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{{Short description|Indian poet (1924–2004)}}
{{Infobox writer 
| name = Nissim Ezekiel
| image = Nissim-ezekiel.jpg
| imagesize = 220px
| birth_date = {{birth date|1924|12|16|df=yes}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|2004|01|09|1924|12|14|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Bombay]], [[Bombay Presidency]], [[British India]]<br/>(now [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]])
| death_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| occupation = Poet, playwright, art critic, editor
| period = 1952–2004
| notablework = ''Night of the Scorpion''; ''Latter Day Psalms''
| awards = [[List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for English|Sahitya Akademi Award]] (1983)<br/> [[Padma Shri]] (1988)
| genre = Modern Indian English Poetry
| influences =
| influenced =
| website =
| citizenship = • British India (1924–1947)<br/> • India (1947–2004)
}}

'''Nissim Ezekiel ''' (16 December 1924 – 9 January 2004) <ref>{{cite web |title='Nissim Ezekiel' by R. Raj Rao |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/books/story/20000515-book-review-nissim-ezekiel-by-r.-raj-rao-777553-2000-05-15 |website=indiatoday.in |date=15 May 2000 |access-date=18 August 2018}}</ref> was an [[History of Jews in India|Indian]] [[poet]], [[actor]], [[playwright]], [[editor in chief|editor]], and [[art]] [[critic]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Joffe |first1=Lawrence |title=Obituary: Nissim Ezekiel |url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2004/mar/09/guardianobituaries.india |work=The Guardian |date=9 March 2004 }}</ref> He was a foundational figure<ref>{{cite web |title=Nissim Ezekiel Biography and latest books by Nissim Ezekiel |url=https://www.pcds.co.in/celeb-author-nissim-ezekiel.php |website=pcds.co.in |access-date=18 August 2018}}</ref> in [[postcolonial]] India's literary history, specifically for Indian poetry in English.<ref>{{cite web |title=A Life in Verse: Honouring Nissim Ezekiel on His Birth Anniversary |url=https://www.thequint.com/lifestyle/art-and-culture/bombay-poet-nissim-ezekiel-family-shares-anecdotes-on-93-birth-anniversary |website=thequint.com |date=15 December 2017 |access-date=18 August 2018}}</ref>

He was awarded the [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] in 1983 for his collection, "''Latter-Day Psalms''", by the [[Sahitya Akademi]], India's National Academy of Letters.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sahitya Akademi Award - English (Official listings) |url=http://www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in/old_version/awa10304.htm#english |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100611080633/http://www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in/old_version/awa10304.htm |archive-date=11 June 2010 }}</ref> Ezekiel has been applauded for his subtle, restrained and well crafted diction, dealing with common and mundane (everyday) themes in a manner that manifests both cognitive profundity, as well as an unsentimental, realistic sensibility, that has been influential on the course of succeeding Indian English poetry.
Ezekiel enriched and established Indian English language poetry through his modernist innovations and techniques, which enlarged Indian English literature, moving it beyond purely spiritual and orientalist themes, to include a wider range of concerns and interests, including familial events, individual angst and skeptical societal introspection.<ref>{{cite web |title=Indian Writing in English- Nissim Ezekiel |url=https://www.bartleby.com/essay/Indian-Writing-in-English-Nissim-Ezekiel-P3WNXYE36YZS |website=bartleby.com |access-date=18 August 2018}}</ref>

==Early life==
Ezekiel was born on 16 December 1924 in [[Bombay]] ([[Mumbai]]) in [[Maharashtra]]. His father was a professor of [[botany]] at [[Wilson College, Mumbai|Wilson College]], and his mother was the principal of her own school. The Ezekiels belonged to [[Mumbai]]'s [[Marathi language|Marathi]]-speaking [[Jewish community]] known as the [[Bene Israel]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Obituary: Nissim Ezekiel |first=Lawrence |last=Joffe |work=The Guardian |location=London |date=9 March 2004 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2004/mar/09/guardianobituaries.india |access-date=2013-09-26}}</ref>

