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{{short description|Area established by a military power over which certain aircraft are not permitted to fly}}
{{about|the military zone|the civil regulatory use|Prohibited airspace|the football defensive backfield|2015 Denver Broncos season}}
[[File:Countries which no-fly-zone area was applied in their area.svg|thumbnail|350px|Countries previously subject to no-fly zones- [[Iraqi no-fly zones|Iraq]], [[Operation Deny Flight|Bosnia and Herzegovina]], and [[2011 military intervention in Libya|Libya]].]]

A '''no-fly zone''', also known as a '''no-flight zone''' ('''NFZ'''), or '''air exclusion zone''' ('''AEZ'''),<ref>{{cite thesis |last1 = Long |first1 = Robert A. |title = The Coercive Efficacy of Air Exclusion Zones Myth or Reality |url = https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/1019691.pdf |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220216234633/https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/1019691.pdf |url-status = live |archive-date = February 16, 2022 |publisher=United States Air Force School of Advanced Air and Space Studies |access-date = 31 January 2019 |date = June 2012 |quote = "Fortunately, a more complete concept, the Air Exclusion Zone (AEZ), will satisfy those seeking clarity."}}</ref> is a territory or area established by a military power over which certain [[aircraft]] are not permitted to fly. Such zones are usually set up in an enemy power's territory during a conflict, similar in concept to an aerial [[demilitarized zone]], and usually intend to prohibit the enemy's [[military aircraft]] from operating in the region. Military action is employed by the enforcing state and, depending on the terms of the NFZ, may include preemptive attacks to prevent potential violations, reactive force [[List of aircraft shootdowns|targeted at]] violating aircraft, or surveillance with no use of force. Air exclusion zones and [[Anti-aircraft warfare|anti-aircraft defences]] are sometimes set up in a civilian context, for example to protect sensitive locations, or events such as the [[2012 Summer Olympics|2012 London Olympic Games]], against [[Terrorism|terrorist]] air attack.

No-fly zones are a modern phenomenon established in the 1990s. They can be distinguished from traditional air power missions by their coercive appropriation of another nation's airspace only, to achieve aims on the ground within the target nation. While the [[Royal Air Force]] (RAF) conducted prototypical air control operations over various contentious [[British Empire|colonies]] [[interwar period|between the two World Wars]], no-fly zones did not assume their modern form until the end of the [[Gulf War]] in 1991.<ref name="Deptula">"Air Exclusion Zones: An Instrument for Engagement in a New Century," Brig General David A. Deptula, in "Airpower and Joint Forces: The Proceeding of a Conference Held In Canberra by the RAAF, 8–9 May 2000," {{cite web |url = http://airpower.airforce.gov.au/Publications/List/35/Conference-Proceedings.aspx?page%3D2 |title = Conference Proceedings |access-date = 16 May 2015 |publisher = airforce.gov.au |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150320181448/http://airpower.airforce.gov.au/Publications/List/35/Conference-Proceedings.aspx?page=2 |archive-date = 20 March 2015 }}</ref>

During the [[Cold War]], the risk of local conflict escalating into [[Nuclear warfare|nuclear showdown]] made military intervention as a tool of United States statecraft unappealing. Furthermore, air power was a relatively blunt instrument until the operational maturation of [[Stealth technology|stealth]] and precision-strike technologies. Before the [[Gulf War]] of 1991, it had not been possible to perform nuanced attacks against transitory, difficult-to-reach targets, and air power thus lacked the ability to produce decisive political effects short of total war. However, the [[Dissolution of the Soviet Union|demise of the Soviet Union]] and technological advances in aerospace capabilities made no-fly zones viable in both political and military contexts.<ref name="Deptula"/>

