imported>Djm-leighpark: Rvt: Unsourced and no edit summary: Possilble/likely vandalism but chance could just be a valid local nickname because I think I may have heard the term before on a RS but could have been for another line or poor memory.

2021-08-18T20:14:51Z

Rvt: Unsourced and no edit summary: Possilble/likely vandalism but chance could just be a valid local nickname because I think I may have heard the term before on a RS but could have been for another line or poor memory.

New page

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Infobox heritage railway
| name = Nilgiri Mountain Railway
| other_name =
| logo =
| logo_width =
| logo_alt =
| image = File:NMR train at Ketti 05-02-26 75.jpeg
| image_name =
| image_width =
| image_alt =
| caption = NMR at Ketti station
| color =
| locale =
| terminus = [[Udhagamandalam]]
| longitude =
| latitude =
| map =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| mapsize =
| connections =
| linename =
| builtby =
| originalopen = 1908
| originalgauge =
| originalrack =
| originalelec =
| owned = [[Southern Railway Zone]]
| operator = [[Salem railway division]]
| marks =
| stations = 13
| length = 46 km
| preservedgauge = {{RailGauge|1000mm|lk=on}}
| preservedrack = [[Rack railway#Abt (1882)|Abt]]
| preservedelec =
| era =
| com-years =
| com-events =
| com-years1 =
| com-events1 =
| com-years9 =
| com-events9 =
| closedpassengers =
| closed =
| years =
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| years2 =
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| years3 =
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| headquarters = [[Mettupalayam, Coimbatore|Mettupalayam]]
| website =
| routemap = {{Nilgiri Mountain Railway}}
| routemap_name = Nilgiri Mountain Railway Map
| routemap_state = collapsed
| embedded = {{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site
| child = yes
| part_of = [[Mountain railways of India|Mountain Railways of India]]
| criteria = {{UNESCO WHS type|(ii)(iv)}}(ii)(iv)
| ID = 944ter-002
| coordinates = {{coord|11|30|37|N|76|55|54|E|format=dms|type:railwaystation_region:IN-TN|display=title, inline}}
| year = 1999
| extension = 2005, 2008
| area = {{convert|4.59|ha|acre|abbr=on}}
| buffer_zone = {{convert|500|ha|acre|abbr=on}}
| locmapin = India
| map_caption =
}}
}}

The '''Nilgiri Mountain Railway''' (NMR) is a {{Track gauge|1000mm|allk=on}} railway in [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]], built by the [[United Kingdom|British]] in 1908.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/944/|title=Mountain Railways of India|publisher=UNESCO|access-date=1 March 2010}}</ref> The railway is operated by the [[Southern Railway zone|Southern Railway]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Nilgirimountain railway |url=https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?fontColor=black&backgroundColor=LIGHTSTEELBLUE&lang=0&id=0,1,304,374,492,552 |website=Indianrailway.gov.in |access-date=21 August 2019}}</ref> and is the only [[rack railway]] in India.

The railway relies on its fleet of [[steam locomotive]]s.<ref name="BBC-Indian-Hill-railways">{{cite video|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00qzzlm|title=Indian Hill Railways: The Nilgiri Mountain Railway|date=21 February 2010|access-date=1 March 2010|medium=TV|publisher=[[BBC]]}}</ref> NMR switched to diesel locomotives on the section between [[Coonoor]] and [[Udhagamandalam]]. Local people and visitors led a campaign to return to steam locomotives in this section.<ref name="BBC-Indian-Hill-railways" />

In July 2005, [[UNESCO]] added the Nilgiri Mountain Railway as an extension to the [[World Heritage Site]] of [[Darjeeling Himalayan Railway]]. The site then became known as [[Mountain Railways of India]].<ref>[https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/135 NMR added as a World Heritage Site]</ref><ref name=heritageunesco>{{cite web |publisher=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/944 | title=Mountain Railways of India | access-date=2006-04-30}}</ref>

==History==

In 1854, plans were made to build a mountain railway from Mettupalayam to the Nilgiri Hills. However, it took the decision-makers 45 years to cut through the bureaucratic red tape and complete the construction. The line was completed and opened for traffic in June 1899. It was operated first by the Madras Railway under an agreement with the government.

The Madras Railway Company continued to manage the railway line on behalf of the government for a long time until the South Indian Railway company purchased it.

