Niyoga Practice - Revision history

Bharatwiki Socrates at 06:19, 15 December 2023

2023-12-15T06:19:14Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:49, 15 December 2023
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	A wife or a widow must not, however, be forced to have recourse to Niyoga for inheritance or similar purposes. Baudhāyana and Vasistha say that a widow desiring Niyoga should avoid meat, honey etc. and sleep on the ground for a short period not exceeding one year. After six months of the death of her husband, she offers a funeral oblation to her husband and with the approval and aid of her brother or father, and relatives of her husband, and also in consultation with the Gurus of her family, she chooses the man to have an issue by her. A characterless, mad, diseased or very aged widow is not entitled to Niyoga. Sixteen years after maturity is the proper time for Niyoga. A sickly person is to be avoided for the purpose. She must be economically independent of the person whom. she appoints for Niyoga and provide for the necessary ex-penses for food, unguents, etc. herself i.e. from the estate of her husband.<ref name="BIMAL">“ Pg.150 : A wife or a widow must not, however, be forced to have recourse to Niyoga for inheritance or similar purposes. Baudhāyana and Vasistha say that a widow desiring Niyoga should avoid meat, honey etc. and sleep on the ground for a short period not exceeding one year. After six months of the death of her husband, she offers a funeral oblation to her husband and with the approval and aid of her brother or father, and relatives of her husband, and also in consultation with the Gurus of her family, she chooses the man to have an issue by her. A characterless, mad, diseased or very aged widow is not entitled to Niyoga. Sixteen years after maturity is the proper time for Niyoga. A sickly person is to be avoided for the purpose. She must be economically independent of the person whom. she appoints for Niyoga and provide for the necessary ex-penses for food, unguents, etc. herself i.e. from the estate of her husband.”{{Cite book\|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.284009\|title=Women In Vedic Ritual\|last=Jatindra Bimal Chaudhuri\|page=150\|date=1945}}</ref>		A wife or a widow must not, however, be forced to have recourse to Niyoga for inheritance or similar purposes. Baudhāyana and Vasistha say that a widow desiring Niyoga should avoid meat, honey etc. and sleep on the ground for a short period not exceeding one year. After six months of the death of her husband, she offers a funeral oblation to her husband and with the approval and aid of her brother or father, and relatives of her husband, and also in consultation with the Gurus of her family, she chooses the man to have an issue by her. A characterless, mad, diseased or very aged widow is not entitled to Niyoga. Sixteen years after maturity is the proper time for Niyoga. A sickly person is to be avoided for the purpose. She must be economically independent of the person whom. she appoints for Niyoga and provide for the necessary ex-penses for food, unguents, etc. herself i.e. from the estate of her husband.<ref name="BIMAL">“ Pg.150 : A wife or a widow must not, however, be forced to have recourse to Niyoga for inheritance or similar purposes. Baudhāyana and Vasistha say that a widow desiring Niyoga should avoid meat, honey etc. and sleep on the ground for a short period not exceeding one year. After six months of the death of her husband, she offers a funeral oblation to her husband and with the approval and aid of her brother or father, and relatives of her husband, and also in consultation with the Gurus of her family, she chooses the man to have an issue by her. A characterless, mad, diseased or very aged widow is not entitled to Niyoga. Sixteen years after maturity is the proper time for Niyoga. A sickly person is to be avoided for the purpose. She must be economically independent of the person whom. she appoints for Niyoga and provide for the necessary ex-penses for food, unguents, etc. herself i.e. from the estate of her husband.”{{Cite book\|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.284009\|title=Women In Vedic Ritual\|last=Jatindra Bimal Chaudhuri\|page=150\|date=1945}}</ref>
	==Prohibition==		==Prohibition==
	The Niyoga has been declared by Manu, and again prohibited by the same ; on account of the successive deterioration of the four ages(Yuga) of the world, it must not be practised by mortals in the present (Kaliyuga) age according to law. Brahma Purana, cited in the Vira-Mitrodaya and Aditya Purana says "The niyoga, and the taking as sons other than the Aurasha and the Dattaka, are prohibited in the Kali age by the wise.<ref name="GHOSE">" Pg.491 : The Niyoga has been declared by Manu, and again prohibited by the same ; on account of the successive deterioration of the four ages(Yuga) of the world, it must not be practised by mortals in the present (Kaliyuga) age according to law. "		The Niyoga has been declared by Manu, and again prohibited by the same ; on account of the successive deterioration of the four ages(Yuga) of the world, it must not be practised by mortals in the present (Kaliyuga) age according to law. Brahma Purana, cited in the Vira-Mitrodaya and Aditya Purana says "The niyoga, and the taking as sons other than the Aurasha and the Dattaka, are prohibited in the Kali age by the wise."<ref name="GHOSE">" Pg.491 : The Niyoga has been declared by Manu, and again prohibited by the same ; on account of the successive deterioration of the four ages(Yuga) of the world, it must not be practised by mortals in the present (Kaliyuga) age according to law. "

