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2023-08-14T12:11:04Z

Removed empty portal template using script

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	==References==		==References==
	~~{{Portal\|Asia}}~~
	{{Reflist\|2}}		{{Reflist\|2}}

->Yobot: /* top */Removed invisible unicode characters + other fixes (Task 55), removed: ‎

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{{distinguish|National Front for the Liberation of Syria}}
{{Infobox organization
| image = [[File:Logo of Logo of National Alliance for the Liberation of Syria.svg|200px]]
| alt = Logo of National Alliance for the Liberation of Syria
| map =
| motto =
| formation = March 1982
| extinction =
| type =
| status =
| headquarters = [[Paris]]
| coords =
| leader_title2 =
| leader_name2 =
| main_organ =
| affiliations =
| budget =
| remarks =
| name = '''National Alliance for the Liberation of Syria''' <br /><small>'': التحالف الوطني لتحرير سورية''</small>
| image_border =
| size = 150px
| msize =
| malt =
| mcaption =
| abbreviation = NALS
| location =
| region_served = [[Syria]]
| membership =
| num_staff =
| num_volunteers =
}}

The '''National Alliance for the Liberation of Syria''' ({{lang-ar|التحالف الوطني لتحرير سورية}}, ''al-Taḥālluf al-waṭanī li-taḥrīr Sūriya'') was a coalition of [[Syrian opposition]] groups, supported by the [[Saddam Hussein|Iraqi government]].<ref name="r"/><ref name="m"/> The foundation of the National Alliance took place in [[Paris]] in March 1982.<ref name="t">Ismael, Tareq Y., and Jacqueline S. Ismael. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=lTWdeUAfHWAC The Communist Movement in Syria and Lebanon]''. Gainesville [u.a.]: University Press of Florida, 1998. p. 197</ref><ref name="l"/> The charter of the National Alliance was tramsitted by ''[[Voice of Arab Syria]]'' on March 22, 1982.<ref>''[https://books.google.com/books?id=V1ptAAAAMAAJ Mideast File]'', Vol. 1, eds 3–4. Learned Information, 1982. p. 404</ref> The National Alliance called for armed popular struggle in order to topple the [[Hafez al-Assad|al-Assad]] regime.<ref>Hopwood, Derek. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=d0YVAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA67 Syria 1945-1986: Politics and Society]''. London: Unwin Hyman, 1988. p. 67</ref>

The coalition gathered [[Islamism|Islamist]] and [[Arab nationalism|Arab nationalist]] factions,<ref name="m"/> consisting of the [[Ba'ath Party (Iraqi-dominated faction)|Syrian wing of the Baghdad-based Arab Socialist Baath Party]], the [[Muslim Brotherhood]] of Adnan Saad al-Din, the Islamic Front of Sheikh Abdul Fatah Abu Ghuda, the [[Syrian Democratic People's Party|Communist Party - Political Bureau]] of [[Riad al-Turk]], the [[Arab Socialist Movement|Arab Socialists]] of [[Akram al-Hawrani]] and the [[Arab Socialist Union (Syria)|Arab Socialist Union]] of [[Jassem Alwan]] and Mohammed al-Jarah, as well independent personalities [[Nasim al-Safarjalani]], Khaled Al-Hakim and Hamoud Choufi.<ref name="t"/><ref name="l">Lawson, Fred H. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=OHEXcM2hKN0C&pg=PA121 Why Syria Goes to War: Thirty Years of Confrontation]''. Ithaca [u.a.]: Cornell Univ. Press, 1996. p. 121</ref>

