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{{short description|Former name of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province, British India and Pakistan}}
{{about|the province of British India and Pakistan, 1901–2010|the current province|Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|other uses|North West Frontier (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{more citations needed|date=April 2012}}
{{Infobox former subdivision
|native_name = {{unbulletedlist|{{lang-ps|شمال لویدیځ سرحدي ولایت|label=none}}|{{lang-ur|{{Nastaliq|صوبہ سرحد}}|label=none}}}}
|conventional_long_name = North-West Frontier Province
|common_name = NWFP
|nation = [[British India]] & [[Pakistan]]
|subdivision = Former province
|era =
|year_start = 1901
|date_start = 9 November
|event_start=
|year_end = 2010
|date_end = 19 April
|event_end= [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|Renamed to Khyber Pakthunkhwa]]
|event1 =
|date_event1 =
|p1 = Punjab Province (British India){{!}}'''1901''': Punjab Province {{small|(British India)}}
|flag_p1 = British Raj Red Ensign.svg
|p2 = Phulra{{!}}'''1950''': Phulra State
|flag_p2 = Phulraimg.jpe.jpg
|p3 = Amb (princely state){{!}}'''1970 (intervened by West Pakistan)''': Amb State
|flag_p3 = Flag of the State of Amb.svg
|p4 = Swat (princely state){{!}}Swat State
|flag_p4 = Flag of Swat.svg
|p5 = Dir (princely state){{!}}Dir State
|flag_p5 = Flag of the State of Dir.svg
|p6 = Chitral (princely state){{!}}Chitral State
|flag_p6 = Flag of State of Chitral.svg
|p7 = Hazara Tribal Agency
|flag_p7 =
|p8 = Kohistan Tribal Agency
|flag_p8 =
|s1 = Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
|flag_s1 = Khyber Pakhtunkhwa flag.png
|image_flag = Flag of NWFP.svg
|image_coat = Coat of arms of NWFP.svg
|image_map = [[File:IndianEmpireCeylon1915.jpg|border|250px|center|1901–1947]] Location within British India {{multiple image|perrow=2|total_width=325
| align = center
| image_style = border:none;
| title =
| image1 = NWFP (1901-1955) map.gif
| caption1 = 1947–1955
| image2 = PakistanNorthWestFrontier.png
| caption2 = 1970–2010
}}
|image_map_caption = Location within Pakistan
|stat_area1 = 100142<ref>Area with Native States in 1901. Province area excluding Native States was 34 169 km2 (13 193 sq mi).</ref>{{sfn|The Imperial Gazetteer of India|1908|p=46}}
|stat_year1 = 1901
|stat_pop1 = 30,523,371
|today = [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]], [[Pakistan]]
|footnotes = {{URL|http://www.khyberpakhtunkhwa.gov.pk/}}
|life_span=1901–1955 1970–2010|demonym=|capital=}}
{{Former administrative units of Pakistan}}

The '''North-West Frontier Province''' ('''NWFP'''; {{lang-ps|شمال لویدیځ سرحدي ولایت}}, {{Lang-ur|{{Nastaliq|صوبہ سرحد}}}}) was a province of [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|British India]] and later of [[Pakistan]]. It was established on 9 November 1901 from the north-western districts of the [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province]] and known by this name until 2010, when it was redesignated as the province of [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] on 19 April 2010 following the passing of the [[Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan|Eighteenth Amendment]] to the [[Constitution of Pakistan]] by erstwhile [[President of Pakistan|President]] [[Asif Ali Zardari]].

The province covered an area of {{Convert|70709|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}, including much of the current Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province but excluding the [[Federally Administered Tribal Areas]] and the former [[princely state]]s of [[Amb (princely state)|Amb]], [[Chitral (princely state)|Chitral]], [[Dir (princely state)|Dir]], [[Phulra]] and [[Swat (princely state)|Swat]]. Its capital was the city of [[Peshawar]], and the province was composed of six [[Divisions of Pakistan|divisions]] ([[Bannu Division|Bannu]], [[Dera Ismail Khan Division|Dera Ismail Khan]], [[Hazara, Pakistan|Hazara]], [[Kohat Division|Kohat]], [[Mardan Division|Mardan]], and [[Peshawar Division]]; [[Malakand Division|Malakand]] was later added as the seventh division). Until 1947, the province was bordered by five princely states to the north, the minor states of the [[Gilgit Agency]] to the northeast, the province of [[West Punjab]] to the east and the province of [[Baluchistan (Chief Commissioner's Province)|Balochistan]] to the south. The [[Kingdom of Afghanistan]] lay to the northwest, with the Federally Administered Tribal Areas forming a buffer zone between the two.

==Formation==
[[File:Pope1880Panjab3.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|The Punjab in 1880 (included areas of the later North-West Frontier Province)]]
[[File:Map of the North-West Frontier Province and Kashmir from The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1907-1909).jpg|thumb|250px|Map of the North-West Frontier Province and [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Kashmir]] from The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1907-1909)]]
The northwestern frontier areas were annexed to India by the British after the [[Second Anglo-Sikh War|Second Sikh War]] (1848–49). The territories thenceforth formed a part of Punjab until the province, then known as North-West Frontier Province, was created in 1901 from the north-western districts of the Punjab Province.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Khyber Pakhtunkhwa {{!}} province, Pakistan|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa|access-date=2020-07-09|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref>
This region along with the 'Frontier Tribal Areas' acted as a 'buffer' zone with Afghanistan.

