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{{Short description|Province of Papua New Guinea}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = New Ireland
| native_name = {{nativename|tpi|Niu Ailan}}
| settlement_type = [[Provinces of Papua New Guinea|Province]]
| image_flag = Flag of New Ireland.svg
| flag_size = 130px
| flag_link = Flag of New Ireland
| image_shield =
| shield_size = 110px
| shield_link = Coat of arms of New Ireland
| nickname =
| motto =
| image_map = New Ireland in Papua New Guinea.svg
| mapsize = 300
| map_caption = Location of New Ireland in [[Papua New Guinea]]
| coordinates =
| subdivision_name = {{flag|Papua New Guinea}}
| established_title = [[German colonial empire|Colony]] of [[German Empire]]
| established_date = 3 November 1884
| established_title1 = [[Territory of New Guinea#World War I to League of Nations mandate|Australian occupation]]
| established_date1 = 17 September 1914
| established_title2 = [[League of Nations mandate|Mandate]] of [[Australia]]
| established_date2 = 1920/21
| established_title3 = [[Papua and New Guinea Act 1949|Union with the Territory of Papua]]
| established_date3 = 1 July 1949
| established_title4 = [[Papua New Guinea Independence Act 1975|Province of Papua New Guinea]]
| established_date4 = 9 September 1975
| seat_type = [[List of Australian capital cities|Capital]] and [[List of cities in Australia by population|Largest city]]
| seat = [[Kavieng]]
| parts_type = Administration
| parts_style = para
| p1 = [[#Districts and LLGs|10 local level government areas]]
| government_type = [[Constitutional monarchy]]<br>[[Parliamentary democracy]]
| governing_body = [[#Provincial leaders|New Ireland Provincial Government]]
| leader_title = [[#Provincial leaders|Governor]]
| leader_name = [[Julius Chan]]
| leader_title1 = [[#Provincial leaders|Deputy Governor]]
| leader_name1 = [[Sammy Missen]]
| government_blank1_title = [[Legislature]]
* [[Unicameral house]]
| government_blank1 = [[Parliament of New Ireland]]
{{nowrap|[[Legislative Assembly of New Ireland|Legislative Assembly]] (10 seats)}}
| government_blank2_title =
| government_blank2 =
| government_blank3_title = Federal representation
| government_blank3 = [[National Parliament of Papua New Guinea]]
* [[Unicameral house]] 2/111
| government_blank4_title =
| government_blank4 =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_land_km2 = 9557
| area_water_km2 =
| area_rank =
| elevation_max_m = 2340
| elevation_max_point = [[Mount Taron]]
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.adi.org.au/about-new-ireland/ |title=About New Ireland – Papua New Guinea |last= |first= |date=2021 |website=adi.org.au |publisher=Australian Doctors International (ADI) |access-date= |quote= }}</ref>
| population_as_of = 2021
| population_total = 243035
| population_rank = 18th
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_density_rank = 6th
| population_demonym = ''New Irelander''
| timezone1 = [[UTC+10]] ([[Time in Papua New Guinea|PGT]])
| postal_code_type =
| postal_code =
| iso_code =
| blank_name_sec1 =
| blank_info_sec1 =
| blank1_name_sec1 =
| blank1_info_sec1 =
| blank2_name_sec1 =
| blank2_info_sec1 =
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] (2019)
| blank3_info_sec1 = 0.598<ref name="GlobalDataLab">{{Cite web|url=https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/|title=Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab|website=hdi.globaldatalab.org|language=en|access-date=2020-04-18}}</ref><br/>{{color|#fc0|medium}} · [[List of provinces of Papua New Guinea by Human Development Index|4th of 22]]
| website =
| module =
}}
'''New Ireland Province''', formerly '''New Mecklenburg''' ({{lang-de|Neu-Mecklenburg}}), and '''Nova Hibernia''', is the northeasternmost [[Provinces of Papua New Guinea|province]] of [[Papua New Guinea]].

==Physical geography==
The largest island of the province is [[New Ireland (island)|New Ireland]].

Also part of the province are numerous smaller islands, including [[Saint Matthias Group]] ([[Mussau Island|Mussau]], [[Emirau Island|Emirau]]), [[New Hanover Island|New Hanover]], [[Dyaul Island|Djaul]], [[Tabar Group]] ([[Tabar Island|Tabar]], [[Tatau Island|Tatau]], [[Simberi Island|Simberi]]), [[Lihir Island|Lihir]], [[Tanga Group]] (Malendok, Boang), [[Feni Islands]] ([[Ambitle]], [[Babase]]) and Anir.

