https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?action=history&feed=atom&title=Nilgiri_Biosphere_ReserveNilgiri Biosphere Reserve - Revision history2026-08-22T01:00:42ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.43.6https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nilgiri_Biosphere_Reserve&diff=325083&oldid=prevUpdateBot: robot: Update article (please report if you notice any mistake or error in this edit)2022-06-05T04:34:06Z<p>robot: Update article (please <a href="/wiki/User_talk:UpdateBot" title="User talk:UpdateBot">report</a> if you notice any mistake or error in this edit)</p>
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<p><b>New page</b></p><div>{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2014}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2014}}<br />
{{Infobox protected area<br />
| name = Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve<br />
| alt_name = <br />
| iucn_category = <br />
| photo = Mt. Doddabetta.jpg<br />
| photo_alt = <br />
| photo_caption = Nilgiri Hills from the top of Doddabetta Peak<br />
| photo_width = <br />
| map_image = Nilgiris Biosphere Reserve.jpg<br />
| map_alt = <br />
| map_caption = Map of Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve 1/1,300,000.<br />
| map_width = <br />
| location = [[South India]]<br />
| nearest_city = <br />
| coordinates = {{coord|11|33|00|N|76|37|30|E|region:IN|format=dms|display=inline,title}}<br />
| coords_ref = <br />
| area_km2 = 5520<br />
| established = 1986<br />
| visitation_num = <br />
| visitation_year = <br />
| governing_body = <br />
| url = <br />
}}<br />
The '''Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve''' is an [[International Biosphere Reserve]] in the [[Western Ghats]] and [[Nilgiri mountains|Nilgiri Hills]] ranges of [[South India]]. The Nilgiri Sub-Cluster is a part of the Western Ghats, which was declared a World Heritage Site by [[UNESCO]] in 2012.<ref>[https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1342]</ref> It is the largest protected forest area in [[India]], spreading across [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Karnataka]] and [[Kerala]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Correspondent|first=Legal|date=2021-01-27|title=Conservationist joins SC panel on elephant corridor case|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/conservationist-joins-sc-panel-on-elephant-corridor-case/article33678554.ece|access-date=2021-01-28|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> It includes the [[Aralam Wildlife Sanctuary|Aralam]], [[Mudumalai National Park|Mudumalai]], [[Mukurthi National Park|Mukurthi]], [[Nagarhole National Park|Nagarhole]], [[Bandipur National Park|Bandipur]] and [[Silent Valley National Park|Silent Valley]] national parks, as well as the [[Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary|Wayanad]], [[Karimpuzha Wildlife Sanctuary|Karimpuzha]], and [[Sathyamangalam Wildlife Sanctuary|Sathyamangalam]] wildlife sanctuaries.<br />
<br />
A fascinating ecosystem of the hill ranges of Nilgiris and its surrounding environments covering a tract of over 5000 square kilometers was constituted as Nilgiris Biosphere Reserve by UNESCO in September 1986 under Man and Biosphere Programme. Nilgiris Biosphere Reserve is India's first and foremost biosphere reserves with a heritage, rich in flora and fauna. Tribal groups like the Badagas, Todas, Kotas, Irullas, Kurumbas, Paniyas, Adiyans, Edanadan Chettis, Allar, Malayan, etc., are native to the reserve.<ref>[http://www.nilgiribiospherereserve.com/nilgiri-biosphere-info.html About Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve (NBR)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120624034217/http://www.nilgiribiospherereserve.com/nilgiri-biosphere-info.html |date=24 June 2012 }} – www.nilgiribiospherereserve.com</ref> India's natural [[Gold]] fields are also located in the regions in and around Nilgiris Biosphere Reserve scattered in the states of [[Kolar Gold Fields|Karnataka]], [[Kerala]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/3205_PART_A_MALAPPURAM.pdf |website= censusindia.gov.in |title=Physical divisions of Malappuram |pages = 21–22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dmg.kerala.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=55&Itemid=61|title=Mineral Resources in Kerala}}</ref> and [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=The clandestine gold diggers of the Nilgiris|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/the-clandestine-gold-diggers-of-the-nilgiris/article23037081.ece|last=Premkumar|first=Rohan|date=10 March 2018|access-date=4 June 2021|work=The Hindu}}</ref><br />
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==Location==<br />
The reserve encompasses 5,520&nbsp;km² in the states of [[Tamil Nadu]] (2537.6&nbsp;km²), [[Karnataka]] (1527.4&nbsp;km²) and [[Kerala]] (1455.4&nbsp;km²). It forms an almost complete ring around the [[Nilgiri mountains|Nilgiri Plateau]]. The biosphere lies between 10°50′N and 12°16′N latitude and 76°00′E to 77°15′E longitude.<br />
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The reserve extends from the [[tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests]], [[tropical moist forests]] of the western slopes of the Ghats to the tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests tropical dry forests on the east slopes. Rainfall ranges from 500mm to 7000mm per year. The reserve encompasses three ecoregions, the [[South Western Ghats moist deciduous forests]], [[South Western Ghats montane rain forests]], and [[South Deccan Plateau dry deciduous forests]].<br />
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==Fauna==<br />
[[File:Royal bengal tiger Swimming.jpg|thumb|There are over 400 tigers in the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve.]]<br />
