol\|Kimura\|2013\|p=69}}</ref> This was the first reported large-scale group clash during the Assam Movement.<ref>"This was the first large-scale group clash reported during the movement." {{harvcol\|Kimura\|2013\|p=69}}</ref>		'''North Kamrup violence''' was a series of violent activities in North Kamrup, [[Assam]], on 4–5 January 1980 between those who supported the [[Assam Movement]] and those who opposed it.<ref>"The referred to the violence of North Kamrup on January 4-5, 1980." {{harvcol\|Nayar\|Kannabiran\|Tarkunde\|1986\|p=114}}</ref><ref name="Desai 1986">{{Cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9i5sNMNh_uIC&q=%22bengali+hindus%22+%22north+kamrup%22+%221980%22&pg=PA114\|title=Violation of Democratic Rights in India\|last=Desai\|first=Akshayakumar Ramanlal\|date=1986\|publisher=Popular Prakashan\|isbn=9780861321308\|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Dutta 2012">{{Cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tOmICwAAQBAJ&q=%22north+kamrup%22+%22massacre%22&pg=PT97\|title=Questions of Identity in Assam: Location, Migration, Hybridity\|last=Dutta\|first=Nandana\|date=11 September 2012\|publisher=SAGE Publications India\|isbn=9788132117001\|language=en}}</ref> Triggered by the death of a high school student, a member of the [[All Assam Students Union\|AASU]], it led to a series of attacks and counter-attacks between Assamese and immigrant villages leading to a curfew.<ref>"[T]riggered by the death of a high school student who had worked as a member of the AASU. He was killed in a village inhabited my Muslims of East Bengal origin. His death resulted in a series of attacks and counter-attacks between Assamese and immigrant villages..." {{harvcol\|Kimura\|2013\|p=69}}</ref> According to the Citizenship Rights Preservation Committee, representing Bengali speaking people, the violence was directed against linguistic, religio-linguistic, ethnic minorities and members of the CPI, CPI(M) and CPI(ML) political parties who opposed the Assam Movement.<ref>"The violence according to [the Citizenship Rights Preservation Committee] was directed against linguistic, religio-linguistic, ethnic minorities and against the workers of the CPI, CPI(M) and CPI(ML) who opposed the agitation." {{harvcol\|Nayar\|Kannabiran\|Tarkunde\|1986\|p=114}}</ref> Many of the victims were Miya and it is alleged that the Army committed atrocities on Assamese villagers during the curfew.<ref>"Many of the victims were immigrants and it was alleged that the Army had committed atrocities on the Assamese villagers during the curfew under the auspices of carrying out an investigation." {{harvcol\|Kimura\|2013\|p=69}}</ref> This was the first reported large-scale group clash during the Assam Movement.<ref>"This was the first large-scale group clash reported during the movement." {{harvcol\|Kimura\|2013\|p=69}}</ref>

	== Background ==		== Background ==
	{{See also\|Assam Movement\|Na Asamiya}}		{{See also\|Assam Movement\|Na Asamiya}}
	In some districts of [[Barak Valley\|lower Assam]], ~~Kamrupi~~ [[Bengali Hindus]] have experienced violence directed against on the linguistic and cultural identity of the [[Assamese people]].<ref name="Samaddar 2004">{{Cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aciGAwAAQBAJ&q=%22north+kamrup%22+%22massacre%22&pg=PA312\|title=Peace Studies: An Introduction To the Concept, Scope, and Themes\|last=Samaddar\|first=Ranabir\|date=1 July 2004\|publisher=SAGE Publications India\|isbn=9788132102878\|language=en}}</ref>		In some districts of [[Barak Valley\|lower Assam]], [[Bengali Hindus]] have experienced violence directed against on the linguistic and cultural identity of the [[Assamese people]].<ref name="Samaddar 2004">{{Cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aciGAwAAQBAJ&q=%22north+kamrup%22+%22massacre%22&pg=PA312\|title=Peace Studies: An Introduction To the Concept, Scope, and Themes\|last=Samaddar\|first=Ranabir\|date=1 July 2004\|publisher=SAGE Publications India\|isbn=9788132102878\|language=en}}</ref>