The land area of the province is around 9 560 km². The sea area within the [[Exclusive Economic Zone]] (EEZ) of New Ireland Province is around 230,000 km².

==Ecology==
In the early days of the [[French Revolution]] while searching for a lost scientific expedition the vessel La Recherche passed by New Ireland. On board was the prominent botanist [[Jacques-Julien Houtou de Labillardière]] who noted in his journal fine stands of [[teak]] (''Tectona grandis'') trees growing at the southern end of the island. This marks the easternmost occurrence of teak, an important timber tree that extends naturally from [[India]] to [[Thailand]] on the Asian mainland and also is present on [[Java]] in the Indonesian archipelago.

==History==
There have been at least three waves of [[Migration (human)|migration]] into New Ireland over the last 40,000 years. The famous [[Lapita culture|Lapita]] pottery culture was present around 3,300 years ago.

Chinese and South-East Asian contact appears to have been longstanding, though the evidence is thin.

[[Dutch Republic|Dutch]] explorers made the first European contact in 1616. It was initially believed by Europeans to be part of [[New Britain]], but the British explorer [[Philip Carteret]] established in 1767 that the island was physically separate, and gave it the name '''Nova Hibernia''', Latin for 'New Ireland'.

In the 1870s and 1880s, [[Marquis de Rays]], a French nobleman, attempted to establish a French colony on the island called '''La Nouvelle France'''. He sent four ill-fated expeditions to the island, the most notable of which was the third attempt, now known simply as the [[De Rays Expedition]], which caused the death of 123 of the 350 or so settlers.<ref>http://www.kmb-associates.com/familysearchitalyrayhistory.htm | History and Passenger Lists of the Marquis de Ray Expedition to New Ireland in 1880</ref>

[[File:German residence Kavieng Neu-Mecklenburg pre-1914.jpg|left|thumb|250px|German residence, Kavieng Neu-Mecklenburg pre-1914 when German New Guinea was seized by Australia.]]
[[File:Government House Port Moresby early 1900s.jpg|left|thumb|250px|Government House, Port Moresby, in the early 1900s before Australia took administration of British New Guinea and changed its name to Papua.]]

[[Missionary]] activity did not begin until 1877, and New Ireland was colonised by [[Germany]] in 1886 under the name '''Neu-Mecklenburg''', as part of the German partition comprising the northern half of present-day Papua New Guinea.

[[Blackbirding]], the removal, often by force, of local young men to work on plantations in northern Australia and other Pacific islands, was widespread in New Ireland in the late 19th century, especially from [[Lihir Island]] and [[Tanga Islands]].

Australia took control in 1914, in the early stages of [[World War I]], and renamed the island '''New Ireland''' after the island of [[Ireland]]. It became part of the Mandated Territory of New Guinea declared in 1921 by the League of Nations and administered by Australia.

During [[World War II]], New Ireland was occupied by Japanese forces from January 1942 to September 1945.

Australian colonial administration continued until Papua New Guinea became independent in September 1975.

The core of New Ireland's economy is agriculture, livestock, and forestry and marine products.<ref name="GGGI">{{cite journal |title=Provincial Scoping Review Report New Ireland Province |journal=Global Green Growth Institute |date=November 2020 |page=22 |url=https://gggi.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Provincial-Scoping-Review-Report-New-Ireland-Province-5.pdf |access-date=18 February 2023}}</ref> Additionally, there is significant gold mining activity, particularly in Lihir and Simberi.<ref name="GGGI" />

== Human geography ==
[[File:New Ireland Languages.jpg|thumb|350px|Languages of New Ireland Province]]
The population during the year 2000 census was 118,350 people, the vast majority of whom (about 90%) live in small rural villages. The population is very young, with a median age of 18.7 years. Over 40% of the population is under the age of 15 years, whereas only 3% is above 65 years old.<ref>(PNG Census 2000)</ref>

The provincial capital is [[Kavieng]], located on the main island's northern tip. [[Namatanai]] is another small town two-thirds of the way along the island. The [[Boluminski Highway]] runs down the east coast, linking the two towns.

Around twenty [[language]]s are spoken in New Ireland, and the number of [[dialect]]s and subdialects totals perhaps 45. All are in the [[New Ireland languages]] group within the [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]] language family, except for one [[language isolate]], [[Kuot language|Kuot]].

== Culture ==
New Ireland, like much of [[Papua New Guinea]], has a mixture of the old and the new: traditional cultural practices ("custom") are widespread and almost universally respected, yet society is changing as a result of [[Church body|church]] activity, [[urbanisation]], and various aspects of global contemporary culture making their mark.

