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[[File:Nedumkotta.jpg|thumb|250px|The relics of the entrance of travancore lines]]
{{Mysore Invasion of Kerala}}
'''Nedumkotta''' or '''Travancore lines''' was a wall built as a protection against consistent invasion and threats from northern kingdoms mainly [[Tipu Sultan]] of [[Mysore]]. It was built by the [[Dharma Raja]] Karthika Thirunal (d.A D 1764), King of [[Travancore]] with the request, support and permission of the [[Kingdom of Kochi]].<ref>Praxy Fernandes, Storm Over Seringapatam, Bombay, 1969, p.117</ref> It was constructed by Rama Varma under the supervision of his Commander [[Eustachius De Lannoy]]. The work was started in 1762 it was completed only by 1775. The lines consist of a ditch about sixteen feet broad and twenty feet deep with a thick bamboo hedge in it, a slight parapet and good rampart and bastions on rising grounds almost flanking each other from one extreme of the lines to the other.<ref>The ditch was 16 feet wide and 20 feet deep (vide Nagam Aiya, V., The Travancore State Manual, Vol.I).</ref> The construction of Nedumkotta or the Travancore Lines is considered to be a unique and unparallel episode in Indian History by historians.
<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Panikkar|first=K. N.|last2=Fernandes|first2=Praxy|date=August 1991|title=Men of Valour and Vision|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3517708|journal=Social Scientist|volume=19|issue=8/9|pages=109|doi=10.2307/3517708|issn=0970-0293}}</ref>

==Background==
[[File:HyderAli.jpg|thumb|right| Hyder Ali]]
The Nedumkotta was a defence fortification constructed along the northern borders of the erstwhile Travancore allied Cochin State.of 1757-1762AD.The places north of Nedumkotta was under Zamorin occupied Cochin.(1757-1762)It passed through the territories of the then Cochin State.

The Nedumkotta was built primarily to resist the invasion under [[Hyder Ali Khan]] against Travancore State and southern parts Cochin state.. It was raised mainly with clay and mud, and reinforced with stones, laterite and granite at strategic places. It started from the [[Krishan Kotta|KrishanKotta]] on the west coast, above [[Kodungallur]], and stretched up to the [[Anamala Hills]] on the [[Western Ghats]]. It was about 48 km long, 20 feet wide and 12 feet high. The lines consisted of a ditch, sixteen feet wide and twenty feet deep with a thick bamboo hedge, a slight parapet and rampart and bastions on rising grounds almost flanking each other from one side of the lines to the other.<ref>Praxy Fernandes, Storm Over Seringapatam, Bombay, 1969, p.117</ref>

[[File:Dharmaraja of Travancore.jpg|thumb|right| Dharma Raja of Travancore]]
[[File:Meloor_gate_of_Nedumkotta.png|thumb|right|The Travancore lines. Meloor Gate can be seen. Work by Commander Johan Gerard van Angelbeek <ref>{{Cite web|title=View file|url=https://www.nationaalarchief.nl/en/research/archive/1.11.01.01/invnr/1276/file/NL-HaNA_1.11.01.01_1276_1V-2R|access-date=2021-07-20|website=Nationaal Archief|language=en}}</ref>]]
Its alignment was along the [[Periyar (river)|Periyar river]] on the west coast up to [[Chalakudy]] from where it went along the [[Chalakudy River|Chalakudy river]] up to the [[Anaimalai Hills|Annamalai Hills]] in the east. There were underground cells to store gunpowder and other war materials, special chambers for soldiers to live, and look-outs and mounted field-guns all along the fortification. Besides, on the north side of the fortification, ditches were dug twenty feet wide and sixteen feet deep, and filled with thorny plants, poisonous snakes, and hidden weapons. On the south side as well as on the top of the fortification, wide roads were laid for the convenience of military movements. The construction work was started in 1762 and was completed only by 1775 where it was extended to [[Vypin]].<ref>Ibrahim Kunju, A.P., Mysore-Kerala Relations in the 18th Century, Trivandrum, 1784, p.34.</ref>

The dislike of Tippu Sultan was that parts of the Travancore Lines were built on Cochin territory and a large part of the Cochin State was behind the Travancore lines. This was a violation of Mysore's territorial agreement and was considered as encroachments. Tippu Sultan contacted Travancore Raja to destroy the Lines as early as possible.<ref>Praxy Fernandes, op.cit., p.117.</ref> Tippu Sultan wrote to the Raja, “The Cochin Raja has been my tributary fifty or sixty years – after I possessed the Calicut country you erected lines on a part of the Cochin country. This conduct is not proper you must demolish the line" <ref>Mil Cons., Vol.CXXXIII-A, pp.8-9</ref> To which Cochin Raja replied that the areas where the Lines were established was given to him earlier than the cochin country became a tributary to Mysore. " I possessed it and had lines were erected on it when I was included in the Treaty of peace which the Honourable English Company made with you. If I had not a right to it, why did not you then demand it" <ref>Sobannan, B., Ramavarma of Travancore, Trivandrum, 1980, pp.36-37</ref>