	Assam has been churned in the cauldron of communal, ethnic, and state violence in the name of Assam Movement during 1979 to 1985.<ref name="Samaddar 2004" /> Some incidents of them are the North Kamrup pogrom of 1980 in which a large number of people belonging to the linguistic and religious minorities were massacred. In 1981 [[Khoirabari massacre]] sword down nearly 100 Kamrupi Bengali Hindus.<ref>{{Cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KclwPdsveMQC&q=bengalis+killed+khoirabari&pg=PA33\|title=Insurgent Frontiers: Essays from the Troubled Northeast\|last=Rammohan\|first=E. N.\|date=2005\|publisher=India Research Press\|isbn=9788187943808\|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6fSpCQAAQBAJ&q=bengalis+killed+khoirabari&pg=PA36\|title=Countering Insurgencies in India: An Insider's View\|last=Rammohun\|first=E. M.\|date=29 December 2011\|publisher=Vij Books India Pvt Ltd\|isbn=9789381411667\|language=en}}</ref> Similar massacres took place again in 1983 at Chaulkhowa Chapori and [[Silapathar massacre\|Silapathar]]<ref>{{Cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-d_0Upl6tXUC\|title=The Fleeing People of South Asia: Selections from Refugee Watch\|last=Basu\|first=Sibaji Pratim\|date=1 February 2009\|publisher=Anthem Press\|isbn=9781843317784\|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L1i51KFUyzIC\|title=Contemporary Political Leadership in India: Sharad Pawar, the Maratha legacy\|last1=Bakshi\|first1=Shiri Ram\|last2=Sharma\|first2=Sita Ram\|last3=Gajrani\|first3=S.\|date=1998\|publisher=APH Publishing\|isbn=9788176480086\|language=en}}</ref> in 1983.		Assam has been churned in the cauldron of communal, ethnic, and state violence in the name of Assam Movement during 1979 to 1985.<ref name="Samaddar 2004" /> Some incidents of them are the North Kamrup pogrom of 1980 in which a large number of people belonging to the linguistic and religious minorities were massacred.