In 1947, Ezekiel earned a BA in Literature from [[Wilson College, Mumbai]], [[Bombay University]]. In 1947–48, he taught [[English literature]] and published [[literary]] articles.{{citation needed|date=February 2022}} After dabbling in politics for a while, he sailed to [[England]] in November 1948. He studied [[philosophy]] at [[Birkbeck College, London]]. After three and a half years, Ezekiel worked his way home as a deck-scrubber aboard a ship carrying arms to Indochina.<ref>{{cite web |title=Nissim Ezekiel's biography: Second edition to be launched on 92nd birth anniversary |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/books/nissim-ezekiels-biography-second-edition-to-be-launched-on-92nd-birth-anniversary-4427632/ |website=indianexpress.com |date=15 December 2016 |access-date=18 August 2018}}</ref>

==Career==

Ezekiel's first book,<ref>{{cite web |title=Nissim Ezekiel Biography |url=https://www.mapsofindia.com/who-is-who/literature/nissim-ezekeil.html |website=mapsofindia.com |access-date=18 August 2018|date=2018-01-30 }}</ref> ''A Time to Change'', appeared in 1952 which changed the trajectory of Indian poetry as it was a new form of poetry, [[Indian poetry in English|Indian English Poetry]]. The book serves as a declaration of transformation, encompassing the poet's personal life and surroundings. It brings about a significant shift with deep implications for society, intellectual thought, and moral values. Most importantly, it introduces a transformation in the way poetry is written. Written in 1952, it emphasizes the cultural context of the post colonial period. Ezekiel uses his poetry as a way to make remarks on the period emphasizing his approach to modernity and encompassing his personal life. A Time to Change may be a small volume with just around thirty-five pages, but it holds great significance in terms of its quality and historical importance. The title of the book indicates change embracing all aspects of Ezekiel's writing or poetry and his aesthetics. A Time To Change marks the onset of a unique form of poetry and the start of a noteworthy career. The opening lines of the poem are "We who leave the house in April, Lord,/How shall we return?/Debtors to the whore of Love"<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ezekiel |first1=Nissim |chapter=A Time to Change |pages=3–6 |id={{ProQuest|2147744366}} |title=Collected Poems, 1952–1988 |date=1989 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-562366-6 }}</ref> suggesting that Ezekiel is expressing deep regret for leaving home during a season associated with renewal. In addition, A Time To Change represents Ezekiel's talent for presenting an incident in dew stanzas and his ability to use gentle irony with sadistic humor.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Verghese |first1=Paul |title=The Poetry of Nissim Ezekiel |journal=Indian Literature |date=1972 |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=63–75 |jstor=23329802 }}</ref> This departure is symbolic, representing a shift away from a life of natural happiness and spontaneity. A Time to Change depicts a book that fights larger concerns such as power, communication and the limitations of languages in the world. In addition, Ezekiel touches upon sexuality, human nature, and religion.

Ezekiel has distinctive views of his language when it comes to his poetry. In Ezekiel's earlier works much of the collection was defined by large language with a focus on rhyme, meter, and poetic form. In Ezekiel's poetry the quality of the heart is evident through his undertones, irony, and self mockery.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Agarwal |first1=Smita |title=Marginalized: Indian Poetry in English |date=2014 |publisher=Rodopi |isbn=978-94-012-1033-1 }}{{pn|date=December 2023}}</ref> Within his poetry the lines are a similar length and if the poem has stanza, the stanza will have a similar number of lines. This demonstrates Ezekiel's attention to detail with his writing by using symmetry, further emphasizing Ezekiel's early dependence for structure in poetry. Ezekiel follows what [[René Wellek|Rene Wellek]] and [[Austin Warren (scholar)|Austin Warren]] use in their Theory of Literature or the "extrinsic" approach which examines literature in the broader context as it understands the relationship to society. It also looks at how literature has an impact by other influences in the world. The "extrinsic" approach follows closely to how Ezekiel writes because he writes about society, personal experiences, and human connections. Ezekiel also uses the "intrinsic" approach which focuses on the elements of the literature in itself such as using metaphors, similes, images, and the techniques that are found in the text. Ezekiel emphasizes the importance of creating literature that connects on a global scale. He references Berdyaev's ideological approaches with creativity and how the poet should not imitate other cultures but should be genuine in their writing. The poet should prioritize their integrity and own experiences in poetry. Ezekiel believes the cultural roles are secondary which leads him to believe that poetry has a universal likening. For instance, Ezekiel emphasizes the significance of humanity in the universe in his poem "Morning Prayer".<ref>{{cite thesis |last1=Satpute |first1=Sfuti P.V. |title=A Stylistic Analysis of Some Poems of Nissim Ezekiel |date=1989 |url=http://ir.unishivaji.ac.in:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/1867 }}</ref>