	Pg.497 : Brahma Purana, cited in the Vira-Mitrodaya and Aditya Purana says "The niyoga, and the taking as sons other than the Aurasha and the Dattaka, are prohibited in the Kali age by the wise. " {{Cite book\|url=http://archive.org/details/pli.kerala.rare.14963\|page=491,497\|title=Principles of Hindu Law.\|last=J.C. Ghose\|others=Kerala State Library}}</ref>Niyoga or Levirate which Apastamba declares as unfit for practice in a degenerate later age or Manu's repudiation of widow-remarriage as unsupported by Vedic hymeneal Mantras or the text purporting to be Baudhayana's cited in the Smrti-candrika . <ref name="BATUKNATH">" Pg.2 : Niyoga or Levirate which Apastamba declares as unfit for practice in a degenerate later age or Manu's repudiation of widow-remarriage as unsupported by Vedic hymeneal Mantras or the text purporting to be Baudhayana's cited in the Smrti-candrika . "{{Cite book\|url=http://archive.org/details/the-kalivarjyas-batuknath-bhattacharya-1943-uoc\|title=The Kalivarjyas Batuknath Bhattacharya 1943 (UOC)\|page=2\|last=Batuknath Bhattacharya\|date=1943}}</ref>When in almost the same breath the smrti indicates an institution like niyoga (levirate), and the conditions which should govern its application,and also condemns it as an "animal practice" (paśu-dharma), Manusmriti, IX, 59-63 and IX, 64-69, the juxta-position of apparently opposed views should be treated not as an instance of inconsistency, or carelessness in composition, or of interpolation, but, as explained by Brhaspati, as an indication of applicability and inapplicability to different time-cycles or yugas. <ref name="AIYANGAR">" Pg.10 : When in almost the same breath the smrti indicates an institution like niyoga and the conditions which should govern its application,and also condemns it as an "animal practice" (paśu-dharma), Manusmriti, IX, 59-63 and IX, 64-69, the juxta-position of apparently opposed views should be treated not as an instance of inconsistency, or carelessness in composition, or of interpolation, but, as explained by Brhaspati, as an indication of applicability and inapplicability to different time-cycles or yugas. "{{Cite book\|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.506950\|page=10\|title=Aspects Of The Social And Political System Of Manusmrte\|last=Aiyangar\|first=K.V. Rangaswami\|date=1949}}</ref>		Pg.497 : Brahma Purana, cited in the Vira-Mitrodaya and Aditya Purana says "The niyoga, and the taking as sons other than the Aurasha and the Dattaka, are prohibited in the Kali age by the wise. " {{Cite book\|url=http://archive.org/details/pli.kerala.rare.14963\|page=491,497\|title=Principles of Hindu Law.\|last=J.C. Ghose\|others=Kerala State Library}}</ref>Niyoga or Levirate which Apastamba declares as unfit for practice in a degenerate later age or Manu's repudiation of widow-remarriage as unsupported by Vedic hymeneal Mantras or the text purporting to be Baudhayana's cited in the Smrti-candrika . <ref name="BATUKNATH">" Pg.2 : Niyoga or Levirate which Apastamba declares as unfit for practice in a degenerate later age or Manu's repudiation of widow-remarriage as unsupported by Vedic hymeneal Mantras or the text purporting to be Baudhayana's cited in the Smrti-candrika . "{{Cite book\|url=http://archive.org/details/the-kalivarjyas-batuknath-bhattacharya-1943-uoc\|title=The Kalivarjyas Batuknath Bhattacharya 1943 (UOC)\|page=2\|last=Batuknath Bhattacharya\|date=1943}}</ref>When in almost the same breath the smrti indicates an institution like niyoga (levirate), and the conditions which should govern its application,and also condemns it as an "animal practice" (paśu-dharma), Manusmriti, IX, 59-63 and IX, 64-69, the juxta-position of apparently opposed views should be treated not as an instance of inconsistency, or carelessness in composition, or of interpolation, but, as explained by Brhaspati, as an indication of applicability and inapplicability to different time-cycles or yugas. <ref name="AIYANGAR">" Pg.10 : When in almost the same breath the smrti indicates an institution like niyoga and the conditions which should govern its application,and also condemns it as an "animal practice" (paśu-dharma), Manusmriti, IX, 59-63 and IX, 64-69, the juxta-position of apparently opposed views should be treated not as an instance of inconsistency, or carelessness in composition, or of interpolation, but, as explained by Brhaspati, as an indication of applicability and inapplicability to different time-cycles or yugas. "{{Cite book\|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.506950\|page=10\|title=Aspects Of The Social And Political System Of Manusmrte\|last=Aiyangar\|first=K.V. Rangaswami\|date=1949}}</ref>