Fauna includes over 100 species of mammals, 370 species of birds, 80 species of reptiles, about 39 species of fish, 31 amphibians and 316 species of butterflies. It is home to mammals like the [[Bengal tiger]], [[Indian elephant]], [[Indian leopard]], [[chital deer]], [[gaur]], [[sambar deer]], [[dhole]], [[golden jackal]], [[Indian boar]], [[Nilgiri tahr]], [[Indian spotted chevrotain]], [[black buck]], [[Asian palm civet]], [[sloth bear]], [[four-horned antelope]], [[Nilgiri marten]], [[Indian crested porcupine]], [[Malabar giant squirrel]], [[honey badger]], [[Indian grey mongoose]], [[Indian pangolin]], [[Indian fox]], [[smooth coated otter]], and [[painted bat]]. The [[Indian python]], [[king cobra]], [[common krait]], [[Indian cobra]], [[Malabar pit viper]], [[Nilgiri keelback]], [[Oriental garden lizard]], ''[[Eryx whitakeri]]'' and [[mugger crocodile]] are reptiles found here. Primates such as the [[lion tailed macaque]], [[Nilgiri langur]], [[gray langur]] and [[bonnet macaque]]. The birds found here are [[Indian peacock]], [[Nilgiri laughing thrush]], [[Nilgiri flycatcher]], [[grey junglefowl]], [[Malabar pied hornbill]], [[Malabar parakeet]], [[great hornbill]], [[Nilgiri wood pigeon]], [[Indian vulture]], [[black-hooded oriole]], [[grey-headed bulbul]] and [[Malabar grey hornbill]]. Amphibians on the list are the [[purple frog]], [[Raorchestes silentvalley| Silent valley brush frog]], [[Malabar gliding frog]], [[Beddomixalus]] and many more. It is the only place in South India to have the exotic [[white tiger]].<br />
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==Flora==<br />
{{Main|List of endemic plants in the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve}}<br />
[[File:Forests in Nilgiris biosphere reserve.jpg|thumb|Dense jungles in the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve]]<br />
The Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve is very rich in plant diversity. [[Tropical rainforest]] habitat is dominant but [[Montane forest]] and [[Tropical moist forest]] habitats are also found. About 3,300 species of flowering plants can be seen here. Of the 3,300 species, 133 are endemic to the reserve. The genus ''[[Poeciloneuron]]'' is exclusively endemic to the Nilgiris. Some of the plants entirely restricted to the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve include species of ''[[Adenoon]], [[Calycanthus]], [[Baeolepis]], [[Frerea]], [[Jarodina]], [[Wagatea]], [[Poeciloneuron]],'' etc.<br />
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Of the 175 species of orchids found in the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve, eight are endemic. These include endemic and endangered species of ''[[Vanda]], [[Liparis (plant)|Liparis]], [[Bulbophyllum]]'' and ''[[Thrixspermum]]''. The [[Shola]] [[montane]] [[temperate grasslands]] of the reserve are a treasure house of rare plant species.<br />
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About 80% of flowering plants reported from [[Western Ghats]] occur in Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve.<ref>India:Physical Environment-P:66</ref><br />
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==Core and buffer areas==<br />
The 1986 designation by the Government of India established core and buffer areas within the biosphere reserve.<ref>Ranjit Daniels, R. J. (1996). ''The Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve: A Review of Conservation Status with Recommendations for a Wholistic Approach to Management''. Working Paper No. 16, 1996. UNESCO (South-South Cooperation Programme), Paris. [http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001137/113753eo.pdf]</ref><br />
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* Core area: 1250.3&nbsp;km² (701.8&nbsp;km² in Karnataka, 264.5&nbsp;km² in Kerala, 274&nbsp;km² in Tamil Nadu)<br />
* Buffer area: 4280&nbsp;km²<br />
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==Protected Areas under biosphere==<br />
* [[Mudumalai National Park]]<br />
* [[Mukurthi National Park]]<br />
* [[Nagarhole National Park]]<br />
* [[Bandipur National Park]]<br />
*[[Karimpuzha National Park]]<br />
* [[Silent Valley National Park]]<br />
* [[Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary]]<br />
* [[Aralam Wildlife Sanctuary]]<br />
*[[Sathyamangalam Wildlife Sanctuary]]<br />
*<br />
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==See also==<br />
* [[Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education]]<br />
*[[Biosphere reserves of India]]<br />
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==References==<br />
{{Commons category}}<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
{{Protected areas of Karnataka}}<br />
{{Protected areas of Kerala}}<br />
{{Protected areas of Tamil Nadu}}<br />
<br />
{{Kerala topics}}<br />
{{Tourism in Kerala|state=collapsed}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Protected areas of Kerala]]<br />
[[Category:Biosphere reserves of India]]<br />
[[Category:Protected areas of Karnataka]]<br />
[[Category:Geography of Wayanad district]]<br />
[[Category:Geography of Coimbatore]]<br />
[[Category:South Deccan Plateau dry deciduous forests]]<br />
[[Category:South Western Ghats moist deciduous forests]]<br />
[[Category:Wildlife sanctuaries of the Western Ghats]]<br />
[[Category:South Western Ghats montane rain forests]]<br />
[[Category:Geography of Palakkad district]]<br />
[[Category:Protected areas established in 1986]]<br />
[[Category:1986 establishments in Karnataka]]<br />
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Wayanad district]]<br />
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Palakkad district]]<br />
[[Category:Indomalayan realm]]<br />
[[Category:Montane grasslands and shrublands]]<br />
[[Category:Montane ecology]]<br />
[[Category:Montane flora]]</div>imported>Shaan Vinoth