He published another volume of poems, ''The deadly man'' in 1960.<ref>{{cite web |title=Themes Of Postmodernism In Nissim Ezekiels Poems English Literature Essay |url=https://www.ukessays.com/essays/english-literature/themes-of-postmodernism-in-nissim-ezekiels-poems-english-literature-essay.php |website=ukessays.com |access-date=18 August 2018}}</ref> After working as an advertising copywriter and general manager of a picture frame company (1954–59), he co-founded the literary monthly ''Jumpo'', in 1961. He became [[art critic]] of ''The Times of India'' (1964–66) and edited ''Poetry India'' (1966–67). From 1961 to 1972, he headed the English department of [[Mithibai College]], [[Bombay]]. ''The Exact Name'', his fifth book of poetry, was published in 1965. During this period he held short-term tenure as visiting professor at [[University of Leeds]] (1964) and University of Pondicherry (1967). In 1969, at the [[Writers Workshop (publisher)|Writers Workshop]], Ezekiel<ref>{{cite news |title=Remembering Nissim Ezekiel |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-literaryreview/Remembering-Nissim-Ezekiel/article15402545.ece# |newspaper=The Hindu |publisher=thehindu.com |access-date=18 August 2018|date=2008-09-06 }}</ref> published his ''Three Plays'' which includes ''Nalini, Marriage Poem, The Sleep-walkers''.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Blackwell |first1=Fritz |title=Four Plays of Nissim Ezekiel |journal=Journal of South Asian Literature |date=1976 |volume=11 |issue=3/4 |pages=265–272 |jstor=40873478 }}</ref> A year later, he presented an art series of ten programmes for Indian television. In 1976, he translated Jawaharlal Nehru's poetry from English to [[Marathi language|Marathi]], in collaboration with Vrinda Nabar, and co-edited a fiction and poetry anthology.<ref>{{cite web |title=Summary of "Poet, Lover, Birdwatcher" by Nissim Ezekiel |url=https://www.shareyouressays.com/knowledge/summary-of-poet-lover-birdwatcher-by-nissim-ezekiel/118170 |website=shareyouressays.com |access-date=18 August 2018|date=2013-05-17 }}</ref> His poem ''The [[Night of the Scorpion]]'' is used<ref>{{cite web |title=Analysis of "Night of the Scorpion" by Nissim Ezekiel |url=https://poemotopia.com/nissim-ezekiel/night-of-the-scorpion/ |access-date=17 July 2022 |website=poemotopia.com |date=17 July 2022 |publisher=Poemotopia}}</ref> as study material<ref>{{cite web |title=Nissim Ezekiel's Night of the Scorpion: Summary & Analysis |url=https://www.iluenglish.com/nissim-ezekiels-night-of-the-scorpion-summary-analysis/ |website=iluenglish.com |date=30 September 2013 |access-date=18 August 2018}}</ref> in Indian and Colombian schools. Ezekiel also penned poems in 'Indian English' <ref>{{cite web |title=Indianness in the poetry of Nissim Ezekiel |url=http://www.yabaluri.org/Web%20(1978%20-%202008)/indiannessinnissimezekielspoetryjan2004.htm |website=yabaluri.org |access-date=18 August 2018}}</ref> like the one based on instruction boards in his favourite [[Irani café]]. His poems are used<ref>{{cite web |title=Night of Scorpion – Nissim Ezekiel |url=http://www.scholarspark.com/night-of-scorpion-ndash-nissim-ezekiel.html |website=scholarspark.com |access-date=18 August 2018 |archive-date=18 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180818182112/http://www.scholarspark.com/night-of-scorpion-ndash-nissim-ezekiel.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> in [[NCERT]] and [[Indian Certificate of Secondary Education|ICSE]] English textbooks. His poem 'Background, Casually' is considered to be the most defining poem of his poetic and personal career.

