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{{Infobox writer
| honorific_prefix =
| name =
| image = Navalram Laxmiram Pandya.jpg
| caption =
| pseudonym =
| birth_name = Navalram Laxmiram Pandya
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1836|3|9}}
| birth_place = [[Surat]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1888|8|7|1836|3|9}}
| death_place = [[Rajkot]], British India
| occupation = Literary critic, playwright, poet, essayist, editor, educationist and a social reformer
| language = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
| residence =
| nationality =
| education =
| alma_mater =
| period =
| genre =
| subject =
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| notableworks = {{plainlist|
*''Bhatnu Bhopalu'' (1867)
* ''[[Kavijivan]]'' (1888)
}}
| spouse = {{marriage|Shivagauri|1847|end=her death}} {{marriage|Manigauri|1850}}
| children =
| relatives =
| awards =
| signature =
| years_active =
}}

'''Navalram Laxmiram Pandya''' ([[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]: નવલરામ) (9 March 1836 – 7 August 1888) was a Gujarati critic, playwright, poet, essayist, editor, educationist and a social reformer. He is considered to be a most important figure in modern [[Gujarati literature]]. The first humourist, the first historical dramatist, the first critic and a leading scholar of his age, Navalram was the first to herald the new generation of writers like [[Manilal Dwivedi]], [[Govardhanram Tripathi]] and [[Narsinhrao Divetia]]. His writings covered numerous areas, including philosophy, [[patriotism]], reformation, education, journalism, grammar and literature.

==Life==
Navalram was born on 9 March 1836 in [[Surat]] (now in [[Gujarat]]) to Nandkor and Lakshmiram Pandya. Physically weak as a child, he didn't take much interest in games and was introvert in nature. At the age of eleven, he passed the final vernacular exam and got admission in an English school as a free merit scholar.<ref name="Shukla1988">{{cite book|last=Shukla|first=Ramesh M.|title=Navalram|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rXQhAAAAMAAJ|year=1988|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|location=New Delhi|pages=10–11}}</ref> He passed his [[matriculation]] exam in 1853. Though he was a prodigy in mathematics he didn't go to college and joined as an Additional Teacher at the English High School in Surat in 1854. From there he went to [[Deesa]] and joined the Anglo Vernacular School. Then he became the assistant principal of [[Ahmedabad]] Training College and worked there from 1870 to 1876. In 1876, he became the Principal of [[Rajkot]] Training College and lived there until his death on 7 August 1888.<ref>{{cite book|title=report of the department of public instruction in the Bombay presidency|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s4IIAAAAQAAJ&pg=RA1-PA91|year=1870|pages=89–93}}</ref><ref name=gsp>{{cite web|url=http://www.gujaratisahityaparishad.com/prakashan/sarjako/savishesh/Savishesh-Navalram-Pandya.html|title=Navalram Pandya|language =Gujarati |publisher=[[Gujarati Sahitya Parishad]]|access-date=16 October 2014}}</ref><ref name="Jhaveri1978">{{cite book|author=Mansukhlal Maganlal Jhaveri|author-link=Mansukhlal Maganlal Jhaveri|title=History of Gujarati Literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DA0RAAAAMAAJ|year=1978|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|location=New Delhi|pages=86–100}}</ref>

In 1847, at the age of 11, he married Shivagauri, who died after 10 months of marriage. His second marriage was with Manigauri in 1850. His son, Dhimatram, was born in 1867, while his daughter, Kamla, in 1871.<ref name="Purnima Shah 1983">{{cite thesis |last=Shah |first=Purnima Manilal |title=Navalram Laxmiram Pandyanu Vangamay Vyaktitva: Yugasandarbhma |url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/47173 |language=gu |type=Ph.D. |year=1983 |publisher=Department of Gujarati, [[Gujarat University]] |location=Ahmedabad |pages=541–544}}</ref>

[[Govardhanram Tripathi]] and [[Vijayray Vaidya]] published his biography as ''Navalram Lakshmiram Ni Jivankatha'' (1940) and ''Shukra Tarak'' (1944) respectively.<ref name="Sen1979">{{cite book|editor-last=Sen|editor-first=S. P.|title=Historical Biography in Indian Literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ISQ4vAEACAAJ|chapter=Historical Biography in Gujarati Literature|last=Chavda|first=V. K.|chapter-url=http://dspace.wbpublibnet.gov.in:8080/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10689/12220/Chapter3_157-221p.pdf|year=1979|publisher=Institute of Historical Studies|location=Calcutta|oclc=773398543|page=202}}</ref>

==Works==
In addition to writing literary essays and book reviews, Navalram was a critic of distinction. He started his writing career with a report on the ''[[Maharaj Libel Case]]'' (1863).<ref name=gsp/><ref name="Jhaveri1978"/>