	~~Kamrupi~~ [[Bengalis\|Bengali speaking]] people were often harassed as ''foreigners'' and became the target of violence in the Carly phase of the anti-Bengali movement in Assam.<ref name="auto">{{Cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L1i51KFUyzIC&q=%22north+kamrup%22+%22pogrom%22&pg=PA204\|title=Contemporary Political Leadership in India: Sharad Pawar, the Maratha legacy\|last1=Bakshi\|first1=Shiri Ram\|last2=Sharma\|first2=Sita Ram\|last3=Gajrani\|first3=S.\|date=1998\|publisher=APH Publishing\|isbn=9788176480086\|language=en}}</ref> At the beginning of the movement, many Muslim students of [[East Bengal\|~~Kamrupi~~ Bengali]] origin supported and joined the movement.<ref name="Kimura 2013">{{harvtxt\|Kimura\|2013}}</ref> They were pretended themselves as [[Assamese people\|Assamese speaker]], called [[Na Asamiya]].{{efn\|The term '''Na-Asamiya''' in Assamese language literally means '''new Assamese''', the prefix Na- means ''new'' and Asamiya means ''Assamese''. After the [[Partition of India]], the group gave up its Bengali linguistic identity and adopted the Assamese language. Gradually they adopted Assamese culture like [[gamosa]]. In English, they are sometimes referred to as '''Neo-Assamese'''. Na-Asamiyas also referred to as '''Charua Musalman''', literally meaning Muslims of the ''chars'', because of their preference in settling in the ''chars''.}}<ref>{{cite journal\|last=Bhaumik\|first=Subir\|date=April 2011\|title=Risk of durable disorder\|journal=Seminar\|publisher=Seminar Publications\|location=New Delhi\|issue=620\|url=http://www.india-seminar.com/2011/620/620_subir_bhaumik.htm\|access-date=10 July 2017}}</ref><ref name="Kimura 2013" /> Although, after some years while Assamese speakers became the majority in Assam along with Muslims who pretended them as Assamese speaker, Assamese people started violence against Bengali speaker including ~~Kamrupi~~ [[Bengali Hindus]].{{citation needed\|date=September 2019}}		[[Bengalis\|Bengali speaking]] people were often harassed as ''foreigners'' and became the target of violence in the Carly phase of the anti-Bengali movement in Assam.<ref name="auto">{{Cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L1i51KFUyzIC&q=%22north+kamrup%22+%22pogrom%22&pg=PA204\|title=Contemporary Political Leadership in India: Sharad Pawar, the Maratha legacy\|last1=Bakshi\|first1=Shiri Ram\|last2=Sharma\|first2=Sita Ram\|last3=Gajrani\|first3=S.\|date=1998\|publisher=APH Publishing\|isbn=9788176480086\|language=en}}</ref> At the beginning of the movement, many Muslim students of [[East Bengal\|East Bengali]] origin supported and joined the movement.<ref name="Kimura 2013">{{harvtxt\|Kimura\|2013}}</ref> They were pretended themselves as [[Assamese people\|Assamese speaker]], called [[Na Asamiya]].{{efn\|The term '''Na-Asamiya''' in Assamese language literally means '''new Assamese''', the prefix Na- means ''new'' and Asamiya means ''Assamese''. After the [[Partition of India]], the group gave up its Bengali linguistic identity and adopted the Assamese language. Gradually they adopted Assamese culture like [[gamosa]]. In English, they are sometimes referred to as '''Neo-Assamese'''. Na-Asamiyas also referred to as '''Charua Musalman''', literally meaning Muslims of the ''chars'', because of their preference in settling in the ''chars''.}}<ref>{{cite journal\|last=Bhaumik\|first=Subir\|date=April 2011\|title=Risk of durable disorder\|journal=Seminar\|publisher=Seminar Publications\|location=New Delhi\|issue=620\|url=http://www.india-seminar.com/2011/620/620_subir_bhaumik.htm\|access-date=10 July 2017}}</ref><ref name="Kimura 2013" /> Although, after some years while Assamese speakers became the majority in Assam along with Muslims who pretended them as Assamese speaker, Assamese people started violence against Bengali speaker including [[Bengali Hindus]].{{citation needed\|date=September 2019}}
	As soon as Muslim immigrants were diplomatically cheated by Assamese people and their community was targeted, they turned against anti-Bengali movement and slowly withdrew their support.<ref name="Kimura 2013" />		As soon as Muslim immigrants were diplomatically cheated by Assamese people and their community was targeted, they turned against anti-Bengali movement and slowly withdrew their support.<ref name="Kimura 2013" />

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	[[Category:1980s in Assam]]		[[Category:1980s in Assam]]
	[[Category:Political violence in India]]		[[Category:Political violence in India]]
			[[Category:Massacres of Bengalis in Assam]]
			[[Category:Massacres of Bengalis]]