Bharatwiki Socrates: /* Prohibition */

2023-12-15T06:18:25Z

Prohibition

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:48, 15 December 2023
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	==Procedure==		==Procedure==
	A wife or a widow must not, however, be forced to have recourse to Niyoga for inheritance or similar purposes. Baudhāyana and Vasistha say that a widow desiring Niyoga should avoid meat, honey etc. and sleep on the ground for a short period not exceeding one year. After six months of the death of her husband, she offers a funeral oblation to her husband and with the approval and aid of her brother or father, and relatives of her husband, and also in consultation with the Gurus of her family, she chooses the man to have an issue by her. A characterless, mad, diseased or very aged widow is not entitled to Niyoga. Sixteen years after maturity is the proper time for Niyoga. A sickly person is to be avoided for the purpose. She must be economically independent of the person whom. she appoints for Niyoga and provide for the necessary ex-penses for food, unguents, etc. herself i.e. from the estate of her husband.<ref name="BIMAL">“ Pg.150 : A wife or a widow must not, however, be forced to have recourse to Niyoga for inheritance or similar purposes. Baudhāyana and Vasistha say that a widow desiring Niyoga should avoid meat, honey etc. and sleep on the ground for a short period not exceeding one year. After six months of the death of her husband, she offers a funeral oblation to her husband and with the approval and aid of her brother or father, and relatives of her husband, and also in consultation with the Gurus of her family, she chooses the man to have an issue by her. A characterless, mad, diseased or very aged widow is not entitled to Niyoga. Sixteen years after maturity is the proper time for Niyoga. A sickly person is to be avoided for the purpose. She must be economically independent of the person whom. she appoints for Niyoga and provide for the necessary ex-penses for food, unguents, etc. herself i.e. from the estate of her husband.”{{Cite book\|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.284009\|title=Women In Vedic Ritual\|last=Jatindra Bimal Chaudhuri\|page=150\|date=1945}}</ref>		A wife or a widow must not, however, be forced to have recourse to Niyoga for inheritance or similar purposes. Baudhāyana and Vasistha say that a widow desiring Niyoga should avoid meat, honey etc. and sleep on the ground for a short period not exceeding one year. After six months of the death of her husband, she offers a funeral oblation to her husband and with the approval and aid of her brother or father, and relatives of her husband, and also in consultation with the Gurus of her family, she chooses the man to have an issue by her. A characterless, mad, diseased or very aged widow is not entitled to Niyoga. Sixteen years after maturity is the proper time for Niyoga. A sickly person is to be avoided for the purpose. She must be economically independent of the person whom. she appoints for Niyoga and provide for the necessary ex-penses for food, unguents, etc. herself i.e. from the estate of her husband.<ref name="BIMAL">“ Pg.150 : A wife or a widow must not, however, be forced to have recourse to Niyoga for inheritance or similar purposes. Baudhāyana and Vasistha say that a widow desiring Niyoga should avoid meat, honey etc. and sleep on the ground for a short period not exceeding one year. After six months of the death of her husband, she offers a funeral oblation to her husband and with the approval and aid of her brother or father, and relatives of her husband, and also in consultation with the Gurus of her family, she chooses the man to have an issue by her. A characterless, mad, diseased or very aged widow is not entitled to Niyoga. Sixteen years after maturity is the proper time for Niyoga. A sickly person is to be avoided for the purpose. She must be economically independent of the person whom. she appoints for Niyoga and provide for the necessary ex-penses for food, unguents, etc. herself i.e. from the estate of her husband.”{{Cite book\|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.284009\|title=Women In Vedic Ritual\|last=Jatindra Bimal Chaudhuri\|page=150\|date=1945}}</ref>
	==~~Limitations~~==		==Prohibition==
	The Niyoga has been declared by Manu, and again prohibited by the same ; on account of the successive deterioration of the four ages(Yuga) of the world, it must not be practised by mortals in the present (Kaliyuga) age according to law. Brahma Purana, cited in the Vira-Mitrodaya and Aditya Purana says "The niyoga, and the taking as sons other than the Aurasha and the Dattaka, are prohibited in the Kali age by the wise.<ref name="GHOSE">" Pg.491 : The Niyoga has been declared by Manu, and again prohibited by the same ; on account of the successive deterioration of the four ages(Yuga) of the world, it must not be practised by mortals in the present (Kaliyuga) age according to law. "		The Niyoga has been declared by Manu, and again prohibited by the same ; on account of the successive deterioration of the four ages(Yuga) of the world, it must not be practised by mortals in the present (Kaliyuga) age according to law. Brahma Purana, cited in the Vira-Mitrodaya and Aditya Purana says "The niyoga, and the taking as sons other than the Aurasha and the Dattaka, are prohibited in the Kali age by the wise.<ref name="GHOSE">" Pg.491 : The Niyoga has been declared by Manu, and again prohibited by the same ; on account of the successive deterioration of the four ages(Yuga) of the world, it must not be practised by mortals in the present (Kaliyuga) age according to law. "

