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{{Short description|Elements of mass media that focus on delivering news}}
{{more citations needed|date=May 2018}}
[[Image:Newark-prudential-terrorist-threat-media-2004.jpg|thumb|[[Electronic news-gathering]] trucks and photojournalists gathered outside the [[Prudential Financial]] [[Prudential Headquarters|headquarters]] in [[Newark, New Jersey|Newark]], [[United States]] in August 2004 following the announcement of evidence of a terrorist threat to it and to buildings in [[New York City]].]]
{{Journalism sidebar}}
The '''news media''' or '''news industry''' are forms of [[mass media]] that focus on delivering [[news]] to the [[general public]] or a target public. These include [[printing|print media]] ([[newspaper]]s, [[newsmagazine]]s), [[News broadcasting|broadcast news]] ([[radio news|radio]] and [[television news|television]]), and the [[Internet]] ([[online newspaper]]s, news [[blog]]s, news videos, live news streaming, etc.).

== History ==
Some of the first news circulations occurred in Renaissance Europe. These handwritten newsletters contained news about wars, economic conditions, and social customs and were circulated among merchants. The first printed news appeared by the late 1400s in German pamphlets that contained content that was often highly sensationalized. The first newspaper written in English was ''The Weekly Newes,'' published in London in 1621. Several papers followed in the 1640s and 1650s. In 1690, the first American newspaper was published by Richard Pierce and Benjamin Harris in Boston. However, it did not have permission from the government to be published and was immediately suppressed.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.pbs.org/now/politics/mediahistory.html|title=NOW with Bill Moyers. Politics & Economy. Milestones in Media and Politics |website=PBS |access-date=2018-03-08}}</ref>

=== In the United States ===
{{main|News media in the United States}}
In 1729, Benjamin Franklin began writing a new form of newspaper that was more satirical and more involved in civic affairs than previously seen. In 1735, [[John Peter Zenger]] was accused of seditious libel by the governor of New York, William Cosby. Zenger was found not guilty, largely in part to his attorney Andrew Hamilton, who later wrote a paper in which he argued that newspapers should be free to criticize the government as long as it was true. Later, with the ratification of the Bill of Rights in 1791, freedom of the press would be guaranteed by the First Amendment.<ref name=":0" />

In the 1830s, newspapers started seeking commercial success and turned toward reportage. This began with the New York Sun in 1833. Advancements in technology made it cheaper to print newspapers and "penny papers" emerged. These issues sought out local news and coverage of society. Later, news-gathering became a central function of newspapers. With the invention of the telegraph in 1845, the "[[Inverted pyramid (journalism)|inverted pyramid]]" structure of news was developed.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/735/04/|title=Purdue OWL: Journalism and Journalistic Writing|website=owl.english.purdue.edu|access-date=2018-04-01}}</ref> Through the latter half of the 1800s, politics played a role in what newspapers published. By the end of the century, modern aspects of newspapers, such as banner headlines, extensive use of illustrations, "funny pages," and expanded coverage of organized sporting events, began to appear. Also, media consolidation began with many independent newspapers becoming part of "chains".<ref name=":0" />

The early 1900s saw Progressive Era journalists using a new style of investigative journalism that revealed the corrupt practices of government officials. These exposing articles became featured in many newspapers and magazines. The people who wrote them became labeled as "muckrakers". They became very influential and were a vital force in the Progressive reform movement. However, after 1912 muckraking declined. The public began to think the exposés were sensationalized, but they did make a great impact on future policies.<ref name=":0" />

During the 1920s, radio became a news medium, and was a significant source of breaking news. Although, during World War I, radio broadcasts in America were only given information about Allied victories because Great Britain had a monopoly on the transatlantic radio lines. For the newspapers, the government suppressed any radical or German papers during and after the war.<ref name=":0" />

With the introduction of the television came The Communications Act of 1934. It was an agreement between commercial television and the people of the United States that established that: The airways are public property; Commercial broadcasters are licensed to use the airways; The main condition for use will be whether the broadcaster served "the public interest, convenience, and necessity." During the Vietnam War, the media reporting directly challenged the government, drawing attention to the "credibility gap" — official lies and half-truths about the war.<ref name=":0" />

Television news continued to expand during the 1970s, and by 1990, more than half of American homes had cable systems and nationally oriented newspapers expanded their reach. With technological advancements in the newsroom, notably the Internet, a new emphasis on computer-assisted reporting and a new blending of media forms emerged, with one reporter preparing the same story in print, online, and on camera for a newspaper's cable station.<ref name=":0" />

==Etymology==

A [[medium (communication)|"medium"]] (plural "media") is a carrier of something. Common things carried by media include [[information]], art, or physical objects. A medium may provide transmission or storage of information or both.
The industries which produce news and entertainment content for the [[mass media]] are often called "the media" (in much the same way the newspaper industry is called "the [[news|press]]"). In the late 20th century it became commonplace for this usage to be construed as singular ("The media is...") rather than as the traditional plural.

