ChristenaMcGraw: rework content and updated info for clarity

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rework content and updated info for clarity

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			{{Short description\|Ancient Indian treatise by Kamandaka}}
	{{Hindu scriptures and texts}}		{{Hindu scriptures and texts}}
	{{Politics sidebar}}		{{Politics sidebar}}

	'''Nitisara''', or the '''Nitisara of Kamandaki''', is an [[ancient India]]n treatise~~, narrating the elements of polity~~ and statecraft. It was authored by [[Kamandaka]], also known as Kamandaki or Kamandakiya, ~~who was~~ a disciple of [[~~Chanakya~~]]. It is traditionally dated to the 4th-3rd century BCE,<ref name="Elysium_Nitisara"/> though modern scholarship variously dates it to between the 3rd and ~~8th~~ centuries CE between Gupta and Harsha period and its in fact a recension based on [[Shukra-Niti\|Sukra Nitisara]] of 4th century BCE.<ref>{{cite book \| title = Hinduism and the Ethics of Warfare in South Asia: From Antiquity to the Present \| author = Kaushik Roy \| year = 2012 \| publisher = Cambridge University Press \| page=137 \| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=l1IgAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA137}}</ref> It contains 19 sections.<ref name="Elysium_Nitisara"/> The work has been dedicated to [[Chandragupta Maurya\|Chandragupta]] of [[Pataliputra]].<ref name="Elysium_Nitisara"/> ~~Scholars presume that~~ the ~~work was modelled after~~ the [[~~Hitopadesha~~]].<ref ~~name="Elysium_Nitisara"~~>{{~~cite~~ book		'''Nitisara''' ({{Translation\|Essence of Statesmanship}}) or the '''Nitisara of Kamandaki''', is an [[ancient India]]n treatise on politics and statecraft. It was authored by [[Kamandaka]], also known as Kamandaki or Kamandakiya, traditionally identified as a disciple of Vishnugupta ([[Kautilya]]). It is traditionally dated to the 4th-3rd century BCE,<ref name="Elysium_Nitisara">{{cite book \|last=Dutt \|first=Manmatha Nath (Ed.). \|url=https://www.rarebooksocietyofindia.org/book_archive/196174216674_10151174907316675.pdf \|title=Kamandakiya Nitisara or The Elements of Polity \|date=1896 \|publisher=Elysium Press \|location=[[Calcutta]] \|pages=i– \|language=en}}</ref> though modern scholarship variously dates it to between the 3rd and 7th centuries CE between [[Gupta Empire\|Gupta]] and [[Harsha Empire\|Harsha period]] and its in fact a recension based on [[Shukra-Niti\|''Sukra Nitisara'']] of 4th century BCE.<ref>{{cite book \| title = Hinduism and the Ethics of Warfare in South Asia: From Antiquity to the Present \| author = Kaushik Roy \| year = 2012 \| publisher = Cambridge University Press \| page=137 \| isbn = 9781139576840 \| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=l1IgAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA137}}</ref> It contains 19 sections.<ref name="Elysium_Nitisara"/> The work has been dedicated to [[Chandragupta Maurya\|Chandragupta]] of [[Pataliputra]].<ref name="Elysium_Nitisara"/>
	\| last = ~~Dutt~~
	\| first = ~~Manmatha Nath (Ed.).~~		== Date ==
	~~\| title = Kamandakiya Nitisara or The Elements of Polity~~		The ''Kāmandakīya Nītisāra'' is considered to be a post-Mauryan treatise for it refers to the [[Maurya Empire\|Mauryan]] emperor [[Chandragupta Maurya\|Chandragupta]] by name. The historian [[K. P. Jayaswal\|K.P Jayaswal]] attributes the text to the [[Gupta Empire\|Gupta age]] (3rd–6th century CE).<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Mitra\|first=Rajendralala\|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.196169\|title=The Nitisara\|date=1861}}</ref>
	~~\| publisher = Elysium Press~~
	~~\| date = 1896~~
	~~\| location = [[Calcutta]]~~
	~~\| pages = i–~~
	~~\| language = en~~
	\| url = ~~https~~://~~www.rarebooksocietyofindia~~.org/~~book_archive~~/~~196174216674_10151174907316675~~.~~pdf~~
	}}</ref>