Bharatwiki Socrates: /* Procedure */

2023-12-15T06:15:54Z

Procedure

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:45, 15 December 2023
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	==Procedure==		==Procedure==
	A wife or a widow must not, however, be forced to have recourse to Niyoga for inheritance or similar purposes. Baudhāyana and Vasistha say that a widow desiring Niyoga should avoid meat, honey etc. and sleep on the ground for a short period not exceeding one year. After six months of the death of her husband, she offers a funeral oblation to her husband and with the approval and aid of her brother or father, and relatives of her husband, and also in consultation with the Gurus of her family, she chooses the man to have an issue by her. A characterless, mad, diseased or very aged widow is not entitled to Niyoga. Sixteen years after maturity is the proper time for Niyoga. A sickly person is to be avoided for the purpose. She must be economically independent of the person whom. she appoints for Niyoga and provide for the necessary ex-penses for food, unguents, etc. herself i.e. from the estate of her husband.<ref name="BIMAL">“ Pg.150 : A wife or a widow must not, however, be forced to have recourse to Niyoga for inheritance or similar purposes. Baudhāyana and Vasistha say that a widow desiring Niyoga should avoid meat, honey etc. and sleep on the ground for a short period not exceeding one year. After six months of the death of her husband, she offers a funeral oblation to her husband and with the approval and aid of her brother or father, and relatives of her husband, and also in consultation with the Gurus of her family, she chooses the man to have an issue by her. A characterless, mad, diseased or very aged widow is not entitled to Niyoga. Sixteen years after maturity is the proper time for Niyoga. A sickly person is to be avoided for the purpose. She must be economically independent of the person whom. she appoints for Niyoga and provide for the necessary ex-penses for food, unguents, etc. herself i.e. from the estate of her husband.”{{Cite book\|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.284009\|title=Women In Vedic Ritual\|last=Jatindra Bimal Chaudhuri\|page=150\|date=1945}}</ref>		A wife or a widow must not, however, be forced to have recourse to Niyoga for inheritance or similar purposes. Baudhāyana and Vasistha say that a widow desiring Niyoga should avoid meat, honey etc. and sleep on the ground for a short period not exceeding one year. After six months of the death of her husband, she offers a funeral oblation to her husband and with the approval and aid of her brother or father, and relatives of her husband, and also in consultation with the Gurus of her family, she chooses the man to have an issue by her. A characterless, mad, diseased or very aged widow is not entitled to Niyoga. Sixteen years after maturity is the proper time for Niyoga. A sickly person is to be avoided for the purpose. She must be economically independent of the person whom. she appoints for Niyoga and provide for the necessary ex-penses for food, unguents, etc. herself i.e. from the estate of her husband.<ref name="BIMAL">“ Pg.150 : A wife or a widow must not, however, be forced to have recourse to Niyoga for inheritance or similar purposes. Baudhāyana and Vasistha say that a widow desiring Niyoga should avoid meat, honey etc. and sleep on the ground for a short period not exceeding one year. After six months of the death of her husband, she offers a funeral oblation to her husband and with the approval and aid of her brother or father, and relatives of her husband, and also in consultation with the Gurus of her family, she chooses the man to have an issue by her. A characterless, mad, diseased or very aged widow is not entitled to Niyoga. Sixteen years after maturity is the proper time for Niyoga. A sickly person is to be avoided for the purpose. She must be economically independent of the person whom. she appoints for Niyoga and provide for the necessary ex-penses for food, unguents, etc. herself i.e. from the estate of her husband.”{{Cite book\|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.284009\|title=Women In Vedic Ritual\|last=Jatindra Bimal Chaudhuri\|page=150\|date=1945}}</ref>
			==Limitations==
			The Niyoga has been declared by Manu, and again prohibited by the same ; on account of the successive deterioration of the four ages(Yuga) of the world, it must not be practised by mortals in the present (Kaliyuga) age according to law. Brahma Purana, cited in the Vira-Mitrodaya and Aditya Purana says "The niyoga, and the taking as sons other than the Aurasha and the Dattaka, are prohibited in the Kali age by the wise.<ref name="GHOSE">" Pg.491 : The Niyoga has been declared by Manu, and again prohibited by the same ; on account of the successive deterioration of the four ages(Yuga) of the world, it must not be practised by mortals in the present (Kaliyuga) age according to law. "