"Press" is the collective designation of media vehicles that carry out journalism and other functions of informative communication, in contrast to pure propaganda or entertainment communication. The term press comes from the [[printing press]] of [[Johannes Gutenberg]] in the sixteenth century and which, from the eighteenth century, was used to print newspapers, then the only existing journalistic vehicles. From the middle of the 20th century onwards, newspapers also began to be broadcast (radio news and television news). The advent of the World Wide Web brought with it online newspapers, which then expanded to include online news videos and online streaming news in the 2010s. The use of the term "press", however, was maintained.<ref>{{Cite web|title=press {{!}} Etymology, origin and meaning of press by etymonline|url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/press|access-date=2021-12-26|website=www.etymonline.com|language=en}}</ref>

==Broadcasting==
{{Main|Broadcasting}}
'''Broadcasting''' is the distribution of [[sound|audio]] and [[video]] [[Signalling (telecommunication)|signals]] (programs) to a number of recipients ("listeners" or "viewers") that belong to a large group. This group may be the public in general, or a relatively large audience within the public. Thus, an [[Internet]] channel may distribute text or music worldwide, while a [[public address]] system in (for example) a workplace may broadcast very limited ''ad hoc'' [[soundbite]]s to a small population within its range.

The sequencing of content in a broadcast is called a [[scheduling (broadcasting)|schedule]].

Television and radio programs are distributed through radio broadcasting or [[cable television|cable]], often simultaneously. By coding signals and having [[Descrambler|decoding]] equipment in homes, the latter also enables [[subscription]]-based channels and [[pay-per-view]] services.

A broadcasting [[organization]] may broadcast several programs at the same time, through several channels ([[frequencies]]), for example [[BBC One]] and [[BBC Two|Two]]. On the other hand, two or more organizations may share a channel and each use it during a fixed part of the day. [[Digital radio]] and [[digital television]] may also transmit [[multiplexing|multiplexed]] programming, with several channels [[data compression|compressed]] into one [[DAB ensemble|ensemble]].

When broadcasting is done via the Internet the term [[webcasting]] is often used.

Broadcasting forms a very large segment of the [[mass media]].

Broadcasting to a very narrow range of audience is called [[narrowcast]]ing.

===Television===

In a broadcast system (television), journalists or reporters are also involved with editing the video material that has been shot alongside their research, and in working on the visual [[narrative]] of the story. Broadcast journalists often make an appearance in the news story at the beginning or end of the video clip.

In [[television]] or [[broadcast journalism]], news analysts (also called news-casters or news anchors) examine, interpret, and broadcast news received from various [[Journalism sourcing|sources]] of information. ''Anchors'' present this as news, either videotaped or live, through transmissions from on-the-scene reporters (news correspondents).

News films ("clips") can vary in length; there are some which may be as long as ten minutes, others that need to fit in all the relevant information and material in two or three minutes. News channels these days have also begun to host special [[documentary films]] that stretch for much longer durations and are able to explore a news subject or issue in greater detail.

The desk persons categorise news stories with various formats according to the merit of the story. Such formats include AVO, AVO Byte, Pkg, VO SOT, VOX POP, and Ancho Visual.
* The AVO, or Anchor Voice Over, is the short form of news. The story is written in a gist. According to the script visual is edited. The anchor reads the news while the visual is broadcast simultaneously. Generally, the duration of an AVO is 30 to 40 seconds. The script is three to four lines. At first the anchor starts to read the news, and, after reading one or one-and-a-half lines, the visual is aired, overlapping the face of anchor.
* The AVO Byte has two parts: An AVO, and one or more bytes. This is the same as an AVO, except that as soon as the AVO ends, the Byte is aired.
* The Pkg has three parts: Anchor, Voice Over, and Sign Off. At first a Script is written. A voice over anchor reads the anchor or anchor intro part.
*

==Newspapers==
{{main|Newspaper}}

[[File:Statue of Len Ganeway reading (Brookgreen Gardens, Pawleys Island, South Carolina).jpg|thumb|left|Reading the newspaper: [[Brookgreen Gardens]] in [[Pawleys Island, South Carolina|Pawleys Island]], [[South Carolina]].]]
A newspaper is a lightweight and disposable [[publication]] (more specifically, a [[periodical]]), usually printed on low-cost paper called [[newsprint]]. It may be general or of special interest, and may be published daily, weekly, biweekly, monthly, bimonthly, or quarterly.