In 1907, the railway received four [[Double Fairlie]] locomotives to work the line. These were part of a batch built by the [[Avonside Engine Company]] in 1879 and 1880 for service in Afghanistan, but had been in store since 1887.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Engineer |volume=290 |page=384 |year=1960 |publisher=Morgan-Grampian (Publishers)}}</ref> The Fairlies continued in use until at least 1914.<ref>{{cite book |title=Locomotive, Railway Carriage and Wagon Review |year=1914 |pages=288=290 |publisher=Locomotive Publishing Company}}</ref>

Initially, [[Coonoor]] was the final station on the line. In September 1908, the line was extended to Fernhill. By 15 October 1908, it was extended to [[Ooty|Udagmandalam]]. These extensions from Coonoor on the same gauge over a distance of {{convert|11+3/4|mi|km|2}} were done at a cost of {{INR}} 2,440,000.

<gallery mode=packed class="center">
File:50Nilgiri Railway.jpg|A curve on NMR
File:51NilgiriRailway.jpg|A curve on NMR
File:Railway bridge between Coonoor and Ooty in the 1870s.jpg|Railway bridge between Coonoor and Udhagamandalam in the 1870s
File:Railway to Coonor & Ooty, 1900-01-02..jpg|NMR line showing rails and pinion in 1900
</gallery>

==Operators==
The NMR and all of its assets, including the stations, the line, and the track vehicles, belong to the [[Government of India]] and are managed by the [[Ministry of Railways (India)|Ministry of Railways]]. The [[Southern Railway zone|Southern Railway]] performs the day-to-day maintenance and management, but several programs, divisions and departments of the Indian Railways are responsible for operating, maintaining and repairing the NMR.

==Rack and pinion==
{{Main|Rack and pinion|Rack railway}}
Between [[Mettupalayam, Coimbatore|Mettupalayam]] and [[Coonoor]], the line uses the [[Rack railway#Abt|Abt rack and pinion]] system to climb the steep [[Grade (slope)|gradient]]. The NMR is the only [[rack railway]] in India.

<gallery mode=packed class="center">
File:Rack and pinion animation.gif|Functioning of the [[rack and pinion]]
File:NilgirisRailwayRack069.JPG|Rack seen between the two rail tracks
File:NMR Start of the rack at Kallar 05-02-26 25.jpeg|Start of the rack after Kallar
File:AbtRackRailwaySystem.jpg|Abt rack system
</gallery>

==Rolling stock==
{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = vertical
| header = Rolling stock
| width = 200
| image1 = Nilgiri Steam Engine.jpg
| alt1 =
| caption1 = An [[Nilgiri Mountain Railway X class|X Class]] steam locomotive
| image2 = The YDM Diesel Locomotive Hauling the Nilgiri Mountain Train.JPG
| alt2 =
| caption2 = A [[Indian locomotive class YDM-4|YDM 4]] Biodiesel locomotive
}}

NMR uses [['X' Class locomotives (Nilgiri Mountain Railway)|'X' Class steam rack locomotives]], manufactured by the [[Swiss Locomotive and Machine Works]] of [[Winterthur]] in [[Switzerland]], on the rack and pinion section of its tracks. The X Class locomotives are six to eight decades old. These locomotives give NMR a distinct charm, taking scores of passengers to Coonoor and Udhagamandalam, crossing {{Convert|45.8|km|0}}, 108 curves, 16 tunnels and 250 bridges.

The steam locomotives can be used on any part of the line, while the diesel locomotives can operate only on the section between [[Coonoor railway station|Coonoor]] and [[Udagamandalam]].

Each diesel engine weighs a little over 50 tonnes and cost Rs. 10 crore. They have pilot and primary burners. Separate tanks hold about {{convert|850|L|impgal USgal}} of [[Diesel oil|diesel]] and {{convert|2250|L|impgal USgal}} of [[furnace oil]]. The hauling capacity of this new engine is {{convert|97.6|t}}. It can run at a speed of {{Convert|30|km/h|abbr=off}} on plains and at {{Convert|15|km|abbr=off}} an hour climbing a [[Grade (slope)|gradient]]. The arrival of the new engines eliminated the disruptions in service that occurred frequently.

The steam locomotives are marshalled at the downhill (Mettupalayam) end of the train. The average gradient in this rack section is 1 in 24.5 (4.08%), with a maximum of 1 in 12 (8.33%). Between Coonoor and Udagamandalam, the train is operated by a YDM4 [[diesel locomotive]] using conventional [[rail adhesion]] principles. On this section, the locomotive is always at the Coonoor end of the train as although the line is not steep enough to need a rack rail, the ruling gradient out of Coonoor is steep at 1 in 25 (4%).