			Pg.497 : Brahma Purana, cited in the Vira-Mitrodaya and Aditya Purana says "The niyoga, and the taking as sons other than the Aurasha and the Dattaka, are prohibited in the Kali age by the wise. " {{Cite book\|url=http://archive.org/details/pli.kerala.rare.14963\|page=491,497\|title=Principles of Hindu Law.\|last=J.C. Ghose\|others=Kerala State Library}}</ref>Niyoga or Levirate which Apastamba declares as unfit for practice in a degenerate later age or Manu's repudiation of widow-remarriage as unsupported by Vedic hymeneal Mantras or the text purporting to be Baudhayana's cited in the Smrti-candrika . <ref name="BATUKNATH">" Pg.2 : Niyoga or Levirate which Apastamba declares as unfit for practice in a degenerate later age or Manu's repudiation of widow-remarriage as unsupported by Vedic hymeneal Mantras or the text purporting to be Baudhayana's cited in the Smrti-candrika . "{{Cite book\|url=http://archive.org/details/the-kalivarjyas-batuknath-bhattacharya-1943-uoc\|title=The Kalivarjyas Batuknath Bhattacharya 1943 (UOC)\|page=2\|last=Batuknath Bhattacharya\|date=1943}}</ref>When in almost the same breath the smrti indicates an institution like niyoga (levirate), and the conditions which should govern its application,and also condemns it as an "animal practice" (paśu-dharma), Manusmriti, IX, 59-63 and IX, 64-69, the juxta-position of apparently opposed views should be treated not as an instance of inconsistency, or carelessness in composition, or of interpolation, but, as explained by Brhaspati, as an indication of applicability and inapplicability to different time-cycles or yugas. <ref name="AIYANGAR">" Pg.10 : When in almost the same breath the smrti indicates an institution like niyoga and the conditions which should govern its application,and also condemns it as an "animal practice" (paśu-dharma), Manusmriti, IX, 59-63 and IX, 64-69, the juxta-position of apparently opposed views should be treated not as an instance of inconsistency, or carelessness in composition, or of interpolation, but, as explained by Brhaspati, as an indication of applicability and inapplicability to different time-cycles or yugas. "{{Cite book\|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.506950\|page=10\|title=Aspects Of The Social And Political System Of Manusmrte\|last=Aiyangar\|first=K.V. Rangaswami\|date=1949}}</ref>