==Past no-fly zones==
===Iraq, 1991–2003===
[[File:Iraq NO FLY ZONES.PNG|thumb|1990s no-fly zones in Iraq]]
{{Main|Iraqi no-fly zones}}
Following the 1991 [[Gulf War]], the [[United States]] along with other [[Coalition of the Gulf War|Coalition nations]] established two no-fly zones in Iraq.<ref name="news.bbc.co.uk">{{Cite web |url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/events/crisis_in_the_gulf/forces_and_firepower/244364.stm |title = BBC News {{!}} FORCES AND FIREPOWER {{!}} Containment: The Iraqi no-fly zones |website = news.bbc.co.uk |access-date = 17 October 2019}}</ref> U.S. and Coalition officials stated that the northern no-fly zone was intended to prevent attacks against the [[Kurds|Kurdish people]] by the Iraqi regime of [[Saddam Hussein]], and that the southern no-fly-zone was intended to protect [[Shia Islam in Iraq|Iraq's Shia population]]. On 16 March 1988, the [[Iraqi Air Force]] deployed chemical weapons against [[Kurds in Iraq|Kurdish]] civilians during the [[Halabja chemical attack]], killing roughly 5,000. This air-to-ground event served as part of the motivation used by Coalition Forces in order to extend and expand the NFZs, as well as citing parts of Article 42 within the [[Charter of the United Nations|U.N. Charter]]. The southern no-fly zone originally extended to the [[32nd parallel north|32nd parallel]],<ref>{{cite news |date = 29 December 1998 |url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/events/crisis_in_the_gulf/forces_and_firepower/244364.stm |title = Containment: The Iraqi No-Fly Zones |publisher = [[BBC News]] |access-date = 5 March 2011}}</ref> but was extended to the [[33rd parallel north|33rd parallel]] in 1996.<ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.emergency.com/2ndcruse.htm |title = 2nd Cruise Missile Strikes in Iraq |date = 3 September 1996 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20050209080929/http://www.emergency.com/2ndcruse.htm |archive-date = 9 February 2005}}</ref> By 1999, over 1,800 bombs had reportedly been dropped on Iraq.<ref>{{Cite journal |last = Salvage |first = Jane |date = 2002 |title = The health and environmental costs of war on Iraq |url = https://www.ippnw.org/pdf/medact-iraq-2002.pdf |journal = MedAct |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141009180305/https://www.ippnw.org/pdf/medact-iraq-2002.pdf |archive-date = 2014-10-09}}</ref>

==== Legal status ====
This military action was not authorised by the [[United Nations]].<ref name="No-fly zones: The legal position">{{Cite news |url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/1175950.stm |title = No-fly zones: The legal position |date = 19 February 2001 |access-date = 17 October 2019}}</ref> The [[Secretary-General of the United Nations]] at the time the resolution was passed, [[Boutros Boutros-Ghali]] called the no-fly zones "illegal" in a February 2003 interview with [[John Pilger]] for [[ZNet]].<ref>{{cite news |author = [[John Pilger|Pilger, John]] |date = 23 February 2003 |url = http://www.zmag.org/content/showarticle.cfm?ItemID=3106 |title = A People Betrayed |publisher = [[Z Communications|ZNet]] |access-date = 5 March 2011 |archive-date = 14 November 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071114173549/http://www.zmag.org/content/showarticle.cfm?ItemID=3106 |url-status = dead }}.</ref><ref>{{cite news |author = [[John Pilger|Pilger, John]] |date = 7 August 2000 |url = http://www.johnpilger.com/articles/labour-claims-its-actions-are-lawful-while-it-bombs-iraq-strarves-its-people-and-sells-arms-to-corrupt-states |title = Labour Claims Its Actions Are Lawful While It Bombs Iraq, Strarves Its People and Sells Arms To Corrupt States |publisher = johnpilger.com |access-date = 5 March 2011}}</ref> In 1998, France withdrew from the operation,<ref name="news.bbc.co.uk"/> with French Foreign Minister [[Hubert Védrine|Hubert Vedrine]] saying that "there is no basis in international law for this type of bombing".<ref name="No-fly zones: The legal position"/>

