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{{short description|Ruling dynasty in Karnataka, India (1499–1763)}}
{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Use Indian English}}
{{Infobox Former Country
| native_name =
| conventional_long_name = Keladi Nayaka Kingdom
| common_name = Nayakas of Keladi
| region =
| status = empire
| status_text = Kingdom (Subordinate to [[Vijayanagara Empire]] until 1565). <br> [[Absolute monarchy|Independent Kingdom]] till 1763 A.D.
| era = [[History of Karnataka|Post-medieval]]
| government_type = Monarchy
| year_start = 1499
| year_end = 1763
| p1 = Vijayanagara Empire
| flag_p1 = Flag of vijaynagara.jpg
| s1 = Kingdom of Mysore
| flag_s2 = Flag of Mysore.svg
| s3 = Haleri Kingdom
| flag_s3 =
| image_map = Greatest Extent Of Keladi Kingdom during the reign of GracielaPortus9pa Nayaka.jpg
| image_map_caption = Greatest Extent Of Keladi Kingdom during the reign of Shivappa Nayaka.
| capital = [[Keladi]], [[Ikkeri]], [[Bidanur]]
| official_languages = [[Kannada]]
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| title_leader = [[Raja]]
| leader1 = Chowdappa Nayaka
| year_leader1 = 1499–1530
| leader2 = Queen Veerammaji
| year_leader2 = 1757–1763
| today = [[India]]
}}
[[File:ಗಂಡಭೇರುಂಡ.JPG|thumb|upright|[[Gandaberunda]] sculpted on roof, Rameshwara temple, [[Keladi]] ]]
[[File:Shivappa Nayaka Palace and garden.JPG|thumb|upright|[[Government Museum (Shivappa Nayaka Palace), Shivamogga|Shivappa Nayaka's palace]], Shivamogga, Karnataka]]
[[File:Shivappa Nayaka Palace in Shivamogga.JPG|thumb|upright|Front view of ''[[Durbar (court)|darbar]]'' hall of the Shivappa Nayaka palace]]
[[File:Bakel beach from fort 1.jpg|thumb|upright|The famous [[Bekal Fort]] at [[Kasargod]] in [[North Malabar|Malabar]], was built by Shivappa Nayaka]]
'''Nayakas of Keladi''' (1499–1763), also known as '''Nayakas of Bednore''' and '''Ikkeri Nayakas''', were an [[India]]n [[dynasty]] based in [[Keladi]] in present-day [[Shimoga district]] of [[Karnataka]], [[India]]. They were an important ruling dynasty in [[History of Karnataka|post-medieval Karnataka]]. They initially ruled as a vassal of the famous [[Vijayanagar Empire]]. After the fall of the empire in 1565, they gained independence and ruled significant parts of [[Malnad]] region of the [[Western Ghats]] in present-day Karnataka, most areas in the [[Kanara|coastal regions of Karnataka]], and parts of northern [[Kerala]], [[Malabar region|Malabar]] and the central plains along the [[Tungabhadra river|Tungabhadra]] river. In 1763 AD, with their defeat to [[Hyder Ali]], they were absorbed into the [[Kingdom of Mysore]]. They played an important part in the history of Karnataka,<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bK4Ba6824koC&q=kilidi&pg=PA128 |title=A journey from Madras through the ... – Google Books |isbn=9788120603868 |access-date=17 September 2011|last1=Buchanan |first1=Francis |last2=Hamilton |first2=Francis |year=1988 }}</ref> during a time of confusion and fragmentation that generally prevailed in [[South India]] after the fall of the Vijayanagar Empire. The Keladi rulers were of the [[Vokkaliga]]<ref name=“mythic”>{{cite book |title=The quarterly journal of the Mythic society Vol.XI|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.277202/page/n55/mode/2up |location=Bangalore|publisher=The Mythic Society, Daly Memorial Hall|page=47-48}}:”Venkatappa. ruled from 1504 to 1551.
His son Bhadrappa died before him. During his reign the Moghals under
Ranadullakhan seized Ikkeri and set up a, viceroy there. Then Virabhadrappa
Nayaka ascended the Gadi and -retiring to Bidarur ruled over his country
more peacefully than before.* His rule lasted for 15 years from 1551 to 1566.
During his reign the rule of Vokkaligas came to an end and was replaced by the rule of Banajigas”</ref> and [[Balija|Banajiga]]<ref name=“mythic”/> castes and were [[Lingayatism|Veerashaivas]] by faith.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZiOBi3DNj5kC&q=keladi+nayaka+lingayat&pg=PA10 | title=Keladi Nayakas - The Rebellious Rani of Belavadi and Other Stories | publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist | work=Basavaraj S. Naika | year=2001 | isbn=9788126901272 | access-date=22 May 2015}}</ref><ref name="Rulers of Keladi">{{cite web | url=http://www.udupitourism.com/Udupi-Keladi-Rulers | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808012707/http://www.udupitourism.com/Udupi-Keladi-Rulers | url-status=dead | archive-date=8 August 2014 | title=Rulers of Keladi | publisher=Udupi Tourism | access-date=7 August 2015 }}</ref> The [[Haleri Kingdom]] that ruled over [[Coorg]] between 1600 A.D and 1834 A.D. was founded by a member of the Keladi family.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/20079/on-haleri-trail.html | title=On Haleri Trail | work=Deccan Herald | access-date=23 May 2015}}</ref>

