59.164.13.126: corrected citations additionally as per guidelines

2026-05-06T18:54:10Z

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Bharatwiki Socrates: /* History */Adding Lumbini inscription of Nepal.

2023-11-26T11:44:25Z

History: Adding Lumbini inscription of Nepal.

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:14, 26 November 2023
Line 171:		Line 171:

	King Gyanendra Shah was dethroned in 2006 after a [[decade]] long People’s revolution led by [[communist party of Nepal]] (Maoist) and several weeks protest by major political parties. After that, Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal was established.[[File:NepalPopulationEnglishGraph.svg\|thumb\|NepalPopulation Graph]]		King Gyanendra Shah was dethroned in 2006 after a [[decade]] long People’s revolution led by [[communist party of Nepal]] (Maoist) and several weeks protest by major political parties. After that, Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal was established.[[File:NepalPopulationEnglishGraph.svg\|thumb\|NepalPopulation Graph]]

			[[File:Ashoka_pillar_FULL.jpg\|thumb\|The pillar today, in the same location where it was found, with the inscription now at eye level following extensive earthworks. The top is a protection against the elements.]]
			[[File:Monograph on Buddha Sakyamuni's birthplace.jpg\|thumb\|[[Alois Anton Führer]] own report on the discovery, entitled ''[https://archive.org/details/monographonbuddh00fuhr/page/n7 Monograph on Buddha Sakyamuni's birthplace]'', 1897]]
			In December 1896, [[Alois Anton Führer]] was making a follow-up survey of the nearby [[Nigali-Sagar]] pillar, discovered and investigated by him the previous year, in March 1895.<ref name="CIB234">{{cite book \|last1=Beckwith \|first1=Christopher I. \|title=Greek Buddha: Pyrrho's Encounter with Early Buddhism in Central Asia \|date=2017 \|publisher=Princeton University Press \|isbn=978-0-691-17632-1 \|pages=234–235 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=53GYDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA234 \|language=en}}</ref><ref name="VAS"/>

			[[File:Lumbini pillar ruins cross-section.jpg\|thumb\|left\|Lumbini pillar ruins, cross-section of the site as of 1901.<ref>{{cite book \|last1=Mukherji \|first1=P. C. \|last2=Smith \|first2=Vincent Arthur \|title=A report on a tour of exploration of the antiquities in the Tarai, Nepal the region of Kapilavastu; \|date=1901 \|publisher=Calcutta, Office of the superintendent of government printing, India \|page=Plate XIII \|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_5iYXAAAAYAAJ/page/n71}}</ref>]]
			According to some accounts, Führer found the Lumbini pillar on December 1, and then asked the help of local commander, General [[Khadga Shumsher Jung Bahadur Rana\|Khadga Shumsher Rana]], to excavate it.<ref name="The discovery of Lumbinī">{{cite book \|last1=Falk \|first1=Harry \|title=The discovery of Lumbinī \|date=January 1998 \|page=13 \|url=https://www.academia.edu/2097776 \|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal \|last1=Barth \|first1=A. \|title=Decouvertes recentes du Dr. Führer au Nepale \|journal=Le Journal des Savants\|date=1897 \|publisher=Académie des inscriptions et belles–lettres \|page=72 \|url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k54706z/f73.image \|language=EN}}</ref> According to other accounts General Khadga Samsher Rana knew the location of the pillar and led Führer to it.<ref name="The discovery of Lumbinī"/> Reportedly, Führer was not present when the inscription was discovered, as he arrived only "a little later", but Ricketts was witness to it.<ref name="VAS"/> Initially, only the top of the pillar was visible, with a Medieval inscription on it. The Nepalese authorities dug around the pillar, to find the ancient [[Brahmi]] inscription, which therefore had remained underground, hidden from view.<ref>{{cite book \|last1=Weise \|first1=Kai \|title=The Sacred Garden of Lumbini: Perceptions of Buddha's birthplace \|date=2013 \|publisher=UNESCO \|isbn=978-92-3-001208-3 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=naohAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA64 \|language=en}}</ref><ref name="VAS"/>