==== Civilian deaths ====
The [[United Nations]] reported that, in 1999 alone, 144 civilians had been killed during Coalition bombing efforts.<ref>{{Cite book |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=R_a9BAAAQBAJ&q=von+Sponeck+%E2%80%9CAir+Strike+Reports&pg=PA322 |title = A Different Kind of War: The UN Sanctions Regime in Iraq |last1 = Sponeck |first1 = Graf Hans-Christof |last2 = Sponeck |first2 = H. C. von |last3 = Amorim |first3 = Celso N. |date = October 2006 |publisher = Berghahn Books |isbn = 9781845452223}}</ref> An internal UN Security Sector report found that, in one five-month period, 41% of the victims were civilians.<ref>{{Cite news |url = https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2000/mar/04/weekend7.weekend9 |title = Squeezed to death |author = Guardian Staff |date = 4 March 2000 |work = The Guardian |access-date = 17 October 2019 |issn = 0261-3077}}</ref>

===Bosnia and Herzegovina, 1993–1995===
{{Main|Operation Deny Flight}}
In 1992, the [[United Nations Security Council]] passed [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 781]], prohibiting unauthorized military flights in Bosnian airspace. This led to [[Operation Sky Monitor]], where [[NATO]] monitored violations of the no-fly zone but did not take action against violators of the resolution. In response to 500 documented violations by 1993,<ref>{{cite book |title = Bombs over Bosnia – The Role of Airpower in Bosnia-Herzegovina |first = Michael |last = Beale |publisher = [[Air University Press]] ([[Maxwell Air Force Base]], [[Montgomery, Alabama|Montgomery]], [[Alabama]]) |year = 1997 |page = 19 |oclc = 444093978}}</ref> including one combat violation,<ref>{{cite news |title = U.N. Moving To Toughen Yugoslav Flight Ban |first = Paul |last = Lewis |work = [[The New York Times]] |date = 19 March 1993 |access-date = 5 March 2011 |url = https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F0CEFDF163AF93AA25750C0A965958260&scp=71&sq=NATO+bosnia&st=nyt}}</ref> the [[United Nations Security Council|Security Council]] passed [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 816|Resolution 816]], which prohibited all unauthorized flights and allowed all UN member states to "take all necessary measures...to ensure compliance with [the no-fly zone restrictions]."<ref>{{cite web |author = Resolution |url = http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/3b00f16074.html |title = Resolution 816 (1993) – Adopted by the Security Council at Its 3191st Meeting, on 31 March 1993 |access-date = 9 March 2011 |publisher = [[United Nations Security Council]] (via [[United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees|The UN Refugee Agency]]) |date = 31 March 1993}}</ref> This led to [[Operation Deny Flight]], during which the [[Banja Luka incident]], the shooting down of at least four of a flight of six Serbian jets, occurred; the engagement was not only the first combat engagement of the operation, but also the first combat engagement in the history of NATO.<ref>Beale, pp. 2–3</ref><ref>Owen, p. 21</ref> NATO later launched air strikes during Operation Deny Flight and during [[Operation Deliberate Force]].<ref name="a54549">{{Cite web |url = https://www.un.org/Docs/journal/asp/ws.asp?m=A/54/549 |title = A/54/549, Report of the Secretary-General pursuant to General Assembly resolution 53/35: The fall of Srebrenica |date = 15 November 1999 |website = United Nations}}</ref><ref name="Bethlehem1997pliiv">{{cite book |title = The 'Yugoslav' Crisis in International Law |last1 = Bethlehem |first1 = Daniel L. |last2 = Weller |first2 = Marc |year = 1997 |page = liiv |series = Cambridge International Documents Series |volume = 5 |publisher = Cambridge University Press |isbn = 978-0-521-46304-1 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=7SczBzxA6-IC&pg=PR54}}</ref> As many as 400 NATO aircraft participated in the air campaign.<ref>{{cite book |title = Technology and the American Way of War Since 1945 |url = https://archive.org/details/technologyameric1945mahn/page/n194 |url-access = limited |last = Mahnken |first = Thomas G. |publisher = Columbia University Press |year = 2010 |page = 182 |isbn = 978-0-231-12337-2 |location = New York}}</ref>

===Libya, 2011===
[[File:Operation Odyssey Dawn - No Fly Zone - Libya March 2011.jpg|thumb|2011 no-fly zone in Libya]]
{{Main|2011 military intervention in Libya}}