Probably the most famous cultural system of New Ireland is "[[Malagan]]", a [[Nalik language|Nalik]] word for an ancient and revered set of practices and ceremonies practised throughout much of the main island. Malagan is also an art where the dead are remembered through the various depictions that are carved on Malagan masks. The Malagan masks have a symbolic meaning as the dead must be remembered through the masks and ceremonies. They are the practical means of capturing the spirits of recent dead relatives or clan members. During the colonial era, significant quantities of Malagan masks were collected by European administrators and can be seen in museums all over Europe.

==Districts and LLGs==
[[Image:Nipdistricts.svg|thumb|right|350px|District map of New Ireland Province]]
Each province in Papua New Guinea has one or more districts, and each district has one or more Local Level Government (LLG) areas. For [[census]] purposes, the LLG areas are subdivided into wards and those into census units.<ref>[http://www.spc.int/PRISM/country/pg/Stats/Special_Products/Descrpn.htm National Statistical Office of Papua New Guinea]</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: left;" width="400"
! District || District Capital || LLG Name
|-
! rowspan="4" | [[Kavieng District]]
! rowspan="4" | [[Kavieng]]
| [[Kavieng Urban LLG|Kavieng Urban]]
|-
| [[Lavongai Rural LLG|Lavongai Rural]]
|-
| [[Murat Rural LLG|Murat Rural]]
|-
| [[Tikana Rural LLG|Tikana Rural]]
|-
! rowspan="5" | [[Namatanai District]]
! rowspan="5" | [[Namatanai]]
| [[Konoagil Rural LLG|Konoagil Rural]]
|-
| [[Namatanai Rural LLG|Namatanai Rural]]
[[Matalai Rural LLG|Matalai Rural]]
|-
| [[Nimamar Rural LLG|Nimamar Rural]]
|-
| [[Sentral Niu Ailan Rural LLG|Sentral Niu Ailan Rural]]
|-
| [[Tanir Rural LLG|Tanir Rural]]
|}

== Provincial leaders==

The province was governed by a decentralised provincial administration, headed by a Premier, from 1977 to 1995. Following reforms taking effect that year, the national government reassumed some powers, and the role of Premier was replaced by the position of Governor, to be held by the winner of the province-wide seat in the [[National Parliament of Papua New Guinea]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p66801/mobile/ch08.html | title=8. Decentralisation: Two Steps Forward, One Step Back | publisher=Australian National University | work=State and society in Papua New Guinea: the first twenty-five years | access-date=31 March 2017 | author=May, R. J.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.rulers.org/pngprov.html | title=Provinces | publisher=rulers.org | access-date=31 March 2017}}</ref>

===Premiers (1977–1995)===

{| class="wikitable"
! '''Premier'''
! '''Term'''
|-
|| [[Robert Seeto]] || 1977–1986
|-
|| [[Pedi Anis]] || 1987–1990
|-
|| [[Demas Kavuvu]] || 1990–1993
|-
|| [[Samson Gila]] || 1993–1995
|-
|}

===Governors (1995–present)===

{| class="wikitable"
! '''Governor'''
! '''Term'''
|-
|| [[Wilson Peni]] || 1995–1997
|-
|| [[Paul Tohian]] || 1997–2002
|-
|| [[Ian Ling-Stuckey]] || 2002–2007
|-
|| [[Julius Chan]] || 2007–present
|}

==Members of the National Parliament==

The province and each district are represented by a Member of the [[National Parliament of Papua New Guinea|National Parliament]]. There is one provincial [[electoral district|electorate]], and each district is an open electorate.

{| class="wikitable"
! '''Electorate'''
! '''Member'''
|-
|| New Ireland Provincial || [[Julius Chan]]
|-
|| [[Kavieng District|Kavieng Open]] || [[Ian Ling-Stuckey]]
|-
|| [[Namatanai District|Namatanai Open]] || [[Walter Schnaubelt]]
|-
|}

==See also==
* [[Borpop Airfield]], Japanese facility during World War Two

==References==
{{Commons category|New Ireland Province|<br/>New Ireland Province}}
{{Reflist}}

{{more citations needed|date=October 2007}}

{{Provinces of Papua New Guinea}}
{{Districts of New Ireland Province}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:New Ireland Province| ]]
[[Category:Islands Region (Papua New Guinea)]]
[[Category:Provinces of Papua New Guinea]]

New Ireland Province - Revision history

TawnyaBirdwood7: cleanup

Ajay Kumar: Created a new article