General-interest newspapers are usually journals of current [[news]] on a variety of topics. Those can include [[Politics|political events]], [[crime]], [[business]], [[Sportswriting|sports]], and opinions (either [[editorial]]s, [[columnist|columns]], or [[political cartoon]]s). Many also include weather news and [[weather forecast|forecasts]]. Newspapers increasingly use photographs to illustrate stories; they also often include [[comic strips]] and other entertainment, such as [[crossword]]s.

=== Print journalism ===

[[File:CBC journalists in Montreal.jpg|thumb|Journalists at work in [[Montreal]] in the 1940s]]

A '''story''' is a single article, [[news]] item or [[feature story|feature]], usually concerning a single [[wikt:event|event]], issue, [[theme (literature)|theme]], or [[wikt:profile|profile]] of a person. ''Correspondents'' report news occurring in the main, locally, from their own country, or from foreign cities where they are stationed.

Most reporters ''file'' information or write their stories electronically from remote locations. In many cases, ''breaking stories'' are written by staff members, through information collected and submitted by other reporters who are out on the field gathering information for an event that has just occurred and needs to be broadcast instantly. Radio and television reporters often compose stories and report "live" from the scene. Some journalists also interpret the news or offer opinions and analysis to readers, viewers, or listeners. In this role, they are called commentators or columnists.

[[File:Helsingin-Sanomat-1965.jpg|thumb|The editor's office (Newsroom) of the ''[[Helsingin Sanomat]]'' in 1965]]
[[File:Jack Breibart and Bill German.jpg|thumb|Bill German, editor emeritus and Page One editor Jack Breibart in the newsroom of ''[[The San Francisco Chronicle]]'' in 1994]]

[[Reporter]]s take notes and also take photographs or shoot videos, either on their own, by citizens or through a [[photographer]] or camera person. In the second phase, they organize the material, determine the focus or emphasis (identify the peg), and finally write their stories. The story is then [[editing|edited]] by news or copy-editors (U.S. style) or sub-editors in Europe, who function from the ''news desk''. The headline of the story is decided by the news desk, and practically never by the reporter or the writer of the piece. Often, the news desk also heavily re-writes or changes the style and tone of the first draft prepared by the reporter / writer originally. Finally, a collection of stories that have been picked for the newspaper or magazine ''edition'', are laid out on dummy (trial) pages, and after the ''chief editor'' has approved the content, style and language in the material, it is sent for [[publishing]]. The writer is given a ''byline'' for the piece that is published; his or her name appears alongside the article. This process takes place according to the frequency of the publication. News can be published in a variety of formats ([[broadsheet]], [[Tabloid (newspaper format)|tabloid]], [[magazine]] and periodical publications) as well as periods (daily, weekly, semi-weekly, fortnightly or monthly).

==Newsmagazines==
[[Image:Couverture-3-magazine-2512.JPG|thumb|upright|Cover of ''[[2512 (magazine)|2512]]'', a monthly newsmagazine published in [[Réunion]].]]
{{main|Newsmagazine}}

A '''newsmagazine''', is a usually weekly magazine featuring articles on current events. News magazines generally go more in-depth into stories than newspapers, trying to give the reader an understanding of the context surrounding important events, rather than just the facts.

==Newsreels==

A [[newsreel]] was a [[documentary film]] common in the first half of the 20th century, that regularly released in a public presentation place containing filmed [[news]] stories.

Created by [[Pathé Frères]] of [[France]] in 1908, this form of film was a staple of the typical North American, [[United Kingdom|British]], and [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth countries (especially Canada, Australia and New Zealand)]], and throughout European [[film|cinema]] programming schedule from the [[silent movies|silent era]] until the 1960s when television news broadcasting completely supplanted its role.