			The Brahmi inscription on the pillar gives evidence that [[Ashoka]], emperor of the [[Maurya Empire]], visited the place in 3rd-century BCE and identified it as the birth-place of the Buddha. The inscription was translated by Paranavitana:<ref>Paranavitana, S. (Apr. - Jun., 1962). [[Rupandehi District\|Rupandehi]] Pillar Inscription of Asoka, Journal of the American Oriental Society, 82 (2), 163-167</ref>{{refn\|group=note\|name="translations"\|Several alternative translations have been published.<ref>{{Citation \|last = Weise \|first = Kai \|title = The Sacred Garden of Lumbini – Perceptions of Buddha's Birthplace \|date = 2013\|pages= 47–48\|publisher = UNESCO \|location= Paris \|archivedate = 2014-08-30 \|url = http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0022/002239/223986E.pdf \|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20140830011700/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0022/002239/223986E.pdf \|display-authors = etal}}</ref><ref>Hultzsch, E. /1925). [https://archive.org/details/InscriptionsOfAsoka.NewEditionByE.Hultzsch Inscriptions of Asoka]. Oxford: Clarendon Press, pp. 164-165</ref><ref>Tsukamoto, Keisho (2006). [http://echo-lab.ddo.jp/Libraries/印度学仏教学研究/印度學佛教學研究第54巻第3号/Vol.54%20,%20No.3(2006)200塚本%20啓祥「ルンミンデーイーのアショーカ法勅再考%20-マヤ堂出土の「自然石」に関連して-」.pdf Reconsidering the Rummindei Pillar Edict of Asoka: In Connection with 'a piece of natural rock' from Mayadevi Temple]{{Dead link\|date=August 2023 \|bot=InternetArchiveBot \|fix-attempted=yes }}, Journal of Indian and Buddhist Studies 54 (3), 1113-1120</ref>}}
			{{clear}}
			{\| class="wikitable centre"
			\|+ Rummindei pillar, inscription of Ashoka
			\|-
			! scope="col" align=left\| Translation<br><small>(English)</small>!!Transliteration<br><small>(original [[Brahmi script]])</small>!!Inscription<br><small>([[Prakrit]] in the [[Brahmi script]])</small>
			\|-
			\|align=center width="30%"\|
			{{blockquote\|''When King Devanampriya Priyadarsin had been anointed twenty years, he came himself and worshipped (this spot) because the [[Buddha Shakyamuni]] was born here. (He) both caused to be made a stone bearing a horse (?) and caused a stone pillar to be set up, (in order to show) that the Blessed One was born here. (He) made the village of Lummini free of taxes, and paying (only) an eighth share (of the produce).''\|The [[Rummindei]] Edict, one of the [[Minor Pillar Edicts]] of Ashoka.<ref>Hultzsch, E. (1925). [https://archive.org/stream/InscriptionsOfAsoka.NewEditionByE.Hultzsch/HultzschCorpusAsokaSearchable#page/n337/mode/2up Inscriptions of Asoka]. Oxford: Clarendon Press, pp. 164-165</ref>}}
			\| align=left \|
			{{blockquote\|
			<poem>
			<big>{{Script\|Brah\|[[Devanampriya\|𑀤𑁂𑀯𑀸𑀦𑀁𑀧𑀺𑀬𑁂]]𑀦 [[Priyadasi\|𑀧𑀺𑀬𑀤𑀲𑀺]]𑀦 [[Raja\|𑀮𑀸𑀚𑀺]]𑀦 𑀯𑀻𑀲𑀢𑀺𑀯𑀲𑀸𑀪𑀺𑀲𑀺𑀢𑁂𑀦}}</big>
			<small>Devānaṃpiyena Piyadasina lājina vīsati-vasābhisitena</small>
			<big>{{Script\|Brah\|𑀅𑀢𑀦 𑀆𑀕𑀸𑀘 𑀫𑀳𑀻𑀬𑀺𑀢𑁂 𑀳𑀺𑀤 [[Buddha\|𑀩𑀼𑀥𑁂]] 𑀚𑀸𑀢 [[Sakyamuni\|𑀲𑀓𑁆𑀬𑀫𑀼𑀦𑀺]] 𑀢𑀺}}</big>
			<small>atana āgāca mahīyite hida Budhe jāte Sakyamuni ti</small>
			<big>{{Script\|Brah\|𑀲𑀺𑀮𑀸 𑀯𑀺𑀕𑀥𑀪𑀺 𑀘𑀸 𑀓𑀸𑀳𑀸𑀧𑀺𑀢 𑀲𑀺𑀮𑀸𑀣𑀪𑁂 𑀘 𑀉𑀲𑀧𑀸𑀧𑀺𑀢𑁂}}</big>
			<small>silā vigaḍabhī cā kālāpita silā-thabhe ca usapāpite</small>
			<big>{{Script\|Brah\|𑀳𑀺𑀤 [[Bhagavat\|𑀪𑀕𑀯𑀁]] 𑀚𑀸𑀢 𑀢𑀺 𑀮𑀼𑀁𑀫𑀺𑀦𑀺𑀕𑀸𑀫𑁂 𑀉𑀩𑀮𑀺𑀓𑁂 𑀓𑀝𑁂}}</big>
			<small>hida Bhagavaṃ jāte ti Luṃmini-gāme ubalike kaṭe</small>
			<big>{{Script\|Brah\|𑀅𑀞𑀪𑀸𑀕𑀺𑀬𑁂 𑀘}}</big>
			<small>aṭha-bhāgiye ca</small>
			</poem>

