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← Older revision		Revision as of 21:22, 1 July 2022
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	{{Infobox Disputed Islands		{{Infobox Disputed Islands
	\|name = ~~South Talpotti~~		\|name = New Moore
	\|pushpin map = India West Bengal		\|pushpin map = India West Bengal
	\|locator map =		\|locator map =
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	\|native name = Purbasha Island		\|native name = Purbasha Island
	\|native name link =		\|native name link =
	\|other_names = ~~New Moore~~		\|other_names = South Talpatti
	\|location = [[Bay of Bengal]]		\|location = [[Bay of Bengal]]
	\|coordinates = {{Coord\|21.6167\|N\|89.1417\|E\|region:IN_type:isle\|display=inline,title}}		\|coordinates = {{Coord\|21.6167\|N\|89.1417\|E\|region:IN_type:isle\|display=inline,title}}
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	According to the [[Radcliffe Line\|Radcliffe Award]] (establishing the [[East Pakistan]] and India boundary in 1947), the 'mid-channel flow' principle or [[thalweg]] doctrine is generally recognized as the international boundary on river borders between these two countries. The middle line of the mid-channel flow (thalweg) of the [[Hariabhanga River]] established the original boundary between the states. Had the island not disappeared, the eventual determination of the island's sovereignty might have had a major impact over the location of the states' [[maritime boundary]] further offshore when it is negotiated between Bangladesh and India.		According to the [[Radcliffe Line\|Radcliffe Award]] (establishing the [[East Pakistan]] and India boundary in 1947), the 'mid-channel flow' principle or [[thalweg]] doctrine is generally recognized as the international boundary on river borders between these two countries. The middle line of the mid-channel flow (thalweg) of the [[Hariabhanga River]] established the original boundary between the states. Had the island not disappeared, the eventual determination of the island's sovereignty might have had a major impact over the location of the states' [[maritime boundary]] further offshore when it is negotiated between Bangladesh and India.

	There is no available conclusive evidence as to which side of the island the main channel flowed, and it may have changed over time given shifting [[silt]] of the [[Sundarbans]] delta. India claimed that a 1981 detailed survey of water depths showed the main and much deeper channel and main flow on the east side of the island, which favored India. Similar survey data was printed on a 1990 [[British Admiralty]] chart and reprinted on the 1991 US [[National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency]] (NGA) chart number 63330 Edition 9 at 1:300,000 scale.<ref>The NGA chart states: "Users should refer corrections, additions, comments to NGA's Maritime Operations Desk toll free at [tel:+1-800-362-6289 1-800-362-6289]...See {{cite web \|url=http://www.nga.mil/portal/site/dnc \|title=Archived copy \|access-date=2009-05-27 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090527213344/http://www.nga.mil/portal/site/dnc/ \|archive-date=2009-05-27 }} , or write to the NGA Maritime Division, Mail Stop D44, 4600 Sangamore Rd., Bethesda, MD 20816-5003." The chart cannot be posted on this site due to a UK Crown Copyright.</ref>		There is no available conclusive evidence as to which side of the island the main channel flowed, and it may have changed over time given shifting [[silt]] of the [[Sundarbans]] delta. India claimed that a 1981 detailed survey of water depths showed the main and much deeper channel and main flow on the east side of the island, which favored India. Similar survey data was printed on a 1990 [[British Admiralty]] chart and reprinted on the 1991 US [[National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency]] (NGA) chart number 63330 Edition 9 at 1:300,000 scale.<ref>The NGA chart states: "Users should refer corrections, additions, comments to NGA's Maritime Operations Desk toll free at [tel:1-800-362-6289 1-800-362-6289]...See {{cite web \|url=http://www.nga.mil/portal/site/dnc \|title=Archived copy \|access-date=2009-05-27 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090527213344/http://www.nga.mil/portal/site/dnc/ \|archive-date=2009-05-27 }} , or write to the NGA Maritime Division, Mail Stop D44, 4600 Sangamore Rd., Bethesda, MD 20816-5003." The chart cannot be posted on this site due to a UK Crown Copyright.</ref>