	==In popular culture==		==In popular culture==
	Niyoga is the central issue of ''[[Anahat (film)\|Anahat]]'', a [[Marathi cinema\|Marathi]] feature film directed by [[Amol Palekar]]. It was showcased at the [[International Film Festival of India]] 2003.{{Citation Needed}}		Niyoga is the central issue of ''[[Anahat (film)\|Anahat]]'', a [[Marathi cinema\|Marathi]] feature film directed by [[Amol Palekar]]. It was showcased at the [[International Film Festival of India]] 2003.{{Citation Needed}}

Bharatwiki Socrates at 03:48, 15 December 2023

2023-12-15T03:48:06Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:18, 15 December 2023
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	</blockquote>		</blockquote>

			==Procedure==
			A wife or a widow must not, however, be forced to have recourse to Niyoga for inheritance or similar purposes. Baudhāyana and Vasistha say that a widow desiring Niyoga should avoid meat, honey etc. and sleep on the ground for a short period not exceeding one year. After six months of the death of her husband, she offers a funeral oblation to her husband and with the approval and aid of her brother or father, and relatives of her husband, and also in consultation with the Gurus of her family, she chooses the man to have an issue by her. A characterless, mad, diseased or very aged widow is not entitled to Niyoga. Sixteen years after maturity is the proper time for Niyoga. A sickly person is to be avoided for the purpose. She must be economically independent of the person whom. she appoints for Niyoga and provide for the necessary ex-penses for food, unguents, etc. herself i.e. from the estate of her husband.<ref name="BIMAL">“ Pg.150 : A wife or a widow must not, however, be forced to have recourse to Niyoga for inheritance or similar purposes. Baudhāyana and Vasistha say that a widow desiring Niyoga should avoid meat, honey etc. and sleep on the ground for a short period not exceeding one year. After six months of the death of her husband, she offers a funeral oblation to her husband and with the approval and aid of her brother or father, and relatives of her husband, and also in consultation with the Gurus of her family, she chooses the man to have an issue by her. A characterless, mad, diseased or very aged widow is not entitled to Niyoga. Sixteen years after maturity is the proper time for Niyoga. A sickly person is to be avoided for the purpose. She must be economically independent of the person whom. she appoints for Niyoga and provide for the necessary ex-penses for food, unguents, etc. herself i.e. from the estate of her husband.”{{Cite book\|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.284009\|title=Women In Vedic Ritual\|last=Jatindra Bimal Chaudhuri\|page=150\|date=1945}}</ref>
	==In popular culture==		==In popular culture==
	Niyoga is the central issue of ''[[Anahat (film)\|Anahat]]'', a [[Marathi cinema\|Marathi]] feature film directed by [[Amol Palekar]]. It was showcased at the [[International Film Festival of India]] 2003.{{Citation Needed}}		Niyoga is the central issue of ''[[Anahat (film)\|Anahat]]'', a [[Marathi cinema\|Marathi]] feature film directed by [[Amol Palekar]]. It was showcased at the [[International Film Festival of India]] 2003.{{Citation Needed}}

Bharatwiki Socrates: Expanding by copying content from en-wiki.

2023-12-15T03:47:24Z

Expanding by copying content from en-wiki.