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2021-08-30T18:11:12Z

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{{short description|Series of violent activities in Assam, 1980}}
{{EngvarB|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox civilian attack
| title = North Kamrup violence
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| map = {{Location map|India Assam|lat=26.445|long=91.440|caption=}}
| map_caption =
| location = [[North Kamrup]], [[Assam]], India
| target = pro- and anti- [[Assam Movement]]
| coordinates =
| date = 3 January 1980
| time =
| timezone = UTC+5:30
| type = Group clash
| fatalities =
| injuries =
| perps = Assamese/Immigrant villagers
| weapons = Guns, spears, swords, scythes, bows and arrows{{citation needed|date=August 2021}}
| numparts =
}}
'''North Kamrup violence''' was a series of violent activities between those who supported the [[Assam Movement]] and those who opposed it that occurred in North Kamrup, [[Assam]], in 4–5 January 1980.<ref>"The referred to the violence of North Kamrup on January 4-5, 1980." {{harvcol|Nayar|Kannabiran|Tarkunde|1986|p=114}}</ref><ref name="Desai 1986">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9i5sNMNh_uIC&q=%22bengali+hindus%22+%22north+kamrup%22+%221980%22&pg=PA114|title=Violation of Democratic Rights in India|last=Desai|first=Akshayakumar Ramanlal|date=1986|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn=9780861321308|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Dutta 2012">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tOmICwAAQBAJ&q=%22north+kamrup%22+%22massacre%22&pg=PT97|title=Questions of Identity in Assam: Location, Migration, Hybridity|last=Dutta|first=Nandana|date=11 September 2012|publisher=SAGE Publications India|isbn=9788132117001|language=en}}</ref> Triggered by the death of a high school student, a member of the [[All Assam Students Union|AASU]], it led to a series of attacks and counter-attacks between Assamese and immigrant villages leading to a curfew.<ref>"[T]riggered by the death of a high school student who had worked as a member of the AASU. He was killed in a village inhabited my Muslims of East Bengal origin. His death resulted in a series of attacks and counter-attacks between Assamese and immigrant villages..." {{harvcol|Kimura|2013|p=69}}</ref> According to the Citizenship Rights Preservation Committee, representing Kamrupi Bengali speaking people, the violence was directed against linguistic, religio-linguistic, ethnic minorities and members of the CPI, CPI(M) and CPI(ML) political parties who opposed the Assam Movement.<ref>"The violence according to [the Citizenship Rights Preservation Committee] was directed against linguistic, religio-linguistic, ethnic minorities and against the workers of the CPI, CPI(M) and CPI(ML) who opposed the agitation." {{harvcol|Nayar|Kannabiran|Tarkunde|1986|p=114}}</ref> Many of the victims were Miya of Kamrupi Muslims and it is alleged that the Army committed atrocities on Assamese villagers during the curfew.<ref>"Many of the victims were immigrants and it was alleged that the Army had committed atrocities on the Assamese villagers during the curfew under the auspices of carrying out an investigation." {{harvcol|Kimura|2013|p=69}}</ref> This was the first reported large-scale group clash during the Assam Movement.<ref>"This was the first large-scale group clash reported during the movement." {{harvcol|Kimura|2013|p=69}}</ref>

== Background ==
{{See also|Assam Movement|Na Asamiya}}
In some districts of [[Barak Valley|lower Assam]], Kamrupi [[Bengali Hindus]] have experienced violence directed against on the linguistic and cultural identity of the [[Assamese people]].<ref name="Samaddar 2004">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aciGAwAAQBAJ&q=%22north+kamrup%22+%22massacre%22&pg=PA312|title=Peace Studies: An Introduction To the Concept, Scope, and Themes|last=Samaddar|first=Ranabir|date=1 July 2004|publisher=SAGE Publications India|isbn=9788132102878|language=en}}</ref>

Assam has been churned in the cauldron of communal, ethnic, and state violence in the name of Assam Movement during 1979 to 1985.<ref name="Samaddar 2004" /> Some incidents of them are the North Kamrup pogrom of 1980 in which a large number of people belonging to the linguistic and religious minorities were massacred. In 1981 [[Khoirabari massacre]] sword down nearly 100 Kamrupi Bengali Hindus.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KclwPdsveMQC&q=bengalis+killed+khoirabari&pg=PA33|title=Insurgent Frontiers: Essays from the Troubled Northeast|last=Rammohan|first=E. N.|date=2005|publisher=India Research Press|isbn=9788187943808|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6fSpCQAAQBAJ&q=bengalis+killed+khoirabari&pg=PA36|title=Countering Insurgencies in India: An Insider's View|last=Rammohun|first=E. M.|date=29 December 2011|publisher=Vij Books India Pvt Ltd|isbn=9789381411667|language=en}}</ref> Similar massacres took place again in 1983 at Chaulkhowa Chapori and [[Silapathar massacre|Silapathar]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-d_0Upl6tXUC|title=The Fleeing People of South Asia: Selections from Refugee Watch|last=Basu|first=Sibaji Pratim|date=1 February 2009|publisher=Anthem Press|isbn=9781843317784|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L1i51KFUyzIC|title=Contemporary Political Leadership in India: Sharad Pawar, the Maratha legacy|last1=Bakshi|first1=Shiri Ram|last2=Sharma|first2=Sita Ram|last3=Gajrani|first3=S.|date=1998|publisher=APH Publishing|isbn=9788176480086|language=en}}</ref> in 1983.