			\|Adapted from transliteration by [[E. Hultzsch]],<ref>{{cite book \|last1=Hultzsch \|first1=E. \|title=Inscriptions of Asoka. New Edition by E. Hultzsch \|date=1925 \|page=164 \|url=https://archive.org/stream/InscriptionsOfAsoka.NewEditionByE.Hultzsch/HultzschCorpusAsokaSearchable#page/n337/mode/2up \|language=Sanskrit}}</ref>}}
			\|align=center width="10%"\|
			[[File:Lumbini pillar with inscription and its location.jpg\|thumb\|300px\|Lumbini Rummindei pillar at time of discovery in 1896, with location of the inscription, which was hidden about 1 meter under ground level.<ref>[http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/a/019pho0001007s3u00632000.html Asoka pillar at Rummindei [Lumbini] in the Nepal Tarai, west view of ruins. British Library Online]</ref><ref>"Dr. Fuhrer went from Nigliva to Rummindei where another Priyadasin lat has been discovered... and an inscription about 3 feet below surface, had been opened by the Nepalese" in {{cite book \|last1=Calcutta \|first1=Maha Bodhi Society \|title=The Maha-Bodhi \|date=1921 \|page=226 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lvENAQAAIAAJ \|language=en}}</ref>{{full citation needed\|date=May 2021}}]]<br>
			\|}

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← Older revision		Revision as of 17:04, 30 January 2022
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	{{Short description\|Country in South Asia}}		{{Short description\|Country in South Asia}}
	{{About\|the country}}		{{About\|the country}}
	~~{{pp-semi-protected\|small=yes}}~~
	~~{{pp-move-indef}}~~
	{{Use dmy dates\|date=January 2021}}{{Use British English\|date=October 2020}}		{{Use dmy dates\|date=January 2021}}{{Use British English\|date=October 2020}}
	{{Infobox country		{{Infobox country

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← Older revision		Revision as of 17:14, 26 November 2023
Line 171:		Line 171:

	King Gyanendra Shah was dethroned in 2006 after a [[decade]] long People’s revolution led by [[communist party of Nepal]] (Maoist) and several weeks protest by major political parties. After that, Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal was established.[[File:NepalPopulationEnglishGraph.svg\|thumb\|NepalPopulation Graph]]		King Gyanendra Shah was dethroned in 2006 after a [[decade]] long People’s revolution led by [[communist party of Nepal]] (Maoist) and several weeks protest by major political parties. After that, Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal was established.[[File:NepalPopulationEnglishGraph.svg\|thumb\|NepalPopulation Graph]]

			[[File:Ashoka_pillar_FULL.jpg\|thumb\|The pillar today, in the same location where it was found, with the inscription now at eye level following extensive earthworks. The top is a protection against the elements.]]
			[[File:Monograph on Buddha Sakyamuni's birthplace.jpg\|thumb\|[[Alois Anton Führer]] own report on the discovery, entitled ''[https://archive.org/details/monographonbuddh00fuhr/page/n7 Monograph on Buddha Sakyamuni's birthplace]'', 1897]]
			In December 1896, [[Alois Anton Führer]] was making a follow-up survey of the nearby [[Nigali-Sagar]] pillar, discovered and investigated by him the previous year, in March 1895.<ref name="CIB234">{{cite book \|last1=Beckwith \|first1=Christopher I. \|title=Greek Buddha: Pyrrho's Encounter with Early Buddhism in Central Asia \|date=2017 \|publisher=Princeton University Press \|isbn=978-0-691-17632-1 \|pages=234–235 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=53GYDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA234 \|language=en}}</ref><ref name="VAS"/>