Nissim Ezekiel is often considered the father of Modern Indian English poetry by many critics.<ref>{{cite journal |title=NISSIM EZEKIEL and the Evolution of Modern Indian English Poetry : A Chronology |journal=Journal of South Asian Literature |volume=35 |issue=1/2 |pages=178–191 |jstor=40873767 |last1=Dulai |first1=Surjit S. |year=2000 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=The Poetry of Nissim Ezekiel |journal=Indian Literature |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=63–75 |jstor=23329802 |last1=Verghese |first1=C. Paul |year=1972 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Modernity in Nissim Ezekiel's Poetry |journal=World Literature Today |volume=66 |issue=3 |pages=432–434 |jstor=40148360 |last1=Dwivedi |first1=A. N. |year=1992 |doi=10.2307/40148360 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=NISSIM EZEKIEL : The Father of Contemporary Indian English Poetry |journal=Journal of South Asian Literature |volume=35 |issue=1/2 |pages=123–177 |jstor=40873766 |last1=Dulai |first1=Surjit S. |year=2000 }}</ref>

He was honoured with the [[Padmashri]] award by the President of India in 1988 and the Sahitya Akademi cultural award in 1983.<ref>{{cite web |title=Poets who took Indian poetry to the next level |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/books/poets-who-took-indian-poetry-to-the-next-level/sri-aurobindo-ghosh/photostory/57747696.cms |website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |access-date=24 August 2018|date=2017-03-21 }}</ref>

==Editor==

He was the founding editor of [[Quest (Indian magazine)|''Quest'']] in 1954.

==Death==
After a prolonged battle with [[Alzheimer's disease]], Nissim Ezekiel died in [[Mumbai]], on 9 January 2004 (aged 79).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.profkvdominic.com/?page_id=384|title = Prof. K V DOMINIC}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Nissim Ezekiel passes away |url=https://www.thehindu.com/2004/01/11/stories/2004011100111100.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050324204834/http://www.thehindu.com/2004/01/11/stories/2004011100111100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 March 2005 |website=[[The Hindu]] |date=2004-01-11 |access-date=24 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=A Life in Verse: Honouring Nissim Ezekiel on His Birth Anniversary |url=https://www.thequint.com/lifestyle/art-and-culture/bombay-poet-nissim-ezekiel-family-shares-anecdotes-on-93-birth-anniversary |website=thequint.com |date=15 December 2017 |access-date=24 August 2018}}</ref>

==Recent Discussion of Ezekiel's Work==

* Balaga Venkata Ramana's ''Nissim Ezekiel's Poetry- A thematic study'' (Scholars' Press, India, 2015; {{ISBN|978-3639767902}})
* Subrat Kumar Samal's ''Postcoloniality and Indian English Poetry: A Study of the Poems of Nissim Ezekiel, Kamala Das, Jayanta Mahapatra and A.K.Ramanujan'' (Partridge, India, 2015; {{ISBN|978-1482848670}})
* Shakuntala Bharvani's ''Makers of Indian Literature: Nissim Ezekiel'' (Sahitya Akademi, India, 2017; ASIN: B09ZBB2M6S)
* Apara Sharma's ''Nissim Ezekiel and Jyant Mahapatra : A Comparative Reading in Phenomenology'' (New Era, India, 2017; 978-8129001559)
* Sandeep K. Thorat's ''Indian Ethos and Culture in Nissim Ezekiel's Poetry: A Critical Study'' (Atlantic Publishers, India, 2018; {{ISBN|978-8126927531}})
* A. Raghu's ''The Poetry Of Nissim Ezekiel'' (Atlantic Publishers, India, 2019; {{ISBN|978-8126900862}})
* Satish Kumar and Anupama Tayal's Indian English Poetry - A critical study of the poets Nissim Ezekiel, A.K. Ramanujan, Kamala Das, Jayanta Mahapatra, K.N. Daruwalla, Arun Balkrishnan Kolatkar and R. Parthasarthy (Sahitya Saroward, India, 2020; ASIN: B08DHTQ9TL)
* Rinkoo Wadhera's ''Existentialism, Upanishadic Perception and Via-Negativa in Indian English Poetry: The Oeuvre of Nissim Ezekiel'' (Authorspress, India, 2020; ASIN: B0893TP3KW)
* K.K. Singh's ''Different Thematic Perceptions in Poetry of Nissim Ezekiel'' (Aadi Publications, India, 2021; {{ISBN|978-8195250165}})
* Shirish Chindhade's ''Five Indian English Poets: Nissim Ezekiel, A.K. Ramanujan, Arun Kolatkar, Dilip Chitre, R. Parthasarathy'' (Atlantic Publishers, India, 2022; {{ISBN|978-8171565856}})