==Nayaka clan==
Chaudappa Nayaka, originally ''Chauda Gowda'', (1499–1530), was from a village called ''Pallibailu'' near [[Keladi (India)|Keladi]]. He was the son of couple ''Basavappa'' and ''Basavamambe'', who were into farming.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.gazetteer.kar.nic.in/gazetteer/pdf/1975-26-0/Shimoga_1975_Chapter2_History.pdf | title=History of Shimoga District, page 16 | publisher=District Gazette of Shimoga, Gazetteer Department, Government of Karnataka | access-date=8 August 2015}}</ref> He was the earliest chieftain to rule the area surrounding [[Shimoga]], rose through self capability and acumen and was a feudatory of [[Vijayanagara Empire]].

Sadashiva Nayaka (1530–1566)<ref name="Gold Coins of the World">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TlnoMdZu40UC&q=bednore+nayakas&pg=PA469 | title=Sadashiva Nayaka reign | isbn=9780871843081 | access-date=30 June 2015| last1=Friedberg | first1=Arthur L. | last2=Friedberg | first2=Ira S. | year=2009 }}</ref> was an important chieftain in the Vijayanagar Empire and earned the title ''Kotekolahala'' from emperor [[Aliya Rama Raya]] for his heroics in the battle of Kalyani.
The coastal provinces of Karnataka came under his direct rule. He moved the capital to [[Ikkeri]] some 20 km. from [[Keladi]].

Sankanna Nayaka (1566–1570), succeeded Sadashiva Nayaka.

Chikka Sankanna Nayaka (1570–1580) was an opportunistic ruler who took advantage of the confusion in the Vijayanagar Empire following its defeat at Tallikota and grabbed a few provinces in Uttara Kannada district.

Rama Raja Nayaka (1580–1586)

Hiriya Venkatappa Nayaka (1586–1629) is considered by scholars as ablest monarch of the clan. He completely freed himself from the overlordship of the relocated Vijayanagar rulers of Penugonda. Italian traveller [[Pietro Della Valle]], who visited his kingdom in 1623, called him an able soldier and administrator. In his reign the kingdom expanded so that it covered coastal regions, [[Malnad]] regions, and some regions to the east of the [[western Ghats]] of present-day Karnataka. He is also known to have defeated the Adilshahis of [[Bijapur Sultanate|Bijapur]] in Hanagal. Though a [[Virashaiva]] by faith, he built many temples for [[Vaishnavas]] and Jains and a mosque for Muslims. He defeated the Portuguese in 1618 and 1619.<ref>Portuguese Studies Review (ISSN 1057-1515) (Baywolf Press) p.34</ref>

Virabhadra Nayaka (1629–1645) faced many troubles from the start, including competition from rival Jain chieftains of Malenad for the throne of Ikkeri and invasion by the Sultanate armies of Bijapur. Ikkeri was plundered by the Bijapur army during his time.

