Nirad C. Chaudhuri - Revision history

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	\| pseudonym = Balahak Nandi, '''''Sonibarer Cithi''''', Outsider, '''''Now'''''		\| pseudonym = Balahak Nandi, '''''Sonibarer Cithi''''', Outsider, '''''Now'''''
	\| birth_date = {{birth date\|df=yes\|1897\|11\|23}}		\| birth_date = {{birth date\|df=yes\|1897\|11\|23}}
	\| birth_place = ~~Kishoreganj,~~ [[~~Mymensingh~~]], [[British India]]<br/>(present-day [[Bangladesh]])		\| birth_place =[[Kishoreganj]], [[British India]]<br/>(present-day [[Bangladesh]])
	\| death_date = {{death date and age\|df=yes\|1999\|8\|1\|1897\|11\|23}}		\| death_date = {{death date and age\|df=yes\|1999\|8\|1\|1897\|11\|23}}
	\| death_place = [[Lathbury Road]], [[Oxford]], England		\| death_place = [[Lathbury Road]], [[Oxford]], England
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	Chaudhuri was a prolific writer even in the last years of his life, publishing his last work at the age of 99. His wife Amiya Chaudhuri died in 1994 in [[Oxford]], England. He too died in Oxford, three months short of his 102nd birthday, in 1999. He lived at 20 Lathbury Road<ref name="symonds">{{cite book \| title=The Changing Faces of North Oxford \| volume=Book One \| publisher=[[Robert Boyd Publications]] \| last=Symonds \| first=Ann Spokes\| chapter=The Chaudhuris \| page=90 \| year=1997 \| isbn=1-899536-25-6}}</ref> from 1982 until his death and a [[blue plaque]] was installed by the [[Oxfordshire Blue Plaques Board]] in 2008.<ref name="blue-plaque">{{cite book\| first=Elizabeth Jean \|last=Warr \| title=The Oxford Plaque Guide \| publisher=The History Press\| location=Stroud, Gloucestershire \| year=2011\| isbn=978-0-7524-5687-4 \| pages=34–35 }}</ref>		Chaudhuri was a prolific writer even in the last years of his life, publishing his last work at the age of 99. His wife Amiya Chaudhuri died in 1994 in [[Oxford]], England. He too died in Oxford, three months short of his 102nd birthday, in 1999. He lived at 20 Lathbury Road<ref name="symonds">{{cite book \| title=The Changing Faces of North Oxford \| volume=Book One \| publisher=[[Robert Boyd Publications]] \| last=Symonds \| first=Ann Spokes\| chapter=The Chaudhuris \| page=90 \| year=1997 \| isbn=1-899536-25-6}}</ref> from 1982 until his death and a [[blue plaque]] was installed by the [[Oxfordshire Blue Plaques Board]] in 2008.<ref name="blue-plaque">{{cite book\| first=Elizabeth Jean \|last=Warr \| title=The Oxford Plaque Guide \| publisher=The History Press\| location=Stroud, Gloucestershire \| year=2011\| isbn=978-0-7524-5687-4 \| pages=34–35 }}</ref>

	~~Student historian Dipayan Pal wrote~~ of ~~Nirad C. Chaudhuri~~ in [~~[The Statesman (India)\|The Statesman]] in 2016:<ref>{{cite news \|last=Pal \|first=Dipayan \|date=19 May 2016 \|title=An unknown Bengali in Oxfordshire \|url=~~https://~~www.thestatesman~~.com/~~supplements/an~~-~~unknown~~-~~bengali~~-in-~~oxfordshire~~-~~143281.html \|newspaper=The Statesman}}<~~/~~ref>~~		Dr Sumantra Maitra named him the forgotten visionary of British India, in a review [https://spectatorworld.com/book-and-art/search-nirad-chaudhuri-india/ essay for the Spectator].

	{{quote\|Why was he always in love with England, though he had never visited the land before the age of 57? These questions perplexed me and the only answer I could decipher is that perhaps Nirad Chaudhuri was in search of a home that he could call his own.

	And perhaps this street in 1980s took him closer to the novels of Hardy and Austen. Lovers of literature not only see texts through their lives but also sculpt life through the texts they read. His textual affinity was coupled with the colonial aura he grew up with- we must remember that he spent his first 50 years in an empire where the sun never set.