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:17, 15 December 2023
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	{{short description\|Hindu's tradition of conception by proxy fathers}}		{{short description\|Hindu's tradition of conception by proxy fathers}}
	{{Distinguish\|Niyog (disambiguation)}}		{{Distinguish\|Niyog (disambiguation)}}
	'''Niyoga''' ({{lang-sa\|नियोग}}) was a [[Hinduism\|Hindu]] practice, primarily followed during the ancient period. It permitted either the husband or the wife who had no child by their spouse to procreate a child with another woman or a man.<ref>{{cite book \|author=Benjamin Walker \|title=Hindu World: An Encyclopedic Survey of Hinduism \|volume=1 \|year=2019 \|publisher=Taylor & Francis \|isbn=9780429624650 \|page=592 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6zj3DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA592 \|quote=The levirate system of the ancient Jews was almost identical with the Hindu custom of niyoga, 'injunction', legalized by Manu }}</ref><ref>{{~~cite~~ book \|~~author~~=~~Vettam Mani~~ \|title=~~Puranic Encyclopedia~~: ~~A Comprehensive Work~~ with ~~Special Reference to~~ the ~~Epic~~ and ~~Puranic Literature~~ \|~~year~~=~~2015~~ \|~~orig-year~~=~~1964~~ \|publisher=~~Motilal Banarsidass~~ \|page=~~543~~ \|~~isbn~~=~~9788120805972~~ \|url=~~https~~://~~books~~.~~google.com~~/~~books?id~~=~~mvXsDwAAQBAJ&pg~~=~~PA543~~ }}</ref>		'''Niyoga''' ({{lang-sa\|नियोग}}) was a [[Hinduism\|Hindu]] practice, primarily followed during the ancient period. It permitted either the husband or the wife who had no child by their spouse to procreate a child with another woman or a man.<ref>{{cite book \|author=Benjamin Walker \|title=Hindu World: An Encyclopedic Survey of Hinduism \|volume=1 \|year=2019 \|publisher=Taylor & Francis \|isbn=9780429624650 \|page=592 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6zj3DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA592 \|quote=The levirate system of the ancient Jews was almost identical with the Hindu custom of niyoga, 'injunction', legalized by Manu }}</ref>Niyoga forbidden in the Kali age by Brhaspati and other smrti writers.<ref name="KANE">“ Pg.29 : Niyoga forbidden in the Kali age by Brhaspati and other smrti writers. “ {{Cite book\|page=29\|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.24397\|title=History Of Dharmasastra Vol. 2, Part. 1\|last=Kane\|first=Pandurang Kane\|date=1941}}</ref>It has been held that niyoga has nothing to do with polyandry.<ref name="SARKAR">“ Pg. 78 : It has been held that ‘ niyoga ’ has nothing to do with polyandry. “{{Cite book\|page=78\|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.175584\|title=Some Aspects Of The Earliest Social History Of India\|last=S.C.Sarkar\|date=1928}}</ref>Sir Henry Maine thinks that the Niyoga is of later date than the Levirate, but J. D. Mayne justified in regarding the Levirate as merely an enlarged form of the Niyoga, which came into effect after a man's death.<ref name="STARCKE">“ Pg.144 : Sir Henry Maine thinks that the Niyoga is of later date than the Levirate, but J. D. Mayne justified in regarding the Levirate as merely an enlarged form of the Niyoga, which came into effect after a man's death.”{{Cite book\|url=http://archive.org/details/primitivefamily00stargoog\|title=The primitive family in its origin and development\|last=Starcke\|first=Carl Nicolai\|page=144\|date=1889\|publisher=New York, D. Appleton and company\|others=University of Michigan}}</ref>The Niyoga system, which enabled a woman to choose and invite a male with the desirable seed, and bear children.<ref name="BHYRAPPA">“ Pg.822 : The Niyoga system, which enabled a woman to choose and invite a male with the desirable seed, and bear children.”{{Cite book\|page=822\|url=http://archive.org/details/bhyrappaparva\|title=Parva by S L Bhyrappa\|last=S L Bhyrappa\|date=1979}}</ref>We conclude that niyoga is not necessary for anything.<ref name="ENCYCLO">“ Pg 443 : We conclude that niyoga is not necessary for anything. “{{Cite book\|url=http://archive.org/details/the-encyclopedia-of-indian-philosophies\|page=443\|title=The Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies}}</ref>

	==Literature==		==Literature==

Bharatwiki Socrates: /* In popular culture */

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In popular culture

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	==In popular culture==		==In popular culture==
	Niyoga is the central issue of ''[[Anahat (film)\|Anahat]]'', a [[Marathi cinema\|Marathi]] feature film directed by [[Amol Palekar]]. It was showcased at the [[International Film Festival of India]] 2003.		Niyoga is the central issue of ''[[Anahat (film)\|Anahat]]'', a [[Marathi cinema\|Marathi]] feature film directed by [[Amol Palekar]]. It was showcased at the [[International Film Festival of India]] 2003.{{Citation Needed}}

	==References==		==References==
	{{reflist}}		{{reflist}}

Bharatwiki Socrates: Created page with "{{short description|Hindu's tradition of conception by proxy fathers}} {{Distinguish|Niyog (disambiguation)}} '''Niyoga''' ({{lang-sa|नियोग}}) was a Hindu practice, primarily followed during the ancient period. It permitted either the husband or the wife who had no child by their spouse to procreate a child with another woman or a man.{{cite book |author=Benjamin Walker |title=Hindu World: An Encyclopedic Survey of Hinduism |volume=1 |year=201..."