			[[File:Lumbini pillar ruins cross-section.jpg\|thumb\|left\|Lumbini pillar ruins, cross-section of the site as of 1901.<ref>{{cite book \|last1=Mukherji \|first1=P. C. \|last2=Smith \|first2=Vincent Arthur \|title=A report on a tour of exploration of the antiquities in the Tarai, Nepal the region of Kapilavastu; \|date=1901 \|publisher=Calcutta, Office of the superintendent of government printing, India \|page=Plate XIII \|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_5iYXAAAAYAAJ/page/n71}}</ref>]]
			According to some accounts, Führer found the Lumbini pillar on December 1, and then asked the help of local commander, General [[Khadga Shumsher Jung Bahadur Rana\|Khadga Shumsher Rana]], to excavate it.<ref name="The discovery of Lumbinī">{{cite book \|last1=Falk \|first1=Harry \|title=The discovery of Lumbinī \|date=January 1998 \|page=13 \|url=https://www.academia.edu/2097776 \|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal \|last1=Barth \|first1=A. \|title=Decouvertes recentes du Dr. Führer au Nepale \|journal=Le Journal des Savants\|date=1897 \|publisher=Académie des inscriptions et belles–lettres \|page=72 \|url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k54706z/f73.image \|language=EN}}</ref> According to other accounts General Khadga Samsher Rana knew the location of the pillar and led Führer to it.<ref name="The discovery of Lumbinī"/> Reportedly, Führer was not present when the inscription was discovered, as he arrived only "a little later", but Ricketts was witness to it.<ref name="VAS"/> Initially, only the top of the pillar was visible, with a Medieval inscription on it. The Nepalese authorities dug around the pillar, to find the ancient [[Brahmi]] inscription, which therefore had remained underground, hidden from view.<ref>{{cite book \|last1=Weise \|first1=Kai \|title=The Sacred Garden of Lumbini: Perceptions of Buddha's birthplace \|date=2013 \|publisher=UNESCO \|isbn=978-92-3-001208-3 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=naohAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA64 \|language=en}}</ref><ref name="VAS"/>