	~~Nitisara remains~~ the ~~most popular work on polity of all~~ the [[~~Sanskrit literature~~]] of the ~~Island~~ of [[~~Bali~~]].<ref ~~name~~=~~"Elysium_Nitisara"~~/>		It is possible to fix a [[terminus ante quem]] of the 7th century CE for the text, since the 7th-century poet [[Bhavabhuti]] refers to a Kamandaka who is described as proficient in the art of diplomacy. The ''Nītīsāra'' is also cited at the end of the first chapter of the [[Dashakumaracharita\|''Dasakumāracarita'']] of [[Daṇḍin]] who lived in the latter half of the 6th century CE.<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Sastri\|first=T. Ganapati\|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.424377\|title=Nitisara Of Kamandaka\|date=1912}}</ref> Therefore, the text may have been composed anytime between the 3rd century BCE and the 7th century CE.

	==~~The book~~==		==Structure==
	Nitisara contains 20 sargas (chapters) and 36 prakarans. It is based on the [[Arthasastra]] of [[Kautilya]] and deals with various social elements such as theories of social order, structure of the state, obligations of the ruler, governmental organization, principles and policies of the government, interstate relationships, ethics of envoys and spies, application of different political expedients, varieties of battle arrays, attitude towards morality, and so forth.<ref name="Mitra_Nitisara">{{cite book		Nitisara contains 20 sargas (chapters) and 36 prakarans. It is based on the ''[[Arthasastra]]'' of [[Kautilya]] and deals with various social elements such as theories of social order, structure of the state, obligations of the ruler, governmental organization, principles and policies of the government, interstate relationships, ethics of envoys and spies, application of different political expedients, varieties of battle arrays, attitude towards morality, and so forth.<ref name="Mitra_Nitisara">{{cite book
	\| last = Mitra		\| last = Mitra
	\| first = Raja Rajendra Lala (Ed.).		\| first = Raja Rajendra Lala (Ed.).
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	}}</ref>		}}</ref>

	==Similarities with Arthasastra==		==Similarities with ''Arthasastra''==
	Nitisara shares several common aspects with Arthasastra including mastering of control over the senses including practicing of [[ahimsa]]; maintaining balance among [[dharma]], [[artha]] and [[kama]]; emphasizing the importance of knowledge and intelligence; the seven prakrits and twelve vijigisus in a circle of kings or mandala theory; six measures of foreign policy; the upayas in which there is no war mongering and use of force as the last resort; issues of disasters (vysanas) that may afflict the constituent elements (prakrits) and how to overcome them prior to the execution of a policy; duties of diplomats and intelligence gathering; and aspects of war and use of power by sticking to the priorities of mantra-shakti (counsel or diplomacy), prabhav-shakti (economic and military power), and utsah-shakti (leadership).<ref name="IDSA_GautamPaper"/>		Nitisara shares several common aspects with ''Arthasastra'' including mastering of control over the senses including practicing of [[ahimsa]]; maintaining balance among [[dharma]], [[artha]] and [[kama]]; emphasizing the importance of knowledge and intelligence; the seven prakrits and twelve vijigisus in a circle of kings or [[Rajamandala\|mandala]] theory; six measures of foreign policy; the upayas in which there is no war mongering and use of force as the last resort; issues of disasters (vysanas) that may afflict the constituent elements (prakrits) and how to overcome them prior to the execution of a policy; duties of diplomats and intelligence gathering; and aspects of war and use of power by sticking to the priorities of [[mantra]]-[[shakti]] (counsel or diplomacy), prabhav-shakti (economic and military power), and utsah-shakti (leadership).<ref name="IDSA_GautamPaper"/>

	Nitisara differs from Arthasastra in that the former focuses on valour and the military qualities of the ruler, whereas the latter was dependent on deliverance of kingly duties.<ref name="IDSA_GautamPaper">{{cite web		''Nitisara'' differs from ''Arthasastra'' in that the former focuses on valour and the military qualities of the ruler, whereas the latter was dependent on deliverance of kingly duties.<ref name="IDSA_GautamPaper">{{cite web
	\| url = https://idsa.in/event/nitisara-or-the-elements-of-polity-by-kamandaka-kautilya-arthashastra		\| url = https://idsa.in/event/nitisara-or-the-elements-of-polity-by-kamandaka-kautilya-arthashastra
	\| title = The Nitisara or the Elements of Polity by Kamandaka: Continuity and Change from ~~Kautilya’s~~ Arthashastra		\| title = The Nitisara or the Elements of Polity by Kamandaka: Continuity and Change from Kautilya's Arthashastra
	\| last = Gautam		\| last = Gautam
	\| first = P. K.		\| first = P. K.
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	\| access-date = 13 July 2019		\| access-date = 13 July 2019
	}}</ref>		}}</ref>