In about June–August 1787 after learning about the geography of Malabar and Travancore and constructing several roads leading into Travancore both from the north by coastal side and from the east by the [[Cumbum, Tamil Nadu|Cambam]] and [[Gudalur, Nilgiris|Guddalur]] passes, Tippu Sultan then invaded Malabar. He persecuted the people and chiefs massacring all those who refused to take up Islam. Many families including that of [[Zamorin|Samoothiri]] fled Malabar and took refuge in Travancore. Around 30,000 Noble Brahmin families were sheltered under Dharmaraja of Travancore. This angered Tippu and he wanted Cochin to surrender all those families who fled Malabar, But Raja refused to give in. Tippu could not make a bold appeal to the war as Travancore was included in the Peace Treaty between Mysore and the East India company as a friendly country to the company. Tippu then resorted to [[Zamorin|Samoothiri]] to attack cochin promising him in return the restoration of a portion of his territory. Samoothiri refused to join the plan. Tippu then requested the help of Cochin Raja to speak to Dharma raja to become a tributary of Mysore which was then was defied by stating that nothing would be done against the will of the East India company. This enraged Tippu, who planned then to invade the Travancore demolishing Nedumkotta.

The Maharaja informed the Madras Governor, Sir [[Archibald Campbell (British Army officer, born 1739)|Archibald Campbell]], the proceedings and requested him to lend him 4 English officers and 12 Sergeants to command his army, and anticipating an early invasion by Tippu, commanded [[Raja Kesavadas|Dewan Kesava Pillai]] to look to the frontier fortifications. Governor then Wrote to Tippu that an invasion against Travancore would be considered as a breach of the Treaty made with the Company. He also offered two or three battalions to assist Raja in his frontiers. Two regiments under Captain Knox were stationed near [[Pallipuram Fort|Ayacotta]] for the first time and Mr. George Powney, a Civil Officer was sent as an agent of the Company to the Travancore Court. Travancore Raja also entered in to a treaty with Dutch Army by which he was handed over the [[Fortaleza da São Tomé|Cranganore]] Fort and [[Pallipuram Fort|Aycotta]].

==The structure==

[[File:Kottamuri.jpg|thumb|left|Kottamuri in [[Chalakudy]] where the Fort was breached, A national highway pass right through it]]
The fortification was constructed during the regime of Rama Varma Raja, popularly known as [[Dharma Raja]] of Travancore, and under the direct guidance and supervision of the then Prime Minister, Ayyappan Marthanda Pillai, and the then Commander of the Travancore Army, the Dutch Captain [[Eustachius De Lannoy|D'Lenoy]]. This historic defence line was comparable to the Great Wall of China except that the latter was more ancient and greater in length. It was under the protective cover of this Nedumkotta that a small army of Travancoreans under the command of Raja Keshavadas defeated and frustrated near Alwaye a formidable army led by Tipu Sultan.
Today there is no physical evidence of the historic Nedumkotta in the form of even ruins anywhere in the [[Chalakudy taluk]] -[[Konoor]] (Koratty Kizhakkummuri), [[Muringoor]] Thekkummury, [[Kadukutty]], Kuruvilassery, Pallipuram and [[Poyya]]- through which it passed. Names of forts remains in [[Chetuva|Chettuva]], Mullurkara, [[Thrissur]] and Enamanakkal. However, some place names having a reference to the historic fortification are still popular in the northern borders of the erstwhile Cochin and Travancore States - [[Krishnan Kotta]] (meaning Krishnan Fort), Kottamukku (fort corner), Kottamuri (part of a fort), Kottaparampu (fort land), Kotta Vazhi (fort road), Kottalaparampu (magazine ground), Palayam (cantonment), etc.
It started from [[Pallipuram Fort|Pallipuram Kotta]] near the sea, touches ''Kottamukku'', Krishnankotta and extended till the Foot hills of the Anamalai in the Western Ghats. The Chalakudy river and lagoon which falls on the alignment was left alone as they themselves were a barrier. A trench {{convert|20|ft|m}} deep and {{convert|16|ft|m}} wide was built along the northern side of the wall for the full length. At some places the wall reached {{convert|50|ft|m|abbr=on}} in height. Hollows were made inside where about 100 soldiers could hide and make an ambush. A company of soldiers was stationed about every kilometre with ammunition store house at strategic points. There were also caves in the nearby wells to hide in the possibility of an unannounced attack. Muringoor Kottamury (3 km south of Chalakudy) is the place where the NH47 crosses the Nedumkotta.