Southern Railway carries out the majority of the locomotive repairs at the Coonoor shed but has rebuilt many of the steam locomotives at the Golden Rock Workshops. Many carriage repairs take place at Mettupalayam. Like the locomotives, major work on the carriages takes place at one of the larger railway workshops.

==Route==
The uphill journey takes around 290 minutes (4.8 hours), and the downhill journey takes 215 minutes (3.6 hours). It has the steepest track in Asia with a maximum gradient of 8.33%.<ref name="BBC-Indian-Hill-railways" /> During Meter Gauge era in 1990s, The Nilgiri Express used to run between Chennai(then Madras) & Udhagamandalam(then Ooty) directly. Timings were:- Madras 21.00; Ooty 10.20 & in return:- Ooty 16.30; Madras 05.50.But it was stopped after '''NMR''' got UNESCO World Heritage Tag in 1994. As of 2007, a daily train crosses the rack section, which starts from Mettupalayam at 07:10 and reaches Udhagamandalam at noon. The return train starts from Udhagamandalam at 14:00, and reaches at 17:35. The train is scheduled to connect to the [[Nilgiri Express]], which travels from Mettupalayam to [[Chennai]] via [[Coimbatore]]. A summer special service runs in April and May, starting from Mettupalayam at 09:30 am and from Udhagamandalam at 12:15 pm. Between Coonoor and Udagamandalam, four daily trains run each way.

Even though the '''NMR''' supplies networked computerized ticketing systems for onward journeys, it still issues [[Edmondson railway ticket|Edmondson style manual tickets]] for the Udhagamandalam-Mettupalayam journey to preserve its 'World Heritage Site' status. Ticket booking is similar to conventional trains and can be done via the Indian Railway website. It is advisable to book tickets well in advance, especially during peak season.

===Stations===
*[[Mettupalayam railway station|Mettupalayam]] has the {{Track gauge|5ft6in|lk=on}} line near to {{rws|Coimbatore Junction}}. Passengers cross the platform to board the NMR. A small locomotive shed is there and the carriage workshops for the line. Leaving Mettupalayam, the line is adhesion-worked and actually drops for a short distance before crossing the [[Bhavani River]], after which it starts to climb gently.
*Kallar is closed as a passenger station{{Clarify|reason=what does this phrase mean?|date=January 2018}}, although it is where the rack rail begins. As the train leaves the station, the gradient is 1 in 12 (8.33%).
*Adderly is used only as a [[water stop]].
*Hillgrove is a [[block post]] and water stop with passenger refreshments.
*Runneymede is used only as a [[water stop]].
*Kateri Road: trains no longer not stop there.
*[[Coonoor railway station|Coonoor]] is the main intermediate station, sited near the locomotive workshops as well as the top end of the rack rail. Trains must reverse a short distance before continuing their climb to Udhagamandalam. It is normal for the locomotive to be changed there with diesel traction, normally used for all trains to Udhagamandalam.
*[[Wellington railway station (Tamil Nadu)|Wellington]]
*[[Aravankadu railway station|Aravankadu]]
*[[Ketti railway station|Ketti]]
*[[Lovedale railway station|Lovedale]]: From a short distance before Lovedale, the line descends into Udhagamandalam.
*[[Udhagamandalam railway station|Udhagamandalam]] has preserved much of its equipment from the [[British Raj|Raj]]. In addition to the original 1908 building, it operates a water dispenser for steam locomotives, and a weighing scale made in 1907 by Hendry Boomley & Son of [[Birmingham]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=24 November 2016 |title=Not scarred by time, Udhagamandalam station retains its heritage history |newspaper=The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/55570324.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161127214730/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/Not-scarred-by-time-Ooty-station-retains-its-heritage-history/articleshow/55570324.cms |archive-date=27 November 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<gallery mode=packed class="center">
File:Niltrain.JPG|Mettupalayam railway station
File:Nilgiri Mountain Railways, Kallar Station, India.jpg|Kallar railway station
File:Nilgiri Mountain Railways, Hillgrove Station, India.jpg|Hillgrove railway station
File:Onr.JPG|Coonoor railway station
File:Wellington Railway Station.JPG|Wellington railway station
File:Aravankadu 56.JPG|Aruvankadu railway station
File:Ketti-Railway-station-Nilgiris.jpg|Ketti railway station
File:Lovedale railway station.JPG|Lovedale railway station
File:Udhagamandalam or Ooty railway station 06.jpg|Udhagamandalam railway station
File:Runneymede railway station-Tamil Nadu.jpg|Runneymede
File:Hillgrove Station, Nilgiri Mountain Railways, India.jpg|thumb|Hillgrove railway station
</gallery>

