National Policy on Education - Revision history

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	The '''National Policy on Education (NPE)''' is a [[Government policy\|policy]] formulated by the [[Government of India]] to promote and regulate education in India. The policy covers elementary education to higher education in both rural and urban India. The first NPE was promulgated by the [[Government of India]] by Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]] in 1968, the second by Prime Minister [[Rajiv Gandhi]] in 1986, and the third by Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/national-education-policy-2020-all-you-need-to-know/articleshow/77239854.cms\|title=National Education Policy 2020: All You Need to Know\|website=The Times of India}}</ref>		The '''National Policy on Education''' ('''NPE''') is a [[Government policy\|policy]] formulated by the [[Government of India]] to promote and regulate education in India. The policy covers elementary education to higher education in both rural and urban India. The first NPE was promulgated by the [[Government of India]] by Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]] in 1968, the second by Prime Minister [[Rajiv Gandhi]] in 1986, and the third by Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/national-education-policy-2020-all-you-need-to-know/articleshow/77239854.cms\|title=National Education Policy 2020: All You Need to Know\|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com\|publisher=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

	==History==		==History==
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	===2020===		===2020===
	{{Main\|National Education Policy 2020}}		{{Main\|National Education Policy 2020}}
	In 2019, the Ministry of Human Resource Development released a Draft New Education Policy 2019, which was followed by a number of public consultations.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/state-education-boards-to-be-regulated-by-national-body-draft-nep/articleshow/71816449.cms\|title=State education boards to be regulated by national body: Draft NEP \|website=The Times of India\|access-date=2019-11-21}}</ref> ~~The Draft NEP~~ discusses reducing curriculum content to enhance essential learning, critical thinking and more holistic experiential, discussion-based and analysis-based learning.<ref>{{Cite news\|url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/treating-education-as-a-public-good/article29986292.ece\|title=Treating education as a public good\|last=Mattoo\|first=Amitabh\|date=2019-11-16\|work=The Hindu\|access-date=2019-11-21\|language=en-IN\|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> It also talks about a revision of the curriculum and pedagogical structure from a 10+2 system to a 5+3+3+4 system design in an effort to optimise learning for students based on cognitive development of children.		In 2019, the Ministry of Human Resource Development released a Draft New Education Policy 2019, which was followed by a number of public consultations.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/state-education-boards-to-be-regulated-by-national-body-draft-nep/articleshow/71816449.cms\|title=State education boards to be regulated by national body: Draft NEP \|website=The Times of India\|access-date=2019-11-21}}</ref> it discusses reducing curriculum content to enhance essential learning, critical thinking and more holistic experiential, discussion-based and analysis-based learning.<ref>{{Cite news\|url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/treating-education-as-a-public-good/article29986292.ece\|title=Treating education as a public good\|last=Mattoo\|first=Amitabh\|date=2019-11-16\|work=The Hindu\|access-date=2019-11-21\|language=en-IN\|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> It also talks about a revision of the curriculum and pedagogical structure from a 10+2 system to a 5+3+3+4 system design in an effort to optimise learning for students based on cognitive development of children.

	On 29 July 2020, the cabinet approved a new National Education Policy with an aim to introduce several changes to the existing Indian education system.<ref name="Announcement">{{cite web \|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/education/new-education-policy-2020-live-updates-cabinet-approves-nep-ramesh-pokhriyal-prakash-javadekar-6529139 \|title=New Education Policy 2020 HIGHLIGHTS: HRD Ministry New National Education Policy Latest News, MHRD NEP Today News Update \|access-date=2020-07-29}}</ref>		On 29 July 2020, the cabinet approved a new National Education Policy with an aim to introduce several changes to the existing Indian education system.<ref name="Announcement">{{cite web \|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/education/new-education-policy-2020-live-updates-cabinet-approves-nep-ramesh-pokhriyal-prakash-javadekar-6529139 \|title=New Education Policy 2020 HIGHLIGHTS: HRD Ministry New National Education Policy Latest News, MHRD NEP Today News Update \|access-date=2020-07-29}}</ref> Which will be introduced in India till 2026.