The places where fortification once stood is in the present [[Chalakudy]] Taluk in [[Thrissur District]], [[Kerala]].

==Attack of Tipu Sultan and its destruction==
{{Main|Battle of the Nedumkotta}}
[[File:Tippoo Sahib at the lines of Travancore in the 1850s.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Tippu at the lines of Travancore by James Grant (c 1896)]]
24 years after his father, Hyder Ali had attacked [[Kingdom of Cochin|Kochi]], [[Tipu Sultan]] started on a conquest to conquer Kochi and Travancore. On the night between 28th and 29 December camped six miles northward of the lines.
On 31 December, Tippu marched with 14,000 infantry and 500 frontiers in the night, guided by a native of the country. Before daybreak, he possessed a large extent of the [[Rampart (fortification)|rampart]] on the right side flank.<ref>Military Country Correspondents (Tamil Archives), Vol.XXXVII, pp.46-47.</ref> By morning Sultan had come three miles in the inner side with his whole force without much opposition and he commanded his frontiers to level down the rampart into the 16 feet wide and 20 deep ditch which was a difficult task to be done. He then advanced without levelling the ditches and in one column, through a narrow passage. This move backfired on Mysore army as army could not move freely. They were also ambushed by a small 20-member team of Travancore army who poured in a heavy fire which killed the commander of the army and created a panic <ref>Nagam Aiya, V., The Travancore State Manual, Vol.I, Trivandrum, 1906, p.157.</ref>

There was chaos and Sultan himself fell into the ditch over dead corps by which it was almost filled. The Sultan was only saved by some strong soldiers, who raised him on their shoulders which enabled him to ascend the counterscarp. He fell twice in the attempt to clamber up and he was crippled for life due to the fall. He was then escaped to his tent in a dhuli. Humiliated by the defeat he swore to remain in the tent until he took what was by then called by him as "the contemptible wall". The Mysore army suffered heavy casualties and army commanders like [[Semal Beg]] were killed.<ref name="ഡോ: കെ.കെ.എൻ. 2007">{{cite book |last=ഡോ: കെ.കെ.എൻ. |first=കുറുപ്പ്= |authorlink=കെ.കെ.എൻ. കുറുപ്പ് |title=നവാബ് ടിപ്പു സുൽത്താൻ - ഒരു പഠനം |year= 2007|publisher=മാതൃഭൂമി പബ്ലീഷേസ് |location= കോഴിക്കോട്|isbn=81-8264-546-8 }}</ref> Tippu Sultan's palanquin, his seals, rings and personal ornaments and sword fell into the Dewaan's hands as trophies. These were forwarded to the Nawab of [[Nawab of Arcot|Arcot]] upon his request. Several officers and men were taken prisoners; of the former five were Europeans and one was a Maharashtrian.

English historians consider the attack to be unwarranted and unnecessary. Mark Wilks records that the Sultan was directly involved in the attack, that he suffered a leg injury and was crippled for life, and that his valuable jewelry was confiscated.<ref>Wilks, Mark, Historical Sketches of South India, Vol.III, Trivandrum, 1899, p.114.</ref> However, based on the Mathilakam documents, A. P. Ibrahim Kunju evaluates that the Sultan was not directly involved.<ref>Ibrahim Kunju, A.P., Mysore-Kerala Relations in the 18th Century, Trivandrum, 1784, p.34.</ref> The Madras Governor, Mr. Holland, refused to help Travancore, because he thought that the Maharaja had acted unlawfully in purchasing the Dutch forts <ref>Mil.Con.Gra., Vol.39, 1790, Letter from Raja of Travancore to John Holland, 1 January 1790.</ref><ref>7 Abraham, M.V., A Concise History of Travancore, Tiruvala, 1942, p.25.</ref><ref>36 Correspondence of Marquis of Cornwallis, Vol.II, p.52. 96</ref>
[[File:Tipu Sultan's cannon.jpg|thumb|250px|right|such small cannons were used by Tipu Sultan as it was easy to transport them]]