As part of the [[2011 military intervention in Libya]], the [[United Nations Security Council]] [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973|approved a no-fly zone]] on 17 March 2011. The resolution includes provisions for further actions to prevent attacks on civilian targets.<ref>{{Cite news |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/18/world/africa/18nations.html?_r=1&hp |title = U.N. Approves Airstrikes to Halt Attacks by Qaddafi Forces |work = The New York Times |first1 = Dan |last1 = Bilefsky |first2 = Mark |last2 = Landler |date = 17 March 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs//2011/sc10200.doc.htm |title = Security Council Approves 'No-Fly Zone' over Libya, Authorizing 'All Necessary Measures' to Protect Civilians, by Vote of 10 in Favour with 5 Abstentions |publisher = [[United Nations]] |year = 2011}}</ref> On 24 March, NATO agreed to take control of the no-fly zone.<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.nationalpost.com/arts/books/NATO+reaches+agreement+Libya+command/4498007/story.html |title=NATO reaches agreement on Libya command (Google cached page) |author1 = Brunnstrom, David |author2 = Taylor, Paul |date = 24 March 2011 |work = [[National Post]] |access-date = 22 September 2016 |archive-date = 6 December 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211206150000/https://nationalpost.com/ |url-status =dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2011/03/2011324221036894697.html |title = NATO to police Libya no-fly zone |date = 24 March 2011 |publisher = Al Jazeera |access-date = 24 April 2012 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120426134048/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2011/03/2011324221036894697.html |archive-date = 26 April 2012 |url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/03/24/nato-command-no-fly-libya-us-combat_n_840408.html |title = NATO Agrees To Take Over Command of Libya No-Fly Zone, U.S. Likely To Remain in Charge of Brunt of Combat |date = 24 March 2011 |work = [[Huffington Post]] |agency = Associated Press |access-date = 16 January 2012 |location = Washington D.C. |first1 = Robert |last1 = Burns |first2 = Erica |last2 = Werner |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120217150928/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/03/24/nato-command-no-fly-libya-us-combat_n_840408.html |archive-date = 17 February 2012 |url-status = live}}</ref> Shortly thereafter, several NATO members proceeded to mount an aerial offensive campaign, in which numerous Libyan government positions would be intentionally bombed.<ref>{{cite web |title = HC 119 Libya: Examination of intervention and collapse and the UK's future policy options |date = 14 September 2016 |page = 14 |url = https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201617/cmselect/cmfaff/119/119.pdf |access-date = 28 October 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180927090612/https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201617/cmselect/cmfaff/119/119.pdf |archive-date = 27 September 2018 |url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/04/world/africa/04policy.html |title = House Rebukes Obama for Continuing Libyan Mission Without Its Consent |first = Jennifer |last = Steinhauer |work = The New York Times |date = 3 June 2011 |access-date = 30 December 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190411132452/https://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/04/world/africa/04policy.html |archive-date = 11 April 2019 |url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12796972 |access-date = 20 March 2011 |title = Libya: US, UK and France attack Gaddafi forces |work = BBC News |date = 20 March 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110320053754/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12796972 |archive-date = 20 March 2011 |url-status = live}}</ref> Some NATO members did not contribute or did little to participate in the air campaign, leading to public criticism from US Secretary of Defense [[Robert Gates]].<ref>{{cite news |last = Cloud |first = David S. |date = 11 June 2011 |title = Gates Tells NATO It Must Hold Up Its End |publisher = [[McClatchy-Tribune News Services]] (via [[Stars and Stripes (newspaper)|Stars and Stripes]]) |page = 3}}</ref> The NATO no fly zone was terminated on 27 October after [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 2016|a unanimous vote by the UNSC]],<ref>{{cite web |url = http://english.aljazeera.net/news/americas/2011/10/20111027142458981751.html |title = UN votes to end no-fly zone over Libya |publisher = Aljazeera |date = 28 October 2011}}</ref> despite requests made by the Libyan [[National Transitional Council]] for its mission to be extended to the end of the year.<ref>{{cite news |title = Libya's Mustafa Abdul Jalil asks Nato to stay longer |url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-15459473 |publisher = BBC News |access-date = 27 October 2011 |date = 26 October 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111026230501/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-15459473 |archive-date = 26 October 2011 |url-status = live}}</ref>