For the Iraqi government, the decision of the Syrian government to block Iraqi oil exports to the [[Mediterranean Basin|Mediterranean]] (in the context of Syria siding with [[Iran]] in the [[Iran–Iraq War]]) prompted it to support the launching of the National Alliance.<ref name="r">Maʻoz, Moshe, and A. Yaniv. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=VksOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA117 Syria Under Assad: Domestic Constraints and Regional Risks]''. London: Croom Helm in association with the Gustav Heinemann Institute of Middle Eastern Studies, University of Haifa, 1985. pp. 116-117</ref> The coalition was also reportedly obtaining support from [[Jordan]].<ref name="i">Dekmejian, R. Hrair. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=QeVs-4lWeUIC&pg=PA116 Islam in Revolution: Fundamentalism in the Arab World]''. Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press, 1994. p. 116</ref> For the Islamists, on the other hand, joining forces with secular groups had become a necessity after the defeat in [[Hama]] in the same year. The charter of the National Alliance had only one passage referring to the [[Islamic culture|Islamic heritage]] of Syria.<ref name="k">Khatib, Line. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=S6FMnCyvCu4C&pg=PA80 Islamic Revivalism in Syria: The Rise and Fall of Ba'thist Secularism]''. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon [England]: Routledge, 2011. p. 80</ref> This pragmatism caused dissent both within the [[Muslim Brotherhood of Syria|Muslim Brotherhood]] ranks (their military wing commander [[`Adnan `Uqla]] saw it as treason) as well as from Islamist forces abroad.<ref name="k"/><ref name="i"/><ref>Pipes, Daniel. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=J3PsAb1uV94C&pg=PA181 Greater Syria The History of an Ambition]''. New York: Oxford University Press, 1990. p. 181</ref> A group of [[Ulama|ulema]] led by Thahir Khayrallah broke away from the Muslim Brotherhood in protest against the National Alliance.<ref name="e">Pierret, Thomas. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=1YemPpfsU20C&pg=PA190 Religion and State in Syria: The Sunni Ulema Under the Ba'th]''. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2012. p. 190</ref>

However, in spite of its political breadth, it was unable to mobilize any popular revolt against the incumbent regime in [[Damascus]]. Instead, the activities of the coalition were largely limited to defamation against the Damascus government. Pro-Iraqi [[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Syrian Baathist]] leaders [[Shibli al-Aysami]] and [[Amin al-Hafiz]], representing the National Alliance, gave press interviews in which they accused [[Hafez al-Assad]] of being responsible for the loss of the [[Golan Heights]] in the [[Six-Day War]] in 1967, the [[1982 Hama massacre|atrocities in Hama]] and for pursuing a moderate line towards [[Israel]] and the [[United States]].<ref name="m">Mekhon Shiloaḥ le-ḥeḳer ha-Mizraḥ ha-tikhon ṿe-Afriḳah, and Merkaz Dayan le-ḥeḳer ha-Mizraḥ ha-Tikhon ṿe-Afriḳah (Universiṭat Tel-Aviv). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=m1XjHn8rrl4C Middle East Contemporary Survey]''. New York: Holmes & Meier, 1985. p. 648</ref> Notably the foundation of the National Alliance came after the Hama revolt, by the time the possibility for mobilizing opposition activities inside Syria was too late.<ref name="c">Kienle, Eberhard. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=1KQA-8ClP_UC&pg=PA86 Contemporary Syria: Liberalization between Cold War and Cold Peace]''. London: British Academic Press in association with the Centre of Near and Middle Eastern Studies, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, 1997. pp. 86-87</ref> By the mid-1980s the platform was defunct.<ref name="e"/>

==References==
{{Portal|Asia}}
{{Reflist|2}}

[[Category:Arab nationalism in Syria]]
[[Category:Arab nationalist militant groups]]
[[Category:Arab socialist organizations]]
[[Category:Defunct political party alliances in Syria]]
[[Category:History of the Ba'ath Party]]
[[Category:History of the Muslim Brotherhood]]
[[Category:Iraq–Syria relations]]
[[Category:Islamism in Syria]]
[[Category:Organizations associated with the Ba'ath Party]]
[[Category:Socialism in Syria]]
[[Category:1982 establishments in Syria]]

National Alliance for the Liberation of Syria - Revision history

CleanupBot II: Removed empty portal template using script

->Yobot: /* top */Removed invisible unicode characters + other fixes (Task 55), removed: ‎