==Books by Ezekiel==
* [[1952 in poetry|1952]]: ''Time To Change''<ref name=Kumar20040326>{{cite news |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4158/is_20040326/ai_n12775727 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080322050447/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4158/is_20040326/ai_n12775727 |archive-date=22 March 2008 |last1=Kumar |first1=Jai |title=Obituary: Nissim Ezekiel |work=[[The Independent]] |date=26 March 2004 }}</ref>
* [[1953 in poetry|1953]]: ''Sixty poems''<ref name=Kumar20040326/>
* [[1956 in poetry|1956]]: ''The Discovery of India''<ref name=Kumar20040326/>
* [[1959 in poetry|1959]]: ''The Third''<ref name=Kumar20040326/>
* [[1960 in poetry|1960]]: ''The Unfinished Man''<ref name=Kumar20040326/>
* [[1965 in poetry|1965]]: ''The Exact Name''<ref name=Kumar20040326/>
* [[1974 in poetry|1974]]: ''Snakeskin and Other Poems'', translations of the [[Marathi language|Marathi]] poet [[Indira Sant]]
* [[1976 in poetry|1976]]: ''Hymns in Darkness''
* [[1982 in poetry|1982]]: ''Latter-Day Psalms''
* [[1989 in poetry|1989]]: ''Collected Poems 1952-88'' [[OUP]]

==Plays==
* [[1969 in literature|1969]]: ''The Three Plays'' [[Kolkata]]: [[Writers Workshop (publisher)|Writers Workshop]], [[India]]<ref>{{cite journal |title=Three Plays by Nissim Ezekiel |journal=Indian Literature |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=92–94 |jstor=23329837 |last1=Verghese |first1=C. Paul |year=1971 }}</ref>
* ''Do Not Call it Suicide'' [[Madras]]: Macmillan [[India]], 1993.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sheikh |first1=Zoya |chapter=Don't Call it Suicide: An Application of the Absurd Theatre Form to Indian Theatre |pages=190–241 |title=Tradition and Modernity in the Plays of Nissim Ezekiel |date=2012 |oclc=1012389402 |hdl=10603/55611 }}</ref>

==Prose==
* {{cite book |last1=Ezekiel |first1=Nissim |title=Selected prose |date=1992 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-562866-1 |oclc=624466913 |url=https://archive.org/details/selectedprose00ezek }}
* Naipaul's India and mine- an essay<ref>{{cite web |title=Nissim Ezekiel's classic review of V. S. Naipaul's An Area of Darkness |url=http://raiot.in/archival-pleasures-nissim-ezekiels-take-down-of-v-s-naipaul/ |website=raiot.in |date=12 August 2018 |access-date=27 August 2018 |archive-date=27 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180827142305/http://raiot.in/archival-pleasures-nissim-ezekiels-take-down-of-v-s-naipaul/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Editor===
* [[1965 in literature|1965]]: ''An Emerson Readers''<ref name=Kumar20040326/>
* [[1969 in literature|1969]]: ''A Joseph King Reader''<ref name=Kumar20040326/>
* [[1990 in poetry|1990]]: ''Another India'', anthology of fiction and poetry<ref name=Kumar20040326/>