The Maharaja requested the Madras Governor to issue orders to the British army to co-operate with him in case of an attack from Tippu Sultan which was expected every moment. Help was promised but never rendered on time. On the second of March Tippu again started his attacks by a skirmish outside the wall and on the sixth March he ordered his artillery to move forward. The wall sustained heavy fire of the artillery for about a month but at last yielded,<ref>Gleig’s Life of Sir Thomas Munro, Vol.I, p.93.</ref> a breach three quarter of a mile long was formed. Later in April he came back with reinforcements and this time was able to break into the territory after making the way through the Nedumkotta. He destroyed the wall at ''Konoor kotaa'' or ''kottamuri'' and advanced further. He filled trenches for a few kilometres to enable his army to move forward.<ref>{{Cite web|title=TIPU SULTAN: AS KNOWN IN KERALA|url=http://voiceofdharma.org/books/tipu/ch04.htm|access-date=2021-07-19|website=voiceofdharma.org}}</ref>

The Travancore army found that resistance was useless, retreated and the Mysoreans entered Travancore. The two battalions of the Army of East India company were just spectators without giving any aid to the Travancore army. Many portions of the wall were destroyed during war, others later eroded away due to heavy rains, and trenches were filled up. The most of the ruins whatever left have also been lost due ignorance about the historical structure among the locals.<ref>Valath,V.V.K mentions in a local Daily, ''Mathrubhumi'' on 1978 July 6 about a cave being found when a village road was being excavated near ''krishnankotta'' and subsequently being destroyed. This he mentions was part of the structure.</ref>

Unfortunately, there are no memorials erected anywhere in [[Parur]], or [[Angamaly]] or [[Aluva|Alwaye]] to honour the [[Dharma Raja]], D'Lennoy who were the architects of the fort; or Raja Keshavadas under whose direct command a comparatively small army humbled and defeated the invading army of Tipu Sultan.<ref>{{Cite web|title=NEDUMKOTTA: TRAVANCORE DEFENCE FORTIFICATION|url=http://www.voiceofdharma.com/books/tipu/appe02.htm|access-date=2021-07-19|website=www.voiceofdharma.com}}</ref>
[[File:RobertHome - The Death of Colonel Moorhouse at the Storming of the Pettah Gate of Bangalore.jpg|thumb|right|East India company Advancing to Bangalore]]

Tippu Sultan and his advancing army encamped for the night on the vast bed of the [[Periyar (river)|Periyar river]] at [[Aluva|Alwaye]], when some discreet men of the Travancore army cut open a dam which had been erected across the river for agricultural purposes. Torrent of water came downstream and washed away war materials and moistened the gun powder meant for the cannons and artilleries . There was heavy casualties on the Mysore army that they found themselves in utter confusion. In the meantime East India company along with its Travancore contingent fought in [[Coimbatore]] and was successful in taking down the forts. English company also attacked [[Srirangapatna|Srirangapattanam]] and [[Bangalore]] with the aid of [[Nawab of Arcot]] and [[Maratha Empire|Marathas]]. The Company declared war on the Sultan in May 1790. This was the beginning of the [[Third Anglo-Mysore War]]. Hearing the Information that the British army was planning an attack on [[Srirangapatna]]m he started retreating from Travancore. On 24 May 1790 Tippu Sultan marched back to save his kingdom on 24th May, 1790.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2007-05-06|title=The Tiger and the Syrian Christians: Tipu Sultan’s ‘Padayottam’|url=https://www.nasrani.net/2007/05/06/the-tiger-and-the-syrian-christians-tipu-sultans-padayottam/|access-date=2021-07-19|website=Nasranis|language=en-US}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Mysore invasion of Kerala]]
* [[Mysorean invasion of Malabar]]

==Sources==
1. Valath, V.,V., K., ''Keralathile sthalacharithrangal - Thrissur Jilla''(in Malayalam),<ref>Place histories of Kerala - Thrissur District</ref> Kerala Sahitya academy 1981.
2. Kerala Charitradharakal (Historical Documents) by Naduvattam Gopalakrishnan, pp. 84–89.

3. Thiruvithamkur Charitram (Travancore History) by P. Sankunni Menon, p. 161.

4. Kerala Charitram (Kerala History) by A. Sreedhara Menon, p. 55.

5. Malabar Manual by William Logan, p. 455.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* [http://www.voiceofdharma.com/books/tipu/appe02.htm Nedumkotta]

{{coord missing|Kerala}}

{{Forts in Kerala}}

[[Category:History of Kerala]]
[[Category:Kingdom of Travancore]]
[[Category:Mysorean invasion of Malabar]]
[[Category:Forts in Kerala]]

Nedumkotta - Revision history

Bot: robot: Create/update articles. If there is a mistake please report on my talk page.

imported>Jellysandwich0 at 12:30, 27 August 2021