	On the other hand, the Bangladeshi government claimed, as during [[Ziaur Rahman]]'s visit to India in the late 1970s, that data provided clearly showed the main current flow on the western side of the island's location, thus favoring Bangladesh.<ref>[http://www.thedailystar.net/2003/10/01/d31001020323.htm "Sovereignty of South Talpatty island"], ''Daily Star'', October 1, 2003</ref>		On the other hand, the Bangladeshi government claimed, as during [[Ziaur Rahman]]'s visit to India in the late 1970s, that data provided clearly showed the main current flow on the western side of the island's location, thus favoring Bangladesh.<ref>[http://www.thedailystar.net/2003/10/01/d31001020323.htm "Sovereignty of South Talpatty island"], ''Daily Star'', October 1, 2003</ref>
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	Under some [[international boundary]] precedents, the location of the channel in 1947 or at the time of the island's emergence may have been more relevant than its later location. [[River channels]] may shift their locations from time to time.		Under some [[international boundary]] precedents, the location of the channel in 1947 or at the time of the island's emergence may have been more relevant than its later location. [[River channels]] may shift their locations from time to time.

	Based on a case filed by the Government of Bangladesh in October 2009<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.pca-cpa.org/showpage.asp?pag_id=1376\|title=PCA-CPA\|access-date=2014-12-03\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101213194534/http://www.pca-cpa.org/showpage.asp?pag_id=1376\|archive-date=2010-12-13\|url-status=dead}}</ref> at the [[Permanent Court of Arbitration]] the dispute was settled in July 2014 by a final verdict not open to appeal and in favour of Bangladesh. The Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA) verdict awarded Bangladesh with {{Convert\|19467\|km2\|abbr=on}} out of {{Convert\|25000\|km2\|abbr=on}} disputed area with India in the Bay of Bengal but with [[South Talpatti]] Island in India's part.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/respect-un-court-award-on-maritime-boundary-with-bangladesh-india_946119.html\|title=Respect UN court award on maritime boundary with Bangladesh: India\|work=Zee News\|date=9 July 2014}}</ref> The verdict has recognised India’s sovereignty over New Moore Island also.<ref>{{Cite news\|title=UN Tribunal Resolves 40-Year-Old Maritime Dispute Between India and Bangladesh\|work=NDTV\|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/un-tribunal-resolves-40-year-old-maritime-dispute-between-india-and-bangladesh-587571}}</ref>		Based on a case filed by the Government of Bangladesh in October 2009<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.pca-cpa.org/showpage.asp?pag_id=1376\|title=PCA-CPA\|access-date=2014-12-03\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101213194534/http://www.pca-cpa.org/showpage.asp?pag_id=1376\|archive-date=2010-12-13\|url-status=dead}}</ref> at the [[Permanent Court of Arbitration]] the dispute was settled in July 2014 by a final verdict not open to appeal and in favour of Bangladesh. The Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA) verdict awarded Bangladesh with {{Convert\|19467\|km2\|abbr=on}} out of {{Convert\|25000\|km2\|abbr=on}} disputed area with India in the Bay of Bengal but with [[South Talpatti]] Island in India's part.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/respect-un-court-award-on-maritime-boundary-with-bangladesh-india_946119.html\|title=Respect UN court award on maritime boundary with Bangladesh: India\|work=Zee News\|date=9 July 2014 }}</ref> The verdict has recognised India’s sovereignty over New Moore Island also.<ref>{{Cite news\|title=UN Tribunal Resolves 40-Year-Old Maritime Dispute Between India and Bangladesh\|work=NDTV\|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/un-tribunal-resolves-40-year-old-maritime-dispute-between-india-and-bangladesh-587571}}</ref>

	==Disappearance==		==Disappearance==

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{{Infobox Disputed Islands
|name = South Talpotti
|pushpin map = India West Bengal
|locator map =
|map_custom =
|native name = Purbasha Island
|native name link =
|other_names = New Moore
|location = [[Bay of Bengal]]
|coordinates = {{Coord|21.6167|N|89.1417|E|region:IN_type:isle|display=inline,title}}
|archipelago = [[Sundarbans]]
|total islands =
|major islands =
|area =
|length =
|width =
|coastline =
|highest mount =
|elevation =
|country claim = India
|country claim divisions title = [[States and territories of India|State]]
|country claim divisions = [[West Bengal]]
|country = India
|country admin divisions title = [[States and territories of India|State]]
|country admin divisions = [[West Bengal]]
|country admin divisions title 1 = [[Districts of West Bengal|District]]
|country admin divisions 1 = [[South 24 Parganas]]
|population = 0
|population as of =
|density =
|ethnic groups =
|additional info =
}}
'''New Moore''', also known as '''South Talpatti''' ({{lang-bn|দক্ষিণ তালপট্টি|Dokkhin Talpotti}}) and '''Purbasha Island''' ({{lang-bn|পূর্বাশা দ্বীপ}}), was a small uninhabited offshore [[sandbar]] island in the [[Bay of Bengal]], off the coast of the [[Ganges-Brahmaputra delta]] region.<ref name=CSM>[http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Asia-South-Central/2010/0324/Global-warming-as-peacemaker-Disputed-island-disappears-under-rising-sea. Global warming as peacemaker? Disputed island disappears under rising sea. ], ''Christian Science Monitor'', March 24, 2010</ref> It emerged in the [[Bay of Bengal]] in the aftermath of the [[1970 Bhola cyclone|Bhola cyclone]] in November 1970, and disappeared around March 2010.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bonnett, Alastair, 1964-|title=Off the map : lost spaces, invisible cities, forgotten islands, feral places, and what they tell us about the world|year=2014|isbn=978-1-78131-257-5|location=London|oclc=868380030}}</ref>