			==Translations==
			Nitisara of Kamandaka has been translated into Telugu language by Jakkaraju Venkatakavi, which is preserved in [[Saraswathi Mahal Library\|Tanjore Sarasvati Mahal Library]]. It was critically edited by [[Veturi Prabhakara Sastri]] and published by S. Gopalan in 1950.<ref>{{cite book \|last1=Jakkaraju \|first1=Venkatakavi \|editor1=Veturi Prabhakara Sastri \|title=Andhra Kamandakamu \|date=1950 \|publisher=S. Gopalan, T.M.S.S.M. Library \|location=Tanjore \|pages=242 \|url=https://te.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%B0%86%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A7%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81 \|access-date=21 April 2024}}</ref> It was published by [[Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams]] in 2013.<ref>{{cite web \|last1=Jakkaraju \|first1=Venkata Kavi \|title=Andhra Kamandakamu \|url=https://archive.org/details/andhra-kamandakamu-by-jakkaraju-venkata-kavi-in-telugu \|website=TTD \|publisher=Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams \|access-date=21 April 2024 \|location=Tirupati \|pages=228 \|language=Telugu}}</ref>

	==See also==		==See also==
	*[[Arthashastra]]		*[[Artha]] and [[puruṣārtha]], Indian philosophical concepts in the text
	*[[Tirukkural]]
	*[[Artha]] and [[~~Purushartha~~]] – Indian philosophical concepts
	*[[Hindu philosophy]]		*[[Hindu philosophy]]

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	==Further reading==		==Further reading==
	* Manmatha Nath Dutt ~~(Ed.). (~~1896). Kamandakiya Nitisara or The Elements of Polity ~~(in English).~~ Calcutta~~, India:~~ Elysium Press~~. (276 p.)~~		* {{cite book \|author=Kāmandaki \|editor-first=Jesse \|editor-last=Knutson \|translator-first=Jesse \|translator-last=Knutson \|title=The Essence of Politics \|location=Cambridge, MA \|publisher=Harvard University Press \|year=2021 \|isbn=9780674975767}}
	* Raja Rajendra Lala Mitra ~~(Ed.). (~~2008). The Nitisara by Kamandaki (Sisir Kumar Mitra~~, Trans.).~~ The Asiatic Society~~. (472 p.)~~		* {{cite book \|editor=Manmatha Nath Dutt \|year=1896 \|title=Kamandakiya Nitisara or The Elements of Polity \|lang=en \|location=Calcutta \|publisher=Elysium Press}}
			* {{cite book \|editor=Raja Rajendra Lala Mitra \|year=2008 \|title=The Nitisara by Kamandaki \|translator=Sisir Kumar Mitra \|publisher=The Asiatic Society}}

	{{Hindudharma}}		{{Hindudharma}}
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	[[Category:Sanskrit books]]		[[Category:Sanskrit books]]
	[[Category:Sanskrit literature]]		[[Category:Sanskrit literature]]
			[[Category:Dharmaśāstra]]
			[[Category:Chanakya]]
			[[Category:Panchatantra]]

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2020-12-13T23:17:40Z

Task 18 (cosmetic): eval 4 templates: del empty params (24×); cvt lang vals (2×);

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{{Hindu scriptures and texts}}
{{Politics sidebar}}