Kamrupi [[Bengalis|Bengali speaking]] people were often harassed as ''foreigners'' and became the target of violence in the Carly phase of the anti-Bengali movement in Assam.<ref name="auto">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L1i51KFUyzIC&q=%22north+kamrup%22+%22pogrom%22&pg=PA204|title=Contemporary Political Leadership in India: Sharad Pawar, the Maratha legacy|last1=Bakshi|first1=Shiri Ram|last2=Sharma|first2=Sita Ram|last3=Gajrani|first3=S.|date=1998|publisher=APH Publishing|isbn=9788176480086|language=en}}</ref> At the beginning of the movement, many Muslim students of [[East Bengal|Kamrupi Bengali]] origin supported and joined the movement.<ref name="Kimura 2013">{{harvtxt|Kimura|2013}}</ref> They were pretended themselves as [[Assamese people|Assamese speaker]], called [[Na Asamiya]].{{efn|The term '''Na-Asamiya''' in Assamese language literally means '''new Assamese''', the prefix Na- means ''new'' and Asamiya means ''Assamese''. After the [[Partition of India]], the group gave up its Bengali linguistic identity and adopted the Assamese language. Gradually they adopted Assamese culture like [[gamosa]]. In English, they are sometimes referred to as '''Neo-Assamese'''. Na-Asamiyas also referred to as '''Charua Musalman''', literally meaning Muslims of the ''chars'', because of their preference in settling in the ''chars''.}}<ref>{{cite journal|last=Bhaumik|first=Subir|date=April 2011|title=Risk of durable disorder|journal=Seminar|publisher=Seminar Publications|location=New Delhi|issue=620|url=http://www.india-seminar.com/2011/620/620_subir_bhaumik.htm|access-date=10 July 2017}}</ref><ref name="Kimura 2013" /> Although, after some years while Assamese speakers became the majority in Assam along with Muslims who pretended them as Assamese speaker, Assamese people started violence against Bengali speaker including Kamrupi [[Bengali Hindus]].{{citation needed|date=September 2019}}
As soon as Muslim immigrants were diplomatically cheated by Assamese people and their community was targeted, they turned against anti-Bengali movement and slowly withdrew their support.<ref name="Kimura 2013" />

== Violence and victimisation ==
According to one version, on 3 January 1980, a group of students of Baganpara High School were visiting Barikadanga to supervise a three-day strike in response to a call given by the AASU for supporting the anti-Bengali movement.<ref name="auto"/> According to another version, the students went there to raise money for the anti-Bengali movement.{{citation needed|date=September 2019}} The village of Barikadanga has a mixed Hindu and Muslim Bangalee population, most of whom are immigrants. They attacked the students as students were there for spreading anti-Bengali movement.{{citation needed|date=September 2019}}

== Read also ==

* [[Bongal Kheda]]
* [[Goreswar massacre]]
* [[Mandai massacre]]

== References ==
'''Notes'''
{{notelist}}
'''Citations'''
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}
'''Bibliography'''
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book|first1=Makiko|last1=Kimura|title=The Nellie Massacre of 1983: Agency of Rioters|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BRf9AAAAQBAJ|year=2013|publisher=Sage Publications India|isbn=9788132111665}}
* {{Citation |last1=Nayar |first1=Kuldeep |last2=Kannabiran |first2=K G |last3=Tarkunde |first3=V M |contribution=The Situation in Assam - A PUCL Report |editor-last=Desai |editor-first=A R |title=Violation of Democratic Rights in India |volume=1 |pages=114–120 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |place=Bombay |year=1986}}
{{refend}}

{{coord missing|Assam}}

{{Violence against Bengali Hindus in Assam}}

[[Category:1980 crimes in India]]
[[Category:January 1980 events in Asia]]
[[Category:1980s in Assam]]
[[Category:Political violence in India]]