==Inside Pakistan==
Before the [[Partition of India]], the [[1947 North-West Frontier Province referendum]] was held in July 1947 to decide the future of NWFP, in which the people of the province decided in favor of joining Pakistan. However, the then [[List of Chief Ministers of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|Chief Minister]] [[Khan Abdul Jabbar Khan|Dr Khan Sahib]], along with his brother [[Bacha Khan]] and the [[Khudai Khidmatgar]]s, boycotted the referendum, citing that it did not have the options of the NWFP becoming [[Pashtunistan|independent]] or joining Afghanistan.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M9iwFmvKTwcC |title=The Dust of Empire: The Race For Mastery in the Asian Heartland – Karl E. Meyer – Google Boeken |date= 5 August 2008|isbn=9780786724819 |access-date=10 July 2013|last1=Meyer |first1=Karl E. }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/110699/was-jinnah-democratic-ii/|title=Was Jinnah democratic? – II|website=Daily Times|date=25 December 2011|access-date=24 February 2019}}</ref>

As a separate province, the NWFP lasted until 1955 when it was merged into the new province of [[West Pakistan]], under the [[One Unit]] policy announced by [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime Minister]] [[Chaudhry Mohammad Ali]]. It was recreated after the dissolution of the One Unit system and lasted under its old nomenclature until April 2010, when it was renamed as the '[[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]]' province.

==Government==
The offices of '''Governor''' and '''Chief Minister''' of the North-West Frontier Province lasted until 14 October 1955.

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!Tenure||Governors of the North-West Frontier Province<ref name="worldstatesmen">{{cite web| url=http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Pakistan_states.html#North-West-Frontier| title=Pakistan Provinces| author=Ben Cahoon, WorldStatesmen.org| access-date=2007-10-03}}</ref>
|-
| 14 August 1947 – 8 April 1948||[[George Cunningham (governor)|Sir George Cunningham]]
|-
| 8 April 1948 – 16 July 1949||[[Ambrose Flux Dundas|Sir Ambrose Dundas Flux Dundas]]
|-
| 16 July 1949 – 14 January 1950||[[Sahibzada Mohammad Kursheed]]
|-
| 14 January 1950 – 21 February 1950||[[Mohammad Ibrahim Khan Jhagra]] (acting)
|-
| 21 February 1950 – 23 November 1951||[[I. I. Chundrigar|Ismail Ibrahim Chundrigar]]
|-
| 24 November 1951 – 17 November 1954||[[Khwaja Shahabuddin]]
|-
| 17 November 1954 – 14 October 1955||Qurban Ali Khan
|-
| 14 October 1955||''North-West Frontier Province dissolved''
|}

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!Tenure||Chief Ministers of the North-West Frontier Province<ref name="worldstatesmen" />||Political party
|-
| 1 April 1937 – 7 September 1937||Sir [[Sahibzada Abdul Qayyum Khan]]||Non-party government nominee
|-
| 7 September 1937 – 10 November 1939||[[Khan Abdul Jabbar Khan]] (1st time)||[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 10 November 1939 – 25 May 1943||colspan=2|''Governor's rule''
|-
| 25 May 1943 – 16 March 1945||Sardar Aurangzeb Khan||[[All-India Muslim League|Muslim League]]
|-
| 16 March 1945 – 22 August 1947||[[Khan Abdul Jabbar Khan]] (2nd time)||Indian National Congress
|-
| 14 August 1947||colspan=2|''Independence of Pakistan''
|-
| 23 August 1947 – 23 April 1953||[[Abdul Qayyum Khan Kashmiri]]||Pakistan Muslim League
|-
| 23 April 1953 – 18 July 1955||[[Sardar Abdur Rashid Khan]]||
|-
| 19 July 1955 – 14 October 1955||[[Sardar Bahadur Khan]]||
|-

|}

==Demographics==
At independence, there was a clear Muslim Pashtun majority in the North-West Frontier Province, although there were some small minorities of Hindus and Sikhs. The languages of the North-West Frontier Province included Pashto, Hindko, Kohistani and others, although most of the population spoke [[Pashto language|Pashto]]. Prior to the arrival of the British, the ''[[official language]]'', for governmental uses and such, was Persian.

==See also==
* [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]]
* [[Federally Administered Tribal Areas]]
* [[Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* ''The Imperial Gazetteer of India'' (26 vol, 1908–31), a highly detailed description of all of India in 1901. [https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/ online edition]

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110225010611/http://khyberpakhtunkhwa.gov.pk/ Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]

{{coord missing|Khyber Pakhtunkhwa}}
{{Presidencies and provinces of British India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:North-West Frontier Province (1901-1955)}}
[[Category:North-West Frontier Province| ]]
[[Category:Provinces of British India]]
[[Category:Former subdivisions of Pakistan]]
[[Category:History of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]]
[[Category:1901 establishments in British India]]
[[Category:2010 disestablishments in Pakistan]]

North-West Frontier Province - Revision history

VanessaColls18: revised

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