'''Nitisara''', or the '''Nitisara of Kamandaki''', is an [[ancient India]]n treatise, narrating the elements of polity and statecraft. It was authored by [[Kamandaka]], also known as Kamandaki or Kamandakiya, who was a disciple of [[Chanakya]]. It is traditionally dated to the 4th-3rd century BCE,<ref name="Elysium_Nitisara"/> though modern scholarship variously dates it to between the 3rd and 8th centuries CE between Gupta and Harsha period and its in fact a recension based on [[Shukra-Niti|Sukra Nitisara]] of 4th century BCE.<ref>{{cite book | title = Hinduism and the Ethics of Warfare in South Asia: From Antiquity to the Present | author = Kaushik Roy | year = 2012 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | page=137 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=l1IgAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA137}}</ref> It contains 19 sections.<ref name="Elysium_Nitisara"/> The work has been dedicated to [[Chandragupta Maurya|Chandragupta]] of [[Pataliputra]].<ref name="Elysium_Nitisara"/> Scholars presume that the work was modelled after the [[Hitopadesha]].<ref name="Elysium_Nitisara">{{cite book
| last = Dutt
| first = Manmatha Nath (Ed.).
| title = Kamandakiya Nitisara or The Elements of Polity
| publisher = Elysium Press
| date = 1896
| location = [[Calcutta]]
| pages = i–
| language = en
| url = https://www.rarebooksocietyofindia.org/book_archive/196174216674_10151174907316675.pdf
}}</ref>

Nitisara remains the most popular work on polity of all the [[Sanskrit literature]] of the Island of [[Bali]].<ref name="Elysium_Nitisara"/>

==The book==
Nitisara contains 20 sargas (chapters) and 36 prakarans. It is based on the [[Arthasastra]] of [[Kautilya]] and deals with various social elements such as theories of social order, structure of the state, obligations of the ruler, governmental organization, principles and policies of the government, interstate relationships, ethics of envoys and spies, application of different political expedients, varieties of battle arrays, attitude towards morality, and so forth.<ref name="Mitra_Nitisara">{{cite book
| last = Mitra
| first = Raja Rajendra Lala (Ed.).
| title = The Nitisara by Kamandaki
| publisher = The Asiatic Society
| date = 2008
| language = en
}}</ref>

==Similarities with Arthasastra==
Nitisara shares several common aspects with Arthasastra including mastering of control over the senses including practicing of [[ahimsa]]; maintaining balance among [[dharma]], [[artha]] and [[kama]]; emphasizing the importance of knowledge and intelligence; the seven prakrits and twelve vijigisus in a circle of kings or mandala theory; six measures of foreign policy; the upayas in which there is no war mongering and use of force as the last resort; issues of disasters (vysanas) that may afflict the constituent elements (prakrits) and how to overcome them prior to the execution of a policy; duties of diplomats and intelligence gathering; and aspects of war and use of power by sticking to the priorities of mantra-shakti (counsel or diplomacy), prabhav-shakti (economic and military power), and utsah-shakti (leadership).<ref name="IDSA_GautamPaper"/>

Nitisara differs from Arthasastra in that the former focuses on valour and the military qualities of the ruler, whereas the latter was dependent on deliverance of kingly duties.<ref name="IDSA_GautamPaper">{{cite web
| url = https://idsa.in/event/nitisara-or-the-elements-of-polity-by-kamandaka-kautilya-arthashastra
| title = The Nitisara or the Elements of Polity by Kamandaka: Continuity and Change from Kautilya’s Arthashastra
| last = Gautam
| first = P. K.
| date = 19 January 2018
| website = IDSA.in
| publisher = Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses
| access-date = 13 July 2019
}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Arthashastra]]
*[[Tirukkural]]
*[[Artha]] and [[Purushartha]] – Indian philosophical concepts
*[[Hindu philosophy]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Manmatha Nath Dutt (Ed.). (1896). Kamandakiya Nitisara or The Elements of Polity (in English). Calcutta, India: Elysium Press. (276 p.)
* Raja Rajendra Lala Mitra (Ed.). (2008). The Nitisara by Kamandaki (Sisir Kumar Mitra, Trans.). The Asiatic Society. (472 p.)

{{Hindudharma}}

[[Category:Hindu texts]]
[[Category:Ancient Indian literature]]
[[Category:Sanskrit texts]]
[[Category:Political books]]
[[Category:Military strategy books]]
[[Category:Sanskrit books]]
[[Category:Sanskrit literature]]

Nitisara - Revision history

ChristenaMcGraw: rework content and updated info for clarity

imported>Monkbot: Task 18 (cosmetic): eval 4 templates: del empty params (24×); cvt lang vals (2×);