==Online journalism==
{{Main|Online newspaper|Online magazine}}

[[File:Newspapers-20101122.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Empty newspaper vending boxes on the street, left to right, the Los Angeles Times (cut off), Epoch Times, a San Diego paper (Gone to the Web, sddt.com), a white unnamed box, and the San Diego Business Journal (cut off)|Newspaper "gone to the Web" in California]]
'''Online journalism''' is [[Journalism|reporting]] and other [[journalism]] produced or distributed via the [[Internet]]. The [[Internet]] has allowed the formal and informal publication of news stories through mainstream media outlets, social media platforms, as well as [[blog]]s and other [[self-publishing|self-published]] news stories. Journalists working on the Internet have been referred to as J-Bloggers, a term coined by Australian Media Academic Dr Nicola Goc to describe journalists who [blog] and [blog]gers who produce journalism. "J-Bloggers: Internet bloggers acting in the role of journalists disseminating newsworthy information, who subscribe to the journalistic ideals of an obligation to the truth and the public's right to know".<ref>Media and Journalism: Theory to Practice (2008) Melbourne: OUP, p45</ref>

An early leader was ''[[The News & Observer]]'' in [[Raleigh, North Carolina]], USA.

Many news organizations based in other media also distribute news online. How much they take advantage of the medium varies. Some news organizations use the web only or primarily.

The Internet challenges traditional news organizations in several ways. They may be losing [[classified ad]]s to Web sites, which are often targeted by interest instead of geography. The [[advertising]] on news web sites is sometimes insufficient to support the investment.

Even before the Internet, technology and perhaps other factors were dividing people's attention, leading to more but narrower media outlets.

Online journalism also leads to the spread of independent online media such as [[openDemocracy]] and the UK, [[Wikinews]] as well as allowing smaller news organizations to publish to a broad audience.

=== Streaming Journalism ===

Live online streaming journalism began on various online platforms in the late 2010s, such as youtube.com and twitch.tv (which began primarily as a live streaming platform targeting gamers, then expanding into non-gaming topics including news and political reporting and commentary).

'''[[Tea accounts]]''' are a rising class of social media accounts on [[YouTube]], [[Twitter]], and [[Instagram]] that report on the latest news and gossip on the internet.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Lorenz|first=Taylor|date=2019-05-16|title=How Tea Accounts Are Fueling Influencer Feuds|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2019/05/how-tea-channels-feed-youtube-feuds/589618/|access-date=2020-11-11|website=The Atlantic|language=en-US}}</ref> These content creators are known to create an eco-system of drama and further escalate online scandals. While mainstream news outlets often fail to report news on [[influencers]] and internet celebrities, tea accounts have capitalized on this opportunity to meet the great demand for such news stories. Notable tea accounts on YouTube include [[the Shade Room]] and [[Keemstar|DramaAlert]].

== News coverage and new media ==
By covering news, politics, weather, sports, entertainment, and vital events, the daily media shape the dominant cultural, social and political picture of society. Beyond the media networks, independent news sources have evolved to report on events which escape attention or underlie the major stories. In recent years, the [[blogosphere]] has taken reporting a step further, mining down to the experiences and perceptions of individual citizens.

An exponentially growing phenomenon, the blogosphere can be abuzz with news that is overlooked by the press and TV networks. Due to the rise of social media involvement in news, the most common news value has become entertainment in recent years.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Harcup |first1=Tony |last2=O’Neill |first2=Deirdre |title=What is News?: News values revisited (again) |journal=Journalism Studies |date=2 December 2017 |volume=18 |issue=12 |pages=1470–1488 |doi=10.1080/1461670X.2016.1150193 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Apropos of this was [[Robert F. Kennedy Jr.]]'s 11,000-word ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' [http://www.commondreams.org/views06/0601-34.htm article] apropos of the [[2004 United States presidential election]], published June 1, 2006. By June 8, there had been no mainstream coverage of the documented allegations by President John F. Kennedy's nephew. On June 9, this sub-story was covered by a ''[[Seattle Post-Intelligencer]]'' article.<ref>[http://www.commondreams.org/views06/0609-29.htm Public Interest in News Topics Beyond Control of Mainstream Media] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060615112013/http://www.commondreams.org/views06/0609-29.htm |date=2006-06-15 }}, June 9, 2006.</ref>