			The Brahmi inscription on the pillar gives evidence that [[Ashoka]], emperor of the [[Maurya Empire]], visited the place in 3rd-century BCE and identified it as the birth-place of the Buddha. The inscription was translated by Paranavitana:<ref>Paranavitana, S. (Apr. - Jun., 1962). [[Rupandehi District\|Rupandehi]] Pillar Inscription of Asoka, Journal of the American Oriental Society, 82 (2), 163-167</ref>{{refn\|group=note\|name="translations"\|Several alternative translations have been published.<ref>{{Citation \|last = Weise \|first = Kai \|title = The Sacred Garden of Lumbini – Perceptions of Buddha's Birthplace \|date = 2013\|pages= 47–48\|publisher = UNESCO \|location= Paris \|archivedate = 2014-08-30 \|url = http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0022/002239/223986E.pdf \|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20140830011700/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0022/002239/223986E.pdf \|display-authors = etal}}</ref><ref>Hultzsch, E. /1925). [https://archive.org/details/InscriptionsOfAsoka.NewEditionByE.Hultzsch Inscriptions of Asoka]. Oxford: Clarendon Press, pp. 164-165</ref><ref>Tsukamoto, Keisho (2006). [http://echo-lab.ddo.jp/Libraries/印度学仏教学研究/印度學佛教學研究第54巻第3号/Vol.54%20,%20No.3(2006)200塚本%20啓祥「ルンミンデーイーのアショーカ法勅再考%20-マヤ堂出土の「自然石」に関連して-」.pdf Reconsidering the Rummindei Pillar Edict of Asoka: In Connection with 'a piece of natural rock' from Mayadevi Temple]{{Dead link\|date=August 2023 \|bot=InternetArchiveBot \|fix-attempted=yes }}, Journal of Indian and Buddhist Studies 54 (3), 1113-1120</ref>}}
			{{clear}}
			{\| class="wikitable centre"
			\|+ Rummindei pillar, inscription of Ashoka
			\|-
			! scope="col" align=left\| Translation<br><small>(English)</small>!!Transliteration<br><small>(original [[Brahmi script]])</small>!!Inscription<br><small>([[Prakrit]] in the [[Brahmi script]])</small>
			\|-
			\|align=center width="30%"\|
			{{blockquote\|''When King Devanampriya Priyadarsin had been anointed twenty years, he came himself and worshipped (this spot) because the [[Buddha Shakyamuni]] was born here. (He) both caused to be made a stone bearing a horse (?) and caused a stone pillar to be set up, (in order to show) that the Blessed One was born here. (He) made the village of Lummini free of taxes, and paying (only) an eighth share (of the produce).''\|The [[Rummindei]] Edict, one of the [[Minor Pillar Edicts]] of Ashoka.<ref>Hultzsch, E. (1925). [https://archive.org/stream/InscriptionsOfAsoka.NewEditionByE.Hultzsch/HultzschCorpusAsokaSearchable#page/n337/mode/2up Inscriptions of Asoka]. Oxford: Clarendon Press, pp. 164-165</ref>}}
			\| align=left \|
			{{blockquote\|
			<poem>
			<big>{{Script\|Brah\|[[Devanampriya\|𑀤𑁂𑀯𑀸𑀦𑀁𑀧𑀺𑀬𑁂]]𑀦 [[Priyadasi\|𑀧𑀺𑀬𑀤𑀲𑀺]]𑀦 [[Raja\|𑀮𑀸𑀚𑀺]]𑀦 𑀯𑀻𑀲𑀢𑀺𑀯𑀲𑀸𑀪𑀺𑀲𑀺𑀢𑁂𑀦}}</big>
			<small>Devānaṃpiyena Piyadasina lājina vīsati-vasābhisitena</small>
			<big>{{Script\|Brah\|𑀅𑀢𑀦 𑀆𑀕𑀸𑀘 𑀫𑀳𑀻𑀬𑀺𑀢𑁂 𑀳𑀺𑀤 [[Buddha\|𑀩𑀼𑀥𑁂]] 𑀚𑀸𑀢 [[Sakyamuni\|𑀲𑀓𑁆𑀬𑀫𑀼𑀦𑀺]] 𑀢𑀺}}</big>
			<small>atana āgāca mahīyite hida Budhe jāte Sakyamuni ti</small>
			<big>{{Script\|Brah\|𑀲𑀺𑀮𑀸 𑀯𑀺𑀕𑀥𑀪𑀺 𑀘𑀸 𑀓𑀸𑀳𑀸𑀧𑀺𑀢 𑀲𑀺𑀮𑀸𑀣𑀪𑁂 𑀘 𑀉𑀲𑀧𑀸𑀧𑀺𑀢𑁂}}</big>
			<small>silā vigaḍabhī cā kālāpita silā-thabhe ca usapāpite</small>
			<big>{{Script\|Brah\|𑀳𑀺𑀤 [[Bhagavat\|𑀪𑀕𑀯𑀁]] 𑀚𑀸𑀢 𑀢𑀺 𑀮𑀼𑀁𑀫𑀺𑀦𑀺𑀕𑀸𑀫𑁂 𑀉𑀩𑀮𑀺𑀓𑁂 𑀓𑀝𑁂}}</big>
			<small>hida Bhagavaṃ jāte ti Luṃmini-gāme ubalike kaṭe</small>
			<big>{{Script\|Brah\|𑀅𑀞𑀪𑀸𑀕𑀺𑀬𑁂 𑀘}}</big>
			<small>aṭha-bhāgiye ca</small>
			</poem>

			\|Adapted from transliteration by [[E. Hultzsch]],<ref>{{cite book \|last1=Hultzsch \|first1=E. \|title=Inscriptions of Asoka. New Edition by E. Hultzsch \|date=1925 \|page=164 \|url=https://archive.org/stream/InscriptionsOfAsoka.NewEditionByE.Hultzsch/HultzschCorpusAsokaSearchable#page/n337/mode/2up \|language=Sanskrit}}</ref>}}
			\|align=center width="10%"\|
			[[File:Lumbini pillar with inscription and its location.jpg\|thumb\|300px\|Lumbini Rummindei pillar at time of discovery in 1896, with location of the inscription, which was hidden about 1 meter under ground level.<ref>[http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/a/019pho0001007s3u00632000.html Asoka pillar at Rummindei [Lumbini] in the Nepal Tarai, west view of ruins. British Library Online]</ref><ref>"Dr. Fuhrer went from Nigliva to Rummindei where another Priyadasin lat has been discovered... and an inscription about 3 feet below surface, had been opened by the Nepalese" in {{cite book \|last1=Calcutta \|first1=Maha Bodhi Society \|title=The Maha-Bodhi \|date=1921 \|page=226 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lvENAQAAIAAJ \|language=en}}</ref>{{full citation needed\|date=May 2021}}]]<br>
			\|}

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Bharatwiki Socrates: /* History */Adding Lumbini inscription of Nepal.

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Saumyasingh: Created page with "{{Short description|Country in South Asia}} {{About|the country}} {{pp-semi-protected|small=yes}} {{pp-move-indef}} {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}{{Use British English|da..."