	==Related Policies==		==Related Policies==

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Reverted 1 edit by Dinesh5070 (talk) to last revision by Shaik21

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{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
The '''National Policy on Education (NPE)''' is a [[Government policy|policy]] formulated by the [[Government of India]] to promote and regulate education in India. The policy covers elementary education to higher education in both rural and urban India. The first NPE was promulgated by the [[Government of India]] by Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]] in 1968, the second by Prime Minister [[Rajiv Gandhi]] in 1986, and the third by Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/national-education-policy-2020-all-you-need-to-know/articleshow/77239854.cms|title=National Education Policy 2020: All You Need to Know|website=The Times of India}}</ref>

==History==
{{main|Education in India}}

Since the country's independence in 1947, the Indian government sponsored a variety of programmes to address the problems of illiteracy in both rural and urban India. [[Maulana Abul Kalam Azad]], India's first Minister of Education, envisaged strong central government control over education throughout the country, with a uniform educational system. The Union government established the University Education Commission (1948–1949), the Secondary Education Commission (1952–1953), University Grants Commission and the Kothari Commission (1964–66) to develop proposals to modernise India's education system. The Resolution on Scientific Policy was adopted by the government of [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], India's first Prime Minister. The Nehru government sponsored the development of high-quality scientific education institutions such as the [[Indian Institutes of Technology]]. In 1961, the Union government formed the [[National Council of Educational Research and Training]] (NCERT) as an autonomous organisation that would advise both the Union and state governments on formulating and implementing education policies.<ref name="NCERT">{{cite journal|title=NCERT|url=http://www.ncert.nic.in/html/pdf/FinalNCERT_ProfileBrochures.pdf|publisher=[[National Council of Educational Research and Training]]|access-date=2009-07-12}}</ref>

===1968===
Based on the report and recommendations of the Kothari Commission (1964–1966), the government of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi announced the first National Policy on Education in 1968, which called for a "radical restructuring" and proposed equal educational opportunities in order to achieve national integration and greater cultural and economic development.<ref name="A">{{cite journal|title=National Informatics Centre|url=http://www.education.nic.in/policy/npe-1968.pdf|url-status=dead|publisher=[[National Informatics Centre]]|pages=38–45|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090731002808/http://www.education.nic.in/policy/npe-1968.pdf|archive-date=31 July 2009|access-date=2009-07-12}}</ref> The policy called for fulfilling compulsory education for all children up to the age of 14, as stipulated by the [[Constitution of India]] and specialized training and qualification of teachers.<ref name="A" /> The policy called for a focus on the learning of regional languages, outlining the "[[three language formula]]" to be implemented in secondary education - the instruction of the [[English language]], the official language of the state where the school was based, and [[Hindi language|Hindi]].<ref name="A" /> Language education was seen as essential to reduce the gulf between the [[intelligentsia]] and the masses. Although the decision to adopt Hindi as the national language had proven controversial, the policy called for the use and learning of Hindi to be encouraged uniformly to promote a common language for all Indians.<ref name="A" /> The policy also encouraged the teaching of the ancient [[Sanskrit language]], which was considered an essential part of India's culture and heritage. The NPE of 1968 called for education spending to increase to six percent of the national income.<ref name="B">{{cite journal|title=National Informatics Centre|url=https://www.education.gov.in/hi/schemes-hindi|journal=PDF|publisher=[[National Informatics Centre]]|pages=38–45|access-date=2009-07-12}}{{Dead link|date=November 2018|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> As of 2013, the NPE 1968 has moved location on the national website.<ref>http://mhrd.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mhrd/files/NPE-1968.pdf{{Dead link|date=November 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