===Plays===
In 1867, he penned the Gujarati ''Bhatnu Bhopalu,'' based on [[Henry Fielding]]'s ''[[The Mock Doctor]]'', a play which in its turn had been adapted from French playwright [[Molière]]'s ''[[Le Médecin malgré lui]]''.<ref name="Dattavarious2006">{{cite book|author1=Amaresh Datta|author2=various|title=The Encyclopaedia Of Indian Literature (Devraj To Jyoti)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zB4n3MVozbUC&pg=PA1071|volume=2|date=1 January 2006|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-260-1194-0|page=1071}}</ref> He wrote the historical play ''Veermati'' in 1869, based on the story of [[Jagdev Parmar]], published in [[Alexander Kinloch Forbes]]' ''[[Ras Mala]]''.<ref name=gsp/><ref name="Jhaveri1978"/><ref name="Dattavarious2006"/><ref name="NatarajanNelson1996">{{cite book|author1=Nalini Natarajan|author2=Emmanuel Sampath Nelson|title=Handbook of Twentieth-century Literatures of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1lTnv6o-d_oC&pg=PA103|date=1 January 1996|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-28778-7|pages=103–104}}</ref><ref name="Kothari2014">{{cite book|author=Rita Kothari|title=Translating India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3e1QAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT45|date=8 April 2014|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-317-64215-2|pages=45–46}}</ref><ref name="Mukherjee1998">{{cite book|author=Sujit Mukherjee|title=A Dictionary of Indian Literature: Beginnings-1850|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YCJrUfVtZxoC&pg=PA259|date=1 January 1998|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=978-81-250-1453-9|pages=259–}}</ref>

===Criticism ===
He reviewed the first Gujarati novel, ''[[Karan Ghelo]]'' in ''Gujarat Mitra'' daily in 1867, pioneering the criticism of Gujarati literature.<ref name=gsp/><ref name="Jhaveri1978"/><ref>{{cite book|title=Indian Literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dqGojPpe8DIC&pg=PA306|year=1988|publisher=Prabhat Prakashan|page=306}}</ref>

===Prose===
Navalram was an editor of ''Gujarat Shala Patra'', a periodical on education.<ref name="Mukherjee1998"/><ref name="Divatia1993">{{cite book|author=Narsinhrao Divetia|author-link=Narsinhrao Divetia|title=Gujarati Language and Literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YgfK7P2SqEIC&pg=PA429|date=1 January 1993|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=978-81-206-0648-7|page=429}}</ref> He wrote serial commentary on poetry with humour titled ''Akbarshah ane Birbal Nimitte Hindi Hasyatarang'' in the periodical from 1860 to 1870. His other serialized writing in periodical ''Engrej Lok no Sankshipt Itihas'' (Concise History of Englishmen, 1880–1887) was later edited and published by [[Balwantray Thakore]] in 1924. He translated [[Kalidasa]]'s ''[[Meghadūta]]'' (1870) in Gujarati and also discussed the methodology of translation in it. ''[[Kavijivan]]'' (1888) is a biographical work on Gujarati poet and social reformer [[Narmad]] based on his autobiography, ''[[Mari Hakikat]]''.<ref name=gsp/><ref name="Jhaveri1978"/><ref name="NatarajanNelson1996"/><ref name="ChokshiTrivedi1991">{{cite book|author1=U. M. Chokshi|author2=M. R. Trivedi|title=Gujarat State Gazetteer|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wKLiAAAAMAAJ|year=1991|publisher=Director, Government Print., Stationery and Publications, Gujarat State|pages=380–382}}</ref>

===Others===
His poetry collections ''Balalagnabatrisi'' (1876) criticized [[child marriage]] while ''Balagarbavali'' (1877) is about ideals of life of women. He edited [[Premanand Bhatt]]'s ''Kunwarbai nu Mameru'' (1871).<ref name=gsp/><ref name="Jhaveri1978"/><ref name="Mukherjee1998"/> His ''Vyutpattipatha'' (1887) was a pioneer essay on [[philology]] in Gujarati while ''Nibandh-riti'' was an essay on writing [[essay]]s.<ref name="Mukherjee1998"/><ref name="Sebeok1971">{{cite book|author=Thomas Albert Sebeok|title=Current Trends in Linguistics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JqYMTdBws40C&pg=PA111|year=1971|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|page=111|id=GGKEY:58UAB133QTX}}</ref>

His complete works are published under ''Navalgranthavali'' (1891), edited by [[Govardhanram Tripathi]].<ref name=gsp/><ref name="Jhaveri1978"/><ref name="Mukherjee1998"/>

==See also==
* [[List of Gujarati-language writers]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading ==
*'Navalram' by Rameśa Ma Śukla, Published in 1988, Sahitya Akademi (New Delhi)
*Milestones in Gujarati Literature by K M Jhaveri.
*Brahmbhatt, Prasad. (2003) Kavyasarita. (Literary Criticism of the evolution of Poetry). Ahmedabad: Parshwa Publication.
*Trivedi, Ramesh. M. (1994) Arvachin Gujarati Sahityano Itihaas. (History of Modern Gujarati Literature). Ahmedabad: Adarsh Prakashan.
*Trivedi, Ramesh. M. (2005) Gujarati Sahityano Itihaas. (History of Gujarati Literature). Ahmedabad: Adarsh Prakashan.

==External links==
* {{GujLit author}}
* {{Internet Archive author|search=Navalram Pandya}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pandya, Navalram}}
[[Category:1836 births]]
[[Category:1888 deaths]]
[[Category:Gujarati-language writers]]
[[Category:Indian male essayists]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian educational theorists]]
[[Category:Indian critics]]
[[Category:Indian male journalists]]
[[Category:Gujarati-language poets]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian journalists]]
[[Category:Journalists from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Indian social reformers]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Indian male dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian essayists]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Dramatists and playwrights from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Scholars from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Translators to Gujarati]]
[[Category:Translators of Kalidasa]]

Navalram Pandya - Revision history

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