==In popular culture==

===Film===
Coonoor station was one of two used as locations in the [[David Lean]] film ''[[A Passage to India (film)|A Passage to India]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mapability.com/travel/p2i/coonoor.php|title=coonoor.html|last=Makins|first=Tim|website=www.mapability.com|publisher=mapability.com|access-date=2018-03-08}}</ref> Coonoor station and its heritage locomotive appear in many Indian films. Wellington station finds a place in most of the films casting the Indian army or army training storyline, mainly due to the MRC Indian Army Regiment, Defence Services Staff College, the Cantonment and the Cordite Factory. Ketti station was used as the location in a Malayalam film ''[[Summer in Bethlehem]]''. Lovedale station is featured in films including the Tamil hit, ''Moonram Pirai''. The famous Hindi song "[[Chaiyya Chaiyya]]" from ''[[Dil Se..]]'' was shot on the rooftop of NMR. Udhagamandalam station has featured in [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] and other South Indian films. It is prominently featured in some [[Bollywood]] films. One of the X Class locomotives on the Nilgiri Mountain Railway was the model for Ashima in the film ''[[Thomas & Friends: The Great Race]]''. Ashima also appeared in the 22nd, 23rd, and 24th seasons of Thomas & Friends.

===Television===
In the UK, the BBC made three 2010 documentaries<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00qzzlm#synopsis|title=Indian Hill Railways|publisher=BBC|access-date=28 February 2010}}</ref> dealing with Indian Hill Railways, featuring NMR in the second programme. (The first film covers the [[Darjeeling Himalayan Railway|Darjeeling-Himalayan Railway]] and the third film, the [[Kalka-Shimla Railway]].) The films were directed by Tarun Bhartiya, Hugo Smith, and Nick Mattingly, and produced by Gerry Troyna. The series won the UK Royal Television Society Award in June 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/documentary-on-hill-railways-of-india-bags-uk-award/636391/|title=Documentary on Hill railways of India bags UK award|publisher=Express India|access-date=19 September 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010101221/http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/documentary-on-hill-railways-of-india-bags-uk-award/636391/|archive-date=10 October 2012}}</ref>

The NMR was also featured in the ''[[Great Railway Journeys of the World]]'' episode ''Deccan.''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Great Railway Journeys: The Deccan Railroad (1980) - YouTube|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mlZZS3h0iqs|access-date=2021-02-11|website=www.youtube.com}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Nilgiri Express]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Notes==
* Book: NMR-From Lifeline to Oblivion by V.M. Govind Krishnan

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://www.indianrail.gov.in/hill_2.html Indian railways site on the NMR]
* [http://indiasteam.tripod.com/nmr.htm Images and info]
* [http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/life/2005/09/16/stories/2005091600080200.htm Toy train chugs on ]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060518223119/http://twins.free.fr/travel/photos%20inde/page%202/pages/train%20ooty%202_jpg.htm Udhagamandalam train photographs]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110720104926/http://deepsan.livejournal.com/93336.html 20 photos between Udhagamandalam and Coonoor]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060427000921/http://www.hindu.com/yw/2005/07/29/stories/2005072900030100.htm The toy train chugs on]
* International Working Steam [https://web.archive.org/web/20070609212632/http://www.steam.dial.pipex.com/internat.htm]
* [https://www.facebook.com/groups/nilgirimountainrailway.nmr/ NMR Page on Social Media]

{{Mountain railways of India}}
{{Railways in Southern India}}
{{Tourism in The Nilgiris}}
{{World Heritage Sites in India}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Coonoor]]
[[Category:Metre gauge railways in India]]
[[Category:Mountain railways in India]]
[[Category:Ooty]]
[[Category:Rack railways in India]]
[[Category:Railway lines opened in 1908]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Nilgiris district]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Ooty]]
[[Category:Transport in Ooty]]
[[Category:World Heritage Sites in India]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1908]]

Nilgiri Mountain Railway - Revision history

imported>Djm-leighpark: Rvt: Unsourced and no edit summary: Possilble/likely vandalism but chance could just be a valid local nickname because I think I may have heard the term before on a RS but could have been for another line or poor memory.