	His England was a realisation of certain dominant sensibilities and visions he idealised but they were far from reality. Places like 20 Lathbury Road makes me wonder why people choose to migrate and why certain places receive more sanctity than others. For Nirad Chaudhuri, England was sacred and for ~~some America is ...~~

	~~Furthermore, certain places celebrate certain people. Nirad Chaudhuri would have been immensely happy if he knew about~~ the blue plaque as it would fit his sensibilities perfectly. Even Oxford County Council was happy enough to remember this “an original thinker, forthright in his opinions and an internationalist, in the sense of one who embraces the best of all cultures but never loses his own.~~"}}~~

	==Major works==		==Major works==
	His masterpiece, ''[[The Autobiography of an Unknown Indian]]'', published in 1951, put him on the long list of great Indian writers. Chaudhari had said that ''[[The Autobiography of an Unknown Indian]]'' is 'more of an exercise in descriptive ~~ethology~~ than autobiography'. He is concerned with describing the conditions in which an Indian grew to manhood in the early decades of the century, and as he feels that the basic principle of book is that environment shall have precedence over its product; he describes its affectionate and sensuous detail the three places that had the greatest influence on him: Kishoreganj,the country town in which he lived till he was twelve; Bangram; his ancestral village; and Kalikutch, his mother's village. A fourth chapter is devoted to England, which occupied a large place in his imagination. Later in the book he talks about Calcutta, the Bengali Renaissance, the beginnings of the nationalist Movement, and his experience of Englishmen in India as opposed to the idyllic pictures of a civilization he consider perhaps the greatest in the world. These themes remains preoccupations in most of Chaudhari's work, as does his deterministic view of culture and politics. He courted controversy in the newly independent India due to the dedication of the book, which ran thus:		His masterpiece, ''[[The Autobiography of an Unknown Indian]]'', published in 1951, put him on the long list of great Indian writers. Chaudhari had said that ''[[The Autobiography of an Unknown Indian]]'' is 'more of an exercise in descriptive ethnology than autobiography'. He is concerned with describing the conditions in which an Indian grew to manhood in the early decades of the century, and as he feels that the basic principle of book is that environment shall have precedence over its product; he describes its affectionate and sensuous detail the three places that had the greatest influence on him: Kishoreganj,the country town in which he lived till he was twelve; Bangram; his ancestral village; and Kalikutch, his mother's village. A fourth chapter is devoted to England, which occupied a large place in his imagination. Later in the book he talks about Calcutta, the Bengali Renaissance, the beginnings of the nationalist Movement, and his experience of Englishmen in India as opposed to the idyllic pictures of a civilization he consider perhaps the greatest in the world. These themes remains preoccupations in most of Chaudhari's work, as does his deterministic view of culture and politics. He courted controversy in the newly independent India due to the dedication of the book, which ran thus:

	<blockquote><poem>		<blockquote><poem>

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Major works

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{{more citations needed|date=November 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2013}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Nirad C. Chaudhuri
| image = NiradC.ChaudhuriPic.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption =
| pseudonym = Balahak Nandi, '''''Sonibarer Cithi''''', Outsider, '''''Now'''''
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1897|11|23}}
| birth_place = Kishoreganj, [[Mymensingh]], [[British India]]<br/>(present-day [[Bangladesh]])
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1999|8|1|1897|11|23}}
| death_place = [[Lathbury Road]], [[Oxford]], England
| occupation = writer and commentator on culture
| nationality = Indian
| period = 1925–1999
| genre = non-fiction
| subject =
| movement =
| signature =
| website =
}}
'''Nirad Chandra Chaudhuri''' [[Order of the British Empire|CBE]] (23 November 1897 – 1 August 1999) was an [[Indian people|Indian]] writer.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nirad C. Chaudhuri {{!}} Bengali author and scholar|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Nirad-C-Chaudhuri|access-date=2021-01-14|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref>

In 1990, [[Oxford University]] awarded Chaudhuri, by then a long-time resident of the city of [[Oxford]], an Honorary Degree in Letters. In 1992, he was made an honorary [[Commander of the Order of the British Empire]] (CBE).<ref>{{cite AV media | title=The Unrepentant Vision | medium = Television production | publisher = Doordarshan}}</ref>

==Biography==
Chaudhuri was born in [[Kishoreganj District|Kishoregunj]], [[Mymensingh]], East Bengal, British India (now Bangladesh), the second of eight children of Upendra Narayan Chaudhuri, a lawyer, and of Sushila Sundarani Chaudhurani.<ref>{{ODNBweb|id=72657|title=Chaudhuri, Nirad Chandra}}</ref> His parents were liberal middle-class Hindus who belonged to the [[Brahmo Samaj]] movement.