=== Libya, 2018 and 2019 ===
A no-fly zone was declared by the [[Libyan National Army]] (LNA) over the country's south during the LNA's offensive in the region in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |url = http://www.addresslibya.com/en/archives/41216 |title = Southern region of Libya is no-fly zone, LNA declares |date = 8 February 2019 |website = The Libyan Address Journal |archive-date = 8 April 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190408144047/http://www.addresslibya.com/en/archives/41216 |url-status = dead}}</ref> It was later re-implemented for 10 days in 2019 as the LNA established control over oil fields in the region.<ref>{{Cite web |url = https://www.libyaobserver.ly/news/haftars-forces-confirm-control-libyas-sharara-oilfield|title=Haftar's forces confirm control of Libya's Sharara oilfield {{!}} The Libya Observer |website = www.libyaobserver.ly |access-date = 8 April 2019}}</ref> The LNA declared another no-fly zone across the country's west during the [[2019 Western Libya offensive]].<ref>{{Cite web |url = http://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/north-africa/2019/04/06/Haftar-forces-announce-no-fly-zone-after-being-targeted-by-air-strike-.html |title = Haftar forces announce no-fly zone after being targeted by air strike |website = english.alarabiya.net |date = 6 April 2019 |access-date = 8 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url = https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/11/24/libyas-khalifa-haftar-declares-no-fly-zone-over-tripoli |title = Libya's Khalifa Haftar declares 'no-fly zone' over Tripoli |date = 24 November 2019 |publisher = Al Jazeera}}</ref>

== Discussion of a no-fly zone over Ukraine, 2022 ==
{{Main|Proposed no-fly zone in the Russian invasion of Ukraine}}
[[File:Map of Ukraine with Cities.png|thumb|Ukraine, with the annexed [[Crimea]] in the south and two self-proclaimed separatist republics in [[Donbas]] in the east]]
Shortly after the start of the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]] in February 2022, the Ukrainian leadership repeatedly urged [[NATO]] to enforce a no-fly zone over Ukraine, but the alliance rejected the request on account of risking further escalation and direct military confrontation with [[Russia]].<ref>{{cite web |date = 5 March 2022 |title = Furious Zelensky tears into "weak" NATO for ruling out "no-fly" zone |url = https://www.axios.com/ukraine-nato-no-fly-zone-zelensky-video-00a61061-d45b-4e64-859a-2d462526254b.html |author-last = Basu |author-first = Zachary |access-date = 8 March 2022 |work = Axios |archive-date = 8 March 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220308192229/https://www.axios.com/ukraine-nato-no-fly-zone-zelensky-video-00a61061-d45b-4e64-859a-2d462526254b.html |url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date = 5 March 2022 |title = Putin Warns Against No-Fly Zone Over Ukraine, Likens Western Sanctions To Declaration Of War |url = https://www.rferl.org/a/putin-nofly-zone-war/31737799.html |author-last= |author-first= |access-date = 8 March 2022 |work = RFE/RL |archive-date = 10 March 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220310114206/https://www.rferl.org/a/putin-nofly-zone-war/31737799.html |url-status = live }}</ref> There were also questions over the effectiveness of implementing such a zone for the purpose of protecting the Ukrainian settlements, which have been subject to heavy and indiscriminate attacks from Russian artillery and other largely ground-based forces.<ref>{{cite news |last1 = Antrobus |first1 = Sophy |title = No-fly zones would escalate the Ukraine war – but they shouldn't be off the table {{!}} Sophy Antrobus |url = https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2022/mar/05/no-fly-zones-ukraine-war-escalation |access-date = 7 March 2022 |work = The Guardian |date = 5 March 2022 |language = en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date = 8 March 2022 |title = The Terrible Case for a No-Fly Zone in Ukraine |url = https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2022/03/the-terrible-case-for-a-no-fly-zone-in-ukraine.html |author-last = Levitz |author-first = Eric |access-date = 8 March 2022 |work = NYMag |archive-date = 10 March 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220310164054/https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2022/03/the-terrible-case-for-a-no-fly-zone-in-ukraine.html |url-status = live}}</ref> On 18 March, the Russian-backed separatist government of the [[Donetsk People's Republic]] claimed that Russia would establish a no-fly zone over the [[Donbas]] region of Ukraine.<ref>{{Cite news |url = https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/russia-sets-up-no-fly-zone-over-ukraines-donbass-interfax-2022-03-18/|title = Russia sets up no-fly zone over Ukraine's Donbass -Interfax |newspaper = Reuters |date = 18 March 2022 |access-date = 19 March 2022 |archive-date = 19 March 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220319192246/https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/russia-sets-up-no-fly-zone-over-ukraines-donbass-interfax-2022-03-18/ |url-status = live}}</ref>