==Poems==

* ''The Couple''
* ''Enterprise''<ref>{{cite web |title=Enterprise by Nissim Ezekiel |url=http://writetoscore.com/2017/07/27/icse-poem-enterprise-nissim-ezekiel/ |website=writetoscore.com |access-date=18 August 2018 |date=2017-07-27 |archive-date=18 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180818214500/http://writetoscore.com/2017/07/27/icse-poem-enterprise-nissim-ezekiel/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* ''A Time to Change''
*Philosophy
* ''Island''
* ''For Elkana''
* ''Soap''
* ''Marriage''
* ''In the country cottage''
* ''How the english lessons ended ''
* ''The Paradise Flycatcher''
* ''[[Night of the Scorpion|Night of The Scorpion]]''
*'' The Professor''
* ''Goodbye party for Miss Pushpa T.S.''
* ''Entertainment (was the best of one)''
* "Background, Casually"
* ''Poet, Lover and Birdwatcher''<ref>{{cite web |title=Nissim Ezekiel's Poet, Lover, Birdwatcher |url=https://sotosay.wordpress.com/2009/10/03/nissim-ezekiels-poet-lover-birdwatcher/ |website=sotosay.wordpress.com
|access-date=18 August 2018|date=2009-10-03 }}</ref>

== Appearances in the following poetry Anthologies ==
* ''The Golden Treasure of [[Writers Workshop (publisher)|Writers Workshop]] Poetry'' (2008) ed. by Rubana Huq and published by [[Writers Workshop (publisher)|Writers Workshop]], [[Calcutta]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mandal |first1=Somdatta |last2=University |first2=Visva-Bharati |title=Rubana Huq, ed. The Golden Treasury of Writers Workshop Poetry |journal=Asiatic |date=15 June 2009 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=126–129 |url=https://journals.iium.edu.my/asiatic/index.php/ajell/article/view/82 }}</ref>
* ''Ten Twentieth-Century Indian Poets'' (1976) ed. by [[R. Parthasarathy]] and published by [[Oxford University Press]], [[New Delhi]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Ten 20th Century Indian Poets |url=https://www.cse.iitk.ac.in/users/amit/books/parthasarathy-1976-ten-20th-century.html |website=cse.iitk.ac.in |access-date=23 August 2018}}</ref>
* ''The Oxford India Anthology of Twelve Modern Indian Poets'' (1992) ed. by [[Arvind Krishna Mehrotra]] and published by [[Oxford University Press]], [[New Delhi]]<ref>{{cite web |title=The Oxford India Anthology of Twelve Modern Indian Poets |url=https://www.cse.iitk.ac.in/users/amit/books/mehrotra-1993-oxford-india-anthology.html |website=cse.iitk.ac.in |access-date=23 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Book review: 'Twelve Modern Indian Poets' by Arvind Krishna Mehrotra |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19920815-book-review-twelve-modern-indian-poets-by-arvind-krishna-mehrotra-766731-2013-01-03 |website=indiatoday.in |date=3 January 2013 |access-date=23 August 2018}}</ref>

==Further reading==
*[[R. Raj Rao]], ''Nissim Ezekiel: The Authorized Biography'' (Viking, 2000)
* Sanjit Mishra, ''The Poetic Art of Nissim Ezekiel '' ( Atlantic, 2001)

==See also==
{{portal|Biography|India|Literature|Poetry|}}
*[[Indian English Poetry]]
*[[Indian poetry in English]]
*[[Indian English Literature]]
*[[Indian literature]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{Sahitya Akademi Award for English}}
{{lists of poets |state=collapsed}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ezekiel, Nissim}}
[[Category:Bene Israel]]
[[Category:Jewish poets]]
[[Category:English-language Indian poets]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:Indian humorous poets]]
[[Category:1924 births]]
[[Category:2004 deaths]]
[[Category:Alumni of Birkbeck, University of London]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in English]]
[[Category:Mithibai College]]
[[Category:Writers from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian magazine editors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Poets from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Indian writers]]
[[Category:Academics of the University of Leeds]]

Nissim Ezekiel - Revision history

ThomasPeterdavid: Adding The Post First Draft