Although the island was uninhabited and there were no permanent settlements or stations located on it, both [[India]] and [[Bangladesh]] claimed sovereignty over it because of speculation over the existence of oil and natural gas in the region.<ref name=LAT/> The issue of sovereignty was also a part of the larger dispute over the [[Radcliffe Award]] methodology of settling the [[maritime boundary]] between the two nations.<ref name=CSM/>
The matter was resolved on 7 July 2014, when the [[Permanent Court of Arbitration]] (PCA) delivered a verdict in the "Bay of Bengal maritime boundary arbitration between Bangladesh and India" case.

==Geography==

The island was only {{convert|2|km|spell=in|abbr=off}} from the mouth of the [[Hariabhanga River]]. The emergence of the island was discovered by an American satellite in 1974 that showed it to have an area of {{convert|2,500|m2|abbr=out}}. Later, various remote sensing surveys showed that the island had expanded gradually to an area of about {{convert|10,000|m2|abbr=out}} at low tide, including a number of ordinarily submerged shoals. The highest elevation of the island never exceeded {{convert|2|m|spell=in|abbr=off}} [[above sea level]].<ref name="Disappear">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/8584665.stm "Disputed Bay of Bengal island 'vanishes' say scientists"], BBC, March 24, 2010</ref>

==Location==
The island was located in the coastal, shallow [[Bay of Bengal]] immediately south of the international [[border]] river, the Hariabhanga, flowing between [[Satkhira District|Satkhira district]] of Bangladesh and the [[South 24 Parganas]] district of [[West Bengal]], India, at 21°37′00″N 89°08′30″E. It is now under the waves of the [[Bay of Bengal]].

==Dispute==
The island was claimed by both Bangladesh and India, although neither country established any permanent settlement there because of the island's geological instability based on silt deposits in a delta which floods every year. India had reportedly hoisted the [[Indian flag]] on the island in 1981 and established a temporary base of [[Border Security Forces]] (BSF), regularly visiting with naval gunships.<ref>{{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20090326124740/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1817/18170730.htm Of Indo-Bangladesh distrust]}} by A. G. Noorani</ref><ref>[http://news.theage.com.au/breaking-news-world/disputed-isle-in-bay-of-bengal-vanishes-20100324-qwy0.html Disputed isle in Bay of Bengal vanishes] by Nirmala George March 24, 2010</ref>

According to the [[Radcliffe Line|Radcliffe Award]] (establishing the [[East Pakistan]] and India boundary in 1947), the 'mid-channel flow' principle or [[thalweg]] doctrine is generally recognized as the international boundary on river borders between these two countries. The middle line of the mid-channel flow (thalweg) of the [[Hariabhanga River]] established the original boundary between the states. Had the island not disappeared, the eventual determination of the island's sovereignty might have had a major impact over the location of the states' [[maritime boundary]] further offshore when it is negotiated between Bangladesh and India.

There is no available conclusive evidence as to which side of the island the main channel flowed, and it may have changed over time given shifting [[silt]] of the [[Sundarbans]] delta. India claimed that a 1981 detailed survey of water depths showed the main and much deeper channel and main flow on the east side of the island, which favored India. Similar survey data was printed on a 1990 [[British Admiralty]] chart and reprinted on the 1991 US [[National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency]] (NGA) chart number 63330 Edition 9 at 1:300,000 scale.<ref>The NGA chart states: "Users should refer corrections, additions, comments to NGA's Maritime Operations Desk toll free at [tel:+1-800-362-6289 1-800-362-6289]...See {{cite web |url=http://www.nga.mil/portal/site/dnc |title=Archived copy |access-date=2009-05-27 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090527213344/http://www.nga.mil/portal/site/dnc/ |archive-date=2009-05-27 }} , or write to the NGA Maritime Division, Mail Stop D44, 4600 Sangamore Rd., Bethesda, MD 20816-5003." The chart cannot be posted on this site due to a UK Crown Copyright.</ref>