[[Shivappa Nayaka]] (1645–1660) is widely considered as the ablest and greatest of the Keladi rulers. He was the uncle of Virabhadra Nayaka. Shivappa deposed his nephew to gain the throne of Keladi. He was not only an able administrator; he also patronised literature and fine arts. His successful campaigns against the Bijapur sultans, the Mysore kings, the Portuguese, and other Nayakas of the neighbouring territories east of the [[western ghats]] helped expand the kingdom to its greatest extent, covering large areas of present-day Karnataka. He gave importance to agriculture and developed new schemes for collection of taxes and revenues which earned him much praise from later British officials. A statue of him and the palace built by him containing many artifacts of his times are reminders of the respect he has earned even from the present generation of people of the region. He destroyed the Portuguese political power in the [[Kanara]] region by capturing all the Portuguese forts of the coastal region.<ref>Portuguese Studies Review (ISSN 1057-1515) (Baywolf Press) p.35</ref>

Chikka Venkatappa Nayaka (1660–1662), ruled for a short span of time after Shivappa Nayaka.

Bhadrappa Nayaka (1662–1664), succeeded Chikka Venkatappa Nayaka. During his reign the rule of Vokkaligas came to an end and was replaced by the rule of Banajigas.<ref>{{cite book |title=The quarterly journal of the Mythic society Vol.XI|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.277202/page/n55/mode/2up |location=Bangalore|publisher=The Mythic Society, Daly Memorial Hall|page=47-48}}:”Venkatappa. ruled from 1504 to 1551.
His son Bhadrappa died before him. During his reign the Moghals under
Ranadullakhan seized Ikkeri and set up a, viceroy there. Then Virabhadrappa
Nayaka ascended the Gadi and -retiring to Bidarur ruled over his country
more peacefully than before.* His rule lasted for 15 years from 1551 to 1566.
During his reign the rule of Vokkaligas came to an end and was replaced by the rule of Banajigas”</ref>

Somashekara Nayaka I (1664–1672) The King who was once a good administrator, gave up his interest in administration after his association with a dancer named Kalavati. Bharame Mavuta, a relative of Kalavati slow poisoned the king which eventually led to his death.

[[Keladi Chennamma]] (1672–1697) She was an able ruler who some scholars claim was allied with the Maratha [[Shivaji]] and later his son Sambhaji to defeat all rival claimants to the throne. She gave shelter to Chhatrapathi Rajaram when he fled from the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] army. Chennamma of Keladi is well remembered by local people through tales of her bravery.

Basavappa Nayaka (1697–1714) He was a brave ruler and was adopted by Rani Chennammaji from their relative
Markappa Shetty of Bedanur<ref>A journey from Madras through the countries of Mysore, Canara, and Malabar Vol 111 – 1807 – Francis Buchanan -from page 254
"[https://books.google.com/books?id=bK4Ba6824koC&dq=marcupa+chitty&pg=PA128]"</ref>

Somashekara Nayaka II (1714–1739)

Kiriya Basavappa Nayaka (1739–1754)

Chenna Basappa Nayaka (1754–1757)

Queen Virammaji (1757–1763) was defeated by Hyder Ali who merged the Keladi kingdom with the [[Kingdom of Mysore]]. The queen was captured by Hyder Ali and was kept in confinement along with her son in the fort of Madugiri.<ref name="ReferenceA">Advanced Study in the History of Modern India 1707-1813 by Jaswant Lal Mehta p.458</ref> They were however rescued in 1767 when [[Madhavrao I]] of the [[Maratha Empire]] defeated Hyder Ali in the battle of Madugiri. Later, they were sent to Pune the capital of the Maratha Empire for protection.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

==Decline and end==
For more than two hundred years the kingdom controlled the coastal and malnad regions of present-day Karnataka and fostered a rich tradition of trade with the English, the Portuguese, and the Dutch.<ref>{{cite book |last=Shastry |first=Bhagamandala Seetharama |author-link= |title=Goa-Kanara Portuguese Relations, 1498-1763|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=raLL0A3Pb_0C&q=Nayaka&pg=PP11 |location=New Delhi|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|page=112, 145-147, 180-204|isbn=8170228484}}</ref> However, in the period of gloom brought about by the fall of the great Hindu empire, the Vijayanagar empire, constant wars—campaigns against local chieftains and the [[Mysore Kingdom]] and the harassment of the [[Marathas]] finally drained the treasury and resulted in the end of the kingdom.