===1986===
In 1986, the government led by [[Rajiv Gandhi]] introduced a new National Policy on Education.<ref name="A401">{{cite web|title=National Education Policy 1986|url=http://education.nic.in/cd50years/g/T/49/0T490401.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090619075631/http://education.nic.in/cd50years/g/T/49/0T490401.htm|archive-date=19 June 2009|access-date=2009-07-12|publisher=[[National Informatics Centre]]|pages=38–45}}</ref> The new policy called for "special emphasis on the removal of disparities and to equalise educational opportunity," especially for Indian women, [[Scheduled Tribe]]s (ST) and the [[Scheduled Caste]] (SC) communities.<ref name="A401" /> To achieve such a social integration, the policy called for expanding scholarships, adult education, recruiting more teachers from the SCs, incentives for poor families to send their children to school regularly, development of new institutions and providing housing and services.<ref name="A401" /> The NPE called for a "child-centred approach" in primary education, and launched "Operation Blackboard" to improve primary schools nationwide.<ref name="A501">{{cite web|title=National Education Policy 1986|url=http://education.nic.in/cd50years/g/T/49/0T490A501.htm|access-date=2009-07-12|publisher=[[National Informatics Centre]]|pages=38–45}}{{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> The policy expanded the [[open university]] system with the [[Indira Gandhi National Open University]], which had been created in 1985.<ref name="A501" /> The policy also called for the creation of the "rural university" model, based on the philosophy of [[Mahatma Gandhi]], to promote economic and social development at the grassroots level in rural India.<ref name="A501" /> 1986 education policy expected to spent 6% of GDP on education.{{Citation needed|date=July 2020}}

=== 1992 ===
The 1986 National Policy on Education was modified in 1992 by the [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]] government.<ref name="HRD">{{cite web|title=National Policy on Education, 1986 (As modified in 1992)|url=http://www.education.nic.in/policy/npe86-mod92.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101126024709/http://education.nic.in/policy/npe86-mod92.pdf|archive-date=26 November 2010|access-date=3 March 2011|publisher=[[Ministry of Human Resource Development (India)|HRD Ministry]]}}</ref> In 2005, Former Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh]] adopted a new policy based on the "Common Minimum Programme" of his [[United Progressive Alliance]] (UPA) government.<ref name="AIEEE">{{cite web|title=AIEEE|url=http://aieee.nic.in/aieee2012/aieee/welcome.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120713090706/http://aieee.nic.in/aieee2012/aieee/welcome.html|archive-date=13 July 2012|access-date=15 July 2012|publisher=[[Ministry of Human Resource Development (India)|HRD Ministry]]}}</ref> Programme of Action (PoA) 1992, under the National Policy on Education (NPE), 1986 envisaged to conduct of a common entrance examination on all India basis for admission to professional and technical programmes in the country. For admission to Engineering and Architecture/Planning programmes, Government of India vide Resolution dated 18 October 2001 has laid down a Three – Exam Scheme (JEE and AIEEE at the National Level and the State Level Engineering Entrance Examinations (SLEEE) for State Level Institutions – with an option to join AIEEE). This takes care of varying admission standards in these programmes and helps in maintenance of professional standards. This also solves problems of overlaps and reduces physical, mental and financial burden on students and their parents due to multiplicity of entrance examinations.{{Clarification needed|reason=|date=July 2020}}

===2020===
{{Main|National Education Policy 2020}}
In 2019, the Ministry of Human Resource Development released a Draft New Education Policy 2019, which was followed by a number of public consultations.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/state-education-boards-to-be-regulated-by-national-body-draft-nep/articleshow/71816449.cms|title=State education boards to be regulated by national body: Draft NEP |website=The Times of India|access-date=2019-11-21}}</ref> The Draft NEP discusses reducing curriculum content to enhance essential learning, critical thinking and more holistic experiential, discussion-based and analysis-based learning.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/treating-education-as-a-public-good/article29986292.ece|title=Treating education as a public good|last=Mattoo|first=Amitabh|date=2019-11-16|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-11-21|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> It also talks about a revision of the curriculum and pedagogical structure from a 10+2 system to a 5+3+3+4 system design in an effort to optimise learning for students based on cognitive development of children.