On the other hand, the Bangladeshi government claimed, as during [[Ziaur Rahman]]'s visit to India in the late 1970s, that data provided clearly showed the main current flow on the western side of the island's location, thus favoring Bangladesh.<ref>[http://www.thedailystar.net/2003/10/01/d31001020323.htm "Sovereignty of South Talpatty island"], ''Daily Star'', October 1, 2003</ref>

Under some [[international boundary]] precedents, the location of the channel in 1947 or at the time of the island's emergence may have been more relevant than its later location. [[River channels]] may shift their locations from time to time.

Based on a case filed by the Government of Bangladesh in October 2009<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pca-cpa.org/showpage.asp?pag_id=1376|title=PCA-CPA|access-date=2014-12-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101213194534/http://www.pca-cpa.org/showpage.asp?pag_id=1376|archive-date=2010-12-13|url-status=dead}}</ref> at the [[Permanent Court of Arbitration]] the dispute was settled in July 2014 by a final verdict not open to appeal and in favour of Bangladesh. The Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA) verdict awarded Bangladesh with {{Convert|19467|km2|abbr=on}} out of {{Convert|25000|km2|abbr=on}} disputed area with India in the Bay of Bengal but with [[South Talpatti]] Island in India's part.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/respect-un-court-award-on-maritime-boundary-with-bangladesh-india_946119.html|title=Respect UN court award on maritime boundary with Bangladesh: India|work=Zee News|date=9 July 2014}}</ref> The verdict has recognised India’s sovereignty over New Moore Island also.<ref>{{Cite news|title=UN Tribunal Resolves 40-Year-Old Maritime Dispute Between India and Bangladesh|work=NDTV|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/un-tribunal-resolves-40-year-old-maritime-dispute-between-india-and-bangladesh-587571}}</ref>

==Disappearance==
In March 2010, Sugata Hazra of the School of Oceanographic Studies at [[Jadavpur University]], [[Kolkata]], India, said that the island had disappeared and that [[current sea level rise|sea level rise]] caused by [[climate change]] was a factor.<ref name=Wade>{{cite web |url=http://www.smh.com.au/environment/climate-change/rising-sea-level-settles-border-dispute-20100324-qwum.html |title=Rising sea level settles border dispute |last1=Wade |first1=Matt |date=March 25, 2010 |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |access-date=April 4, 2010}}</ref> He said that sea level rise, changes in monsoonal rain patterns which altered river flows, and land subsidence were all contributing to the inundation of land in the northern Bay of Bengal.<ref name=Wade/> Hazra said that other islands in the Indian [[Sundarbans]] region are eroding very fast.<ref name=Wade/> The United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change has estimated that 17 percent of Bangladesh will be submerged underwater by 2050 if sea levels rise by {{Convert|3.3|ft}} due to climate change.<ref name=LAT>[http://articles.latimes.com/2010/mar/25/world/la-fg-disappearing-island25-2010mar25 Sunk by global warming? Wave goodbye to this disputed island], ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'', March 25, 2010</ref>

Hazra said that due to [[global warming]], temperatures in the Bay of Bengal area have been rising at an annual rate of 0.4 degrees Celsius and in the 2000-2009 decade, sea water level rose at a rate of {{Convert|5|mm}} a year.<ref name=Times>[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/environment/article7075322.ece New Moore Island is no more as climate changes ends ownership dispute], Times Online, March 25, 2010</ref> India is preparing to send a study team to physically assess the situation in the region.<ref>[http://www.ptinews.com/news/580341_New-Moore-Island-disappears New Moore Island disappears], ''[[Press Trust of India]]'', March 25, 2010</ref>

==See also==
{{wikinews|Disputed island disappears beneath sea on India-Bangladesh border}}
*[[Indo-Bangladeshi relations]]
*[[Indo-Bangladesh enclaves]]
*[[List of islands of Bangladesh]]
*[[List of islands of India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{South 24 Parganas topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:New Moor}}
[[Category:Islands of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Geography of South 24 Parganas district]]
[[Category:Sundarbans]]
[[Category:Disputed islands]]
[[Category:Former islands of India]]
[[Category:Uninhabited islands of India]]
[[Category:Territorial disputes of India]]
[[Category:Territorial disputes of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Former islands of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Uninhabited islands of Bangladesh]]