==Literature==

===Kannada===
*''Keladinripavijayam'' by Linganna
*''Shivagita'' by Tirumalabhatta

===Sanskrit===
*''Shivatattvaratnakara'' by King Basavappa
*''Tattva Kausthuba'' by Bhattoji Dikshita
*''Ashvapandita'' by Manapriya.

==Architecture==
[[File:Aghoreshwara temple at Ikkeri.jpg|thumb|220px|upright|Aghoreshwara temple at [[Ikkeri]]]]
[[File:Rameshwara Temple in Keladi.jpg|thumb|left|Rameshwara Temple in [[Keladi]]]]
[[File:Sculpture of Mahishasura Mardhini dated to the 12th century.JPG|thumb|200px|''Mahisha Mardhini'', a sculpture in the Shivappa Nayaka Palace and museum]]
The Keladi Nayakas built some fine temples in Ikkeri and Keladi using a combination of late [[Kadamba Dynasty|Kadamba]], [[Hoysala]], [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijayanagar]], and [[Dravidian architecture|Dravida]] styles. The use of granite for their construction shows they simply followed the Vijayanagar model of architecture. The Aghoreshwara temple at Ikkeri and the Rameshwara temple at Keladi are the best examples of the Nayakas' art. Vijayanagar-style pillars with hippogryphs are common; called ''yali'' columns (depiction of horses and lions as seen in [[Hampi]]) is found here. These are pillars with lions, either with their forepaws raised or simply in a sitting position, and pillars with a mythical horse-like animal with front legs raised, balancing on its rear legs, and with an armed rider on its back which are worth seeing at Ikkeri. A roof sculpture depicting a [[Gandaberunda]], the mythical two-headed bird of Karnataka, is found in Keladi. Also, in the Rameshwara temple, a pillar sculpture shows Maratha Rajaram with Keladi Chennamma (history has it that Rajaram was protected by the queen when he was on the run from the Mughals).

==Religious tolerance==
The Keladi Nayakas were [[Lingayatism|Lingayats]], patronized the religion, constructed numerous mutts and were responsible for the spread of [[Lingayatism]] to the [[Malenadu]] and [[Coastal Karnataka]].<ref name="Rulers of Keladi"/><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R84n-Wv1S-8C&q=keladi+nayaka+veerashaiva&pg=PA396 | title=Keladi Nayakas - Shivappa Nayaka and Chennamma, Community Dominance and Political Modernisation: The Lingayats | publisher=Shankaragouda Hanumanthagouda Patil | work=Mittal Publications | year=2002 | isbn=9788170998679 | access-date=22 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/Though-a-minority-they-make-their-presence-felt/articleshow/17211015.cms | title=Though a minority, they make their presence felt | work=The Times of India | access-date=22 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://lingayatreligion.com/Lingayat/Murugi_Matha.htm | title=Sri Jagadguru Murugharajendra Brihanmath Chitradurga | access-date=22 May 2015 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150528050216/http://lingayatreligion.com/Lingayat/Murugi_Matha.htm | archive-date=28 May 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wJwIAAAAQAAJ&q=Sivappa+nayaka+lingayat&pg=PA355 | title=Mysore and Coorg, a gazetteer - Keladi | year=1876 | publisher=Benjamin Lewis Rice | access-date=7 August 2015}}</ref> There were sixty four mutts in the district of [[Dakshina Kannada]] alone.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.newskarnataka.com/mangalore/beluvais-historic-lake-is-now-a-beautiful-swimming-pool | title=Beluvai's historic lake is now a beautiful swimming pool | publisher=News Karnataka | access-date=22 May 2015}}</ref> Nevertheless, they were tolerant towards followers of other religions and other [[Hindu]] denominations.
The Keladi Nayakas invited Kazi Mahmoud who was a grandson of chief kazi of Adil Shahi kingdom of Bijapur to settle in [[Bhatkal]]. The revenue of Tenginagundi village was given to Kazi Mahmoud. The kazi family of Bhatkal is popularly known as Temunday Family due to the ownership of lands in Tenginagundi. Many [[Nawayath]] Muslims were appointed in the administrative positions. The families of these nobles [[Nawayath]] still use their surnames as [[Ikkeri]] and are mainly settled in and around [[Bhatkal]]. The Golden Kalasa on the dome of [[Bhatkal]] Jamia Masjid popularly known as 'Chinnada Palli' meaning 'Golden Mosque' is believed to be a generous gift from Keladi rulers.