On 29 July 2020, the cabinet approved a new National Education Policy with an aim to introduce several changes to the existing Indian education system.<ref name="Announcement">{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/education/new-education-policy-2020-live-updates-cabinet-approves-nep-ramesh-pokhriyal-prakash-javadekar-6529139 |title=New Education Policy 2020 HIGHLIGHTS: HRD Ministry New National Education Policy Latest News, MHRD NEP Today News Update |access-date=2020-07-29}}</ref>

==Related Policies==

*Right to Education (RTE) - Article 21-A in the Constitution of India to provide free and compulsory education of all children in the age group of six to fourteen years as a Fundamental Right
*National Programme for Education of Girls at Elementary Level (NPEGEL)
*Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan ([[Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan|RMSA]]) for development of secondary education, launched in 2009.<ref>{{cite web|title=Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan|url=http://india.gov.in/scheme/rashtriya-madhyamik-shiksha-abhiyan|publisher=National Informatics Centre|access-date=2 February 2014|author=Ministry of Human Resource Development}}</ref><ref name=edcil>{{cite web|title=Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan|url=http://edcilindia.co.in/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=71&Itemid=9|publisher=EdCIL (India) Limited|access-date=2 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203143306/http://edcilindia.co.in/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=71&Itemid=9|archive-date=3 February 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*Saakshar Bharat ([[Saakshar Bharat]]/Adult Education)<ref name="SB">{{cite web | url=http://saaksharbharat.nic.in | title=Saakshar Bharat | access-date=15 July 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120704150029/http://saaksharbharat.nic.in/ | archive-date=4 July 2012 | url-status=dead}}</ref> to create a literate society through a variety of teaching learning programmes for non-literate and neo-literate of 15 years and above.
*Rashtriya Uchchatar Shiksha Abhiyan ([[Rashtriya Uchchatar Shiksha Abhiyan|RUSA]]) for development of higher education, launched in 2013.<ref name="nitin">{{cite news|last=Nitin|title=What is Rashtriya Uchchatar Shiksha Abhiyaan (RUSA)?|url=http://education.oneindia.in/news/2013/11/13/what-is-rashtriya-uchchatar-shiksha-abhiyaan-rusa-007505.html|access-date=2 February 2014|newspaper=One India Education|date=13 November 2013}}</ref>
*Samagra Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA) - overarching programme for the school education to ensure equitable learning outcomes
*Inclusive Education for the Disabled at Secondary Stage (IEDSS)
*District Primary Education Program (DPEP) - launched in 1994 as a major initiative to revitalise the primary education system and to achieve the objective of universalisation of primary education.
*[https://mhrd.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mhrd/files/Draft_NEP_2019_EN_Revised.pdf Draft National Policy on Education 2019]

== See also ==
*[[Capitation fee]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
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==Further reading==

* {{cite book |last=Joshee |first=Reva |chapter=Citizenship Education in India: From Colonial Subjugation to Radical Possibilities |editor1=James Arthur |editor2=Ian Davies |editor3=Carole Hahn |title=SAGE Handbook of Education for Citizenship and Democracy |publisher=SAGE |year=2008 |ISBN=1412936209 |pp=175–188}}
* {{cite journal |last=Nair |first=Deepa |title=Contending 'Historical' Identities in India |journal=[[Journal of Educational Media, Memory, and Society]] |volume=1 |number=1 |year=2009 |pp=145–164 |JSTOR=43049323}}

{{Government Schemes in India}}

[[Category:1968 in India]]
[[Category:1986 in India]]
[[Category:Education policy in India]]
[[Category:Indira Gandhi administration]]
[[Category:Rajiv Gandhi administration]]