Media coverage during the [[2008 Mumbai attacks]] highlighted the use of [[new media]] and Internet social networking tools, including [[Twitter]] and [[Flickr]], in spreading information about the attacks, observing that Internet coverage was often ahead of more traditional media sources. In response, traditional media outlets included such coverage in their reports.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7752003.stm As it happened: Mumbai attacks 27 Nov], ''BBC News'', November 27, 2008.</ref> However, several outlets were criticized as they did not check for the reliability and verifiability of the information.<ref>[http://www.informationweek.com/blog/main/archives/2008/11/twitter_in_cont.html Twitter In Controversial Spotlight Amid Mumbai Attacks], ''Information Week'', November 29, 2008.</ref> Some public opinion research companies have found that a majority or plurality of people in various countries distrust the news media.<ref>Karen Dawisha, Bruce Parrott - 1997, Politics, Power and the Struggle for Democracy in South-East Europe p 164</ref><ref>Frank Newport - 2012, The Gallup Poll: Public Opinion 2011 - Page 335</ref>

=== Fake news ===
{{main|Fake news}}

Fake news articles are untruthful-on-purpose stories. They have the purpose of misleading the reader to think one way.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hill |first1=Taylor |title=Hook, Line, and Sinker: Media Disruptors That Will Influence the Industry in 2017 |url=https://www.editorandpublisher.com/stories/hook-line-and-sinker-media-disruptors-that-will-influence-the-industry-in-2017,11073? |work=Editor and Publisher |date=1 February 2017 }}</ref> With the rise of new media through social media, there has been an increase in fake news. This increase in fake news has progressed over time and continues to show, especially in today's media. The use of Twitter, Facebook, etc. has made it easier for false or misleading articles to be seen. The amount of misleading news articles that are produced are causing audiences to believe that every piece of information on the internet is true. A major problem is the issue of unbiased articles showing up in a timeline next to fake articles. This makes it hard for others to determine between what is fact and what is opinion. Specifically, the media coverage during the 2016 United States presidential election saw numerous misleading articles for both candidates.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Should the tech giants be liable for content? |id={{ProQuest|2100785283}} |url=https://www.economist.com/leaders/2018/09/08/should-the-tech-giants-be-liable-for-content |work=The Economist |date=8 September 2018 |volume=428 |issue=9108 |pages=14, 16 }}</ref>

== Media integrity ==
Media integrity refers to the ability of a news media outlet to serve the [[public interest]] and [[democratic process]], making it resilient to institutional [[corruption]] within the media system,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wiki.lessig.org/Institutional_Corruption|title=Institutional Corruption - LessigWiki|last=Lessig|first=Lawrence|website=wiki.lessig.org|access-date=2016-03-11}}</ref> economy of influence, conflicting dependence and [[political clientelism]]. Media integrity encompasses following qualities of a media outlet:
* [[Editorial independence|independence]] from private or political interests
* [[Media transparency|transparency]] about own financial interests
* commitment to [[journalism ethics and standards]]
* responsiveness to citizens
The concept was devised particularly for the media systems in the region of [[Southeast Europe|South East Europe]],<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://mediaobservatory.net/sites/default/files/Media%20Integrity%20Matters_broshure_eng.pdf|title=Media Integrity Matters: Reclaiming Public Service Values in Media and Journalism: Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Serbia|publisher=Peace Institute|year=2014|editor-last=Petković|editor-first=Brankica|location=Ljubljana}}</ref> within the project [[South East European Media Observatory]], gathering organisations which are part of the [http://www.seenpm.org/about-us/ South East European Network for Professionalization of Media (SEENPM)].

==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Court of public opinion]]
* [[Hostile media effect]]
* [[Journalism]]
* [[Media bias in the United States]]
* [[Media regulation]]
* [[News media in the United States]]
* [[News media in Germany]]
* [[News presenter]]
* [[Yellow press]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*[https://www.facebook.com/vanessa.otero.9619/posts/10155006385626062 Chart – Real and Fake News (2016)/Vanessa Otero] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20170708003907/http://www.allgeneralizationsarefalse.com/?p=65 basis]) ([https://boingboing.net/2016/12/14/an-attempt-to-chart-new-source.html Mark Frauenfelder])
*[http://www.journalism.org/2014/10/21/political-polarization-media-habits/pj_14-10-21_mediapolarization-08/ Chart – Real and Fake News (2014)] ([http://www.pewresearch.org/pj_14-10-21_mediapolarization-08-2/ 2016])/[[Pew Research Center]]

{{Media culture}}
{{Media manipulation}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:News media| ]]

News media - Revision history

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