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Yali pillars in mantapa of Rameshwara temple at Keladi.jpg|Granite ''yali'' pillars, Rameshwara Temple, [[Keladi]], [[Shimoga District]]
File:Yali pillars1 in Aghoreshwara Temple in Ikkeri.jpg|Granite ''[[Yali (Hindu Mythology)|yali]]'' pillars, Aghoreshwara Temple, [[Ikkeri]], Shimoga District
File:Decorative pillar sculpture in Rameshwara Temple in Keladi.jpg|Wall [[Motif (visual arts)|motif]], Rameshwara Temple, Keladi, Shimoga District
Relief of Parrot feeding nestling in Rameshwara Temple at Keladi.jpg|Parrot feeding nestling in [[frieze]], Rameshwara Temple, Keladi, Shimoga District
File:ಸರ್ಪಬಂಧ.JPG|''Sarpabandha'', the snake chain
File:Ikkeri 02.JPG|''Nandi Mantapa''

File:Nandi (bull) in an mantapa with elegant entrance in the Aghoreshwara temple at Ikkeri.jpg|Monolith of [[Nandi (bull)|Nandi]] the bull inside the ''Nandi mantapa''
File:View of Nandi from inside the mantapa of Aghoreshwara temple at Ikkeri.jpg|Another view of ''Nandi Mantapa'' from the closed mantapa adjoining the sanctum
File:Ikkeri 04.JPG|Another view of ''Nandi Mantapa''
</gallery>

<gallery>
File:Ikkeri 03.JPG|Aghoreshwara Temple
File:Ikkeri 01.JPG|Aghoreshwara Temple
File:Close up of elephant baluster and outer wall relief in the Aghoreshwara temple at Ikkeri.jpg|side view
File:Wall relief and perforated window detail in the Aghoreshwara temple at Ikkeri.jpg|side view
File:Granite_pillars_in_hall_(mantapa)_of_Aghoreshwara_Temple_in_Ikkeri.jpg|''Rangamantapa'', the stage for performance
File:Nandi mantapa at Ikkeri Temple.JPG|Close up view of ''Nandi Mantapa''

</gallery>

<gallery>

File:ಬಿದನೂರು೩.JPG|''Bidanur'' or ''Bednore'' fort, Hosanagara
File:ಬಿದನೂರು೪.JPG|ruins of ''Bidanur'' or ''Bednore'' fort, Hosanagara
File:Aerial view of Kavale Durga Fort, Thirthahalli, Shimoga.jpg|''Kavaledurga fort'', Kavaledurga, Thirthahalli.
File:Curve shape fort wall.jpg|curved shape wall of the [[Basavaraj durga fort]] built by Shivappa Nayaka.
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[History of Karnataka]]
* [[Political history of medieval Karnataka]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
{{refbegin}}
* K.R. Venkataraman. The throne of transcendental wisdom: Śrī Śamkarācārya's Śāradā Pìtha in Śringeri, Page 58.
* Dr. Suryanath U. Kamath, A Concise history of Karnataka from pre-historic times to the present, Jupiter books, 2001, MCC, Bangalore (Reprinted 2002)
{{refend}}

{{Karnataka topics}}

[[Category:Nayakas of Keladi| ]]
[[Category:Lingayatism]]
[[Category:Dynasties of India]]
[[Category:History of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Hindu dynasties]]

Nayakas of Keladi - Revision history

Mohank6529: Started a unique article.