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Created page with "{{short description|Hindu's tradition of conception by proxy fathers}} {{Distinguish|Niyog (disambiguation)}} '''Niyoga''' ({{lang-sa|नियोग}}) was a Hindu practice, primarily followed during the ancient period. It permitted either the husband or the wife who had no child by their spouse to procreate a child with another woman or a man.<ref>{{cite book |author=Benjamin Walker |title=Hindu World: An Encyclopedic Survey of Hinduism |volume=1 |year=201..."

New page

{{short description|Hindu's tradition of conception by proxy fathers}}
{{Distinguish|Niyog (disambiguation)}}
'''Niyoga''' ({{lang-sa|नियोग}}) was a [[Hinduism|Hindu]] practice, primarily followed during the ancient period. It permitted either the husband or the wife who had no child by their spouse to procreate a child with another woman or a man.<ref>{{cite book |author=Benjamin Walker |title=Hindu World: An Encyclopedic Survey of Hinduism |volume=1 |year=2019 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9780429624650 |page=592 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6zj3DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA592 |quote=The levirate system of the ancient Jews was almost identical with the Hindu custom of niyoga, 'injunction', legalized by Manu }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Vettam Mani |title=Puranic Encyclopedia: A Comprehensive Work with Special Reference to the Epic and Puranic Literature |year=2015 |orig-year=1964 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |page=543 |isbn=9788120805972 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mvXsDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA543 }}</ref>

==Literature==

=== Manusmṛti ===
In the [[Manusmṛti]], niyoga is described in IX.59-63, but the practice is also allowed in IX.64-68. This text (IX.167) describes the child born by niyoga as a ''kshetraja'' child of the husband-wife.<ref name="Buhler">{{cite book|last=Bühler|first=George |title=The Laws of Manu|year=1886|series=Sacred Books of the East|volume=25|chapter=Chapter IX|url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/manu/manu09.htm}}</ref> The practice of niyoga was solely for widows and childless women who chose not to remarry:
<blockquote>
"vidhavāyāṁ niyuktastu ghṛtākto vāgyato nisi।

ekaṁ utpādayetputraṁ na dvitīyaṁ kathaṁ cana।।"

(Manusmriti,Chapter 9 Verse 60)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://aryamantavya.in/manu-smriti/headingdetail/1886/9|title=Manu Smriti , 9:60|website=aryamantavya.in|language=en|access-date=2023-12-14}}</ref>

"Meaning: If a widow desires offspring, she may, with the father's consent, engage in niyoga by anointing herself with ghee on her body and should give birth to a son. However, besides one son, she should never produce another."
</blockquote>
Therefore, until a critical situation arose, permission for niyoga was not granted. If someone engaged in niyoga against societal norms, they would face social ostracism :
<blockquote>

"jyeṣṭho yavīyasō bhāryāṁ yavīyānvāgrajastriyam।

patitau bhavato gatvā niyuktāvapyanāpadi।।"

(Manusmriti,Chapter 9 Verse 58)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://aryamantavya.in/manu-smriti/headingdetail/1884/9|title=Manu Smriti , 9:58|website=aryamantavya.in|language=en|access-date=2023-12-14}}</ref>

"Meaning: Unless there is a crisis, then with the father's consent, if the wives of both older and younger brothers engage in niyoga, they both will share the sin, leading to the degradation of the varna (social order and duties)."

</blockquote>

==In popular culture==
Niyoga is the central issue of ''[[Anahat (film)|Anahat]]'', a [[Marathi cinema|Marathi]] feature film directed by [[Amol Palekar]]. It was showcased at the [[International Film Festival of India]] 2003.
==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.spiritual-teachers.com/women/index.htm Women in Indian scriptures]

[[Category:Marriage in Hinduism]]
[[Category:Customs involving siblings]]