[[File:Chaudhuri house, Oxford.JPG|thumb|right|20 Lathbury Road, the former home of Nirad Chaudhuri, with its [[blue plaque]].<ref name="blue-plaque" />]]
[[File:Chaudhuri blue plaque, Oxford.JPG|thumb|right|The blue plaque for Nirad Chaudhuri in Lathbury Road, [[North Oxford]].<ref name="blue-plaque" />]]

Chaudhuri was a prolific writer even in the last years of his life, publishing his last work at the age of 99. His wife Amiya Chaudhuri died in 1994 in [[Oxford]], England. He too died in Oxford, three months short of his 102nd birthday, in 1999. He lived at 20 Lathbury Road<ref name="symonds">{{cite book | title=The Changing Faces of North Oxford | volume=Book One | publisher=[[Robert Boyd Publications]] | last=Symonds | first=Ann Spokes| chapter=The Chaudhuris | page=90 | year=1997 | isbn=1-899536-25-6}}</ref> from 1982 until his death and a [[blue plaque]] was installed by the [[Oxfordshire Blue Plaques Board]] in 2008.<ref name="blue-plaque">{{cite book| first=Elizabeth Jean |last=Warr | title=The Oxford Plaque Guide | publisher=The History Press| location=Stroud, Gloucestershire | year=2011| isbn=978-0-7524-5687-4 | pages=34–35 }}</ref>

Student historian Dipayan Pal wrote of Nirad C. Chaudhuri in [[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]] in 2016:<ref>{{cite news |last=Pal |first=Dipayan |date=19 May 2016 |title=An unknown Bengali in Oxfordshire |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/supplements/an-unknown-bengali-in-oxfordshire-143281.html |newspaper=The Statesman}}</ref>

{{quote|Why was he always in love with England, though he had never visited the land before the age of 57? These questions perplexed me and the only answer I could decipher is that perhaps Nirad Chaudhuri was in search of a home that he could call his own.

And perhaps this street in 1980s took him closer to the novels of Hardy and Austen. Lovers of literature not only see texts through their lives but also sculpt life through the texts they read. His textual affinity was coupled with the colonial aura he grew up with- we must remember that he spent his first 50 years in an empire where the sun never set.

His England was a realisation of certain dominant sensibilities and visions he idealised but they were far from reality. Places like 20 Lathbury Road makes me wonder why people choose to migrate and why certain places receive more sanctity than others. For Nirad Chaudhuri, England was sacred and for some America is ...

Furthermore, certain places celebrate certain people. Nirad Chaudhuri would have been immensely happy if he knew about the blue plaque as it would fit his sensibilities perfectly. Even Oxford County Council was happy enough to remember this “an original thinker, forthright in his opinions and an internationalist, in the sense of one who embraces the best of all cultures but never loses his own."}}

==Major works==
His masterpiece, ''[[The Autobiography of an Unknown Indian]]'', published in 1951, put him on the long list of great Indian writers. Chaudhari had said that ''[[The Autobiography of an Unknown Indian]]'' is 'more of an exercise in descriptive ethology than autobiography'. He is concerned with describing the conditions in which an Indian grew to manhood in the early decades of the century, and as he feels that the basic principle of book is that environment shall have precedence over its product; he describes its affectionate and sensuous detail the three places that had the greatest influence on him: Kishoreganj,the country town in which he lived till he was twelve; Bangram; his ancestral village; and Kalikutch, his mother's village. A fourth chapter is devoted to England, which occupied a large place in his imagination. Later in the book he talks about Calcutta, the Bengali Renaissance, the beginnings of the nationalist Movement, and his experience of Englishmen in India as opposed to the idyllic pictures of a civilization he consider perhaps the greatest in the world. These themes remains preoccupations in most of Chaudhari's work, as does his deterministic view of culture and politics. He courted controversy in the newly independent India due to the dedication of the book, which ran thus:

<blockquote><poem>
To the memory of the British Empire in India,
Which conferred subjecthood upon us,
But withheld citizenship.
To which yet every one of us threw out the challenge:
"Civis Britannicus sum"
Because all that was good and living within us
Was made, shaped and quickened
By the same British rule.
</poem></blockquote>