== Analysis ==
A 2004 [[Stanford University]] paper published in [[Journal of Strategic Studies]], "Lessons from Iraq and Bosnia on the Theory and Practice of No-fly Zones," reviewed the effectiveness of the air-based campaigns in achieving military objectives. The paper's findings were: 1) A clear, unified command structure is essential. In [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]], during "Operation Deny Flight," a confusing dual-key coordination structure provided inadequate authority and resulted in air forces not being given authority to assist in key situations; 2) To avoid a "perpetual patrol problem," states must know in advance their policy objectives and the exit strategy for no-fly zones; 3) The effectiveness of no-fly zones is highly dependent on regional support. A lack of support from Turkey for the 1996 Iraq no-fly zone ultimately constrained the coalition's ability to effectively enforce it.<ref>{{cite news |title = Lessons from Iraq and Bosnia on the Theory and Practice of No-fly Zones |newspaper = The Journalist's Resource |date = 22 April 2011 |url = http://journalistsresource.org/studies/government/international/iraq-bosnia-no-fly-zones/ |publisher = Journalist's Resource.org}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Aviation|War}}
* [[Air supremacy]]
* [[List of airliner shootdown incidents]]
* [[Maritime Exclusion Zone]]
* [[Prohibited airspace]]
* [[Suppression of Enemy Air Defenses]]
* [[Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen#Other effects]]

==References==
===Citations===
{{Reflist|2}}

===Bibliography===
* {{cite news |author1 = Bass, Frank |author2 = Solomon, John |title = Prohibited Flights Not Unusual – Preventing Terrorism on Capital Poses Challenge |date = 5 April 2002 |agency = [[Associated Press]] |via = [[Lawrence Journal-World]] |url = http://www2.ljworld.com/news/2002/apr/05/prohibited_flights_not/ |access-date = 3 March 2011 }}
* {{cite book |title = Bombs over Bosnia: The Role of Airpower in Bosnia-Herzegovina |first = Michael |last = Beale |publisher = [[Air University Press]] |year =1997 |location = [[Maxwell Air Force Base]], Montgomery |oclc = 39892597}}
* {{cite news |url = https://fas.org/sgp/crs/natsec/R41701.pdf |title = No-Fly Zones: Strategic, Operational, and Legal Considerations for Congress |publisher = [[Congressional Research Service]] |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110423054523/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/natsec/R41701.pdf |archive-date = 2011-04-23}}
* {{cite news |author = [[Nicholas J. Wheeler|Wheeler, Nicholas J.]] |year = 2000 |title = Saving Strangers – Humanitarian Intervention in International Society. |publisher = [[Oxford University Press]] ([[Oxford]], [[England]]) |isbn = 978-0-19-829621-8}}
* {{cite news |title = The Balkans Air Campaign Study: Part 1 | work = Airpower Journal | first = Robert | last = Owen | date = Summer 1997}}

[[Category:Air traffic control]]
[[Category:Aviation law]]
[[Category:Blockades]]
[[Category:No-fly zone operations| *]]

No-fly zone - Revision history

Ajay Kumar: Created a new article