It is sometimes stated that 'Chaudhuri was hounded out of government service, deprived of his pension, blacklisted as a writer in India and forced to live a life of penury'. However, as Sociologist Edward Shils, who helped Chaudhuri immigrate to the UK, stated in his article 'Citizen of the World' (American Scholar, 1988), Chaudhuri retired at the compulsory age of 55 but was not eligible for a pension because he had not completed sufficient years of service. It is also stated that-'Furthermore, he had to give up his job as a political commentator in All India Radio as the [[Government of India]] promulgated a law that prohibited employees from publishing memoirs.' This is not the case. There was a pre-existing rule that employees must get clearance before publishing anything. Chadhuri was refused an extension of service. He was not asked to prepare any more talks on a free-lance basis because of severe criticism directed at him by senior figures- like Krishna Menon. However, he did publish in non-Government magazines.
Chaudhuri argued that his critics were not careful-enough readers; "the dedication was really a condemnation of the British rulers for not treating us as equals", he wrote in a 1997 special edition of ''[[Granta]]''.<ref name="Granta">{{cite book|last1=Chaudhuri|first1=Nirad|title=India! The Golden Jubilee [Granta 57]|date=1997|publisher=Granta|isbn=9780140141474|pages=[https://archive.org/details/indiagoldenjubil00jack/page/209 209–210]|edition=Spring|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/indiagoldenjubil00jack/page/209}}</ref> Typically, to demonstrate his perceptions he drew on a parallel with [[Ancient Rome]]. The book's dedication, Chaudhuri observed, "was an imitation of what [[Cicero]] said about the conduct of [[Verres]], a Roman proconsul of [[Sicily]] who oppressed Sicilian Roman citizens, who in their desperation cried out: "''[[Civis romanus sum]]''".<ref name="Granta"/>

At the age of 57, in 1955 for the first time Chaudhuri went abroad. After coming back he wrote ''A Passage to England'' (1959). In this book he talked about his visit of five weeks to England, and more briefly about his two weeks in Paris and one week in Rome. During this time away from his home in Delhi, he visited museums, galleries, cathedrals, country houses, and attended plays and concerts. Chaudhuri reflects on his experiences from the perspective of a man who had grown up in the British Empire and was now the citizen of an independent India.

His later works include personal essays, biographies and historical studies.

==Honours==

* Duff Cooper Memorial Award in 1967
* [[Ananda Purashkar]] in 1988
* [[DLitt]] from [[Oxford University]] in 1990.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www-stat.stanford.edu/~naras/ncc/ | title=The Nirad C. Chaudhuri Page |publisher=Stat.stanford.edu |access-date=11 July 2012}}</ref>
* Vidyasagar Purashkar in 1997 by the Govt of West Bengal
* Desikottama in 1997 by Viswabharati

==Books==
* ''[[The Autobiography of an Unknown Indian]]'' (1951)
* ''A Passage to England'' (1959)
* ''[[The Continent of Circe]]'' (1965)
* ''The Intellectual in India'' (1967)
* ''To Live or Not to Live'' (1971)
* ''Scholar Extraordinary, The Life of Professor the Right Honourable Friedrich Max Muller, P.C.'' (1974)
* ''Culture in the Vanity Bag'' (1976)
* ''Clive of India'' (1975)
* ''Hinduism: A Religion to Live by'' (1979)
* ''[[Thy Hand, Great Anarch!]]'' (1987)
* ''Three Horsemen of the New Apocalypse'' (1997)
* ''The East is East and West is West'' (collection of pre-published essays)
* ''From the Archives of a Centenarian'' (collection of pre-published essays)
* ''Why I Mourn for England'' (collection of pre-published essays)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
* {{Banglapedia|Chaudhuri,_Nirad_C|Nirad C. Chaudhuri}}
* {{Store norske leksikon|Nirad_Chandra_Chaudhuri}}
* {{OL author|13608A}}
* [http://dspace.wbpublibnet.gov.in:8080/jspui/browse?type=author&order=ASC&rpp=20&value=CHAUDHURI,+NIRAD+C Nirad C. Chaudhuri] at the West Bengal Public Library Network
* [http://oxonblueplaques.org.uk/plaques/chaudhuri.html Chadhuri's Blue Plaque] at Lathbury Road in North Oxford
* [http://www-stat.stanford.edu/~naras/ncc/ Naras page]
* [http://www.merchantivory.com/adventures.html Merchant Ivory documentary]

{{Sahitya Akademi Award for English}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chaudhuri, Nirad C.}}
[[Category:1897 births]]
[[Category:1999 deaths]]
[[Category:Bengali historians]]
[[Category:Bengali writers]]
[[Category:Writers from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Bengali people]]
[[Category:Honorary Commanders of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:Historians of South Asia]]
[[Category:Indian autobiographers]]
[[Category:Indian centenarians]]
[[Category:Indian male essayists]]
[[Category:Indian literary critics]]
[[Category:Indian memoirists]]
[[Category:Indian political writers]]
[[Category:Surendranath College alumni]]
[[Category:Scottish Church College alumni]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in English]]
[[Category:Critics of Islam]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian biographers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian historians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian essayists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:20th-century memoirists]]
[[Category:Men centenarians]]