Nathu La and Cho La clashes - Revision history

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	\| commander2 = {{flagdeco\|China}} [[Mao Zedong]]<br />{{small\|(Chairman of the [[Communist Party of China\|CPC]]/[[Central Military Commission (China)\|CMC]])}}<br />{{flagdeco\|China}} [[Maj. Gen.]] Wang Chenghan<br />{{small\|(Deputy commander of the [[Tibet Military District]])}}<br />{{flagdeco\|China}} [[Maj. Gen.]] Yu Zhiquan		\| commander2 = {{flagdeco\|China}} [[Mao Zedong]]<br />{{small\|(Chairman of the [[Communist Party of China\|CPC]]/[[Central Military Commission (China)\|CMC]])}}<br />{{flagdeco\|China}} [[Maj. Gen.]] Wang Chenghan<br />{{small\|(Deputy commander of the [[Tibet Military District]])}}<br />{{flagdeco\|China}} [[Maj. Gen.]] Yu Zhiquan
	\| units1 = {{army\|India}}		\| units1 = {{army\|India}}
	\| units2 =		\| units2 = {{army\|CHN}}
	{{army\|CHN}}
	\| strength1 = Part of the 112th Infantry Brigade		\| strength1 = Part of the 112th Infantry Brigade
	\| strength2 = 31st Infantry Regiment		\| strength2 = 31st Infantry Regiment
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	*3rd Artillery Regiment		*3rd Artillery Regiment
	\| casualties1 = '''Indian claims''':<br> 88 killed<br>163 wounded<ref name="People 1967 51">{{Cite book \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y2jVAAAAMAAJ \|title=Lok Sabha Debates \|last1=People \|first1=India Parliament House of the \|last2=Sabha \|first2=India Parliament Lok \|date=1967 \|publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat. \|pages=51– \|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Mishra JNU"/><br/>'''Chinese claims''':<br>101 killed <br>(65 Nathu La, 36 Cho La)<ref name="Fravel" />		\| casualties1 = '''Indian claims''':<br> 88 killed<br>163 wounded<ref name="People 1967 51">{{Cite book \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y2jVAAAAMAAJ \|title=Lok Sabha Debates \|last1=People \|first1=India Parliament House of the \|last2=Sabha \|first2=India Parliament Lok \|date=1967 \|publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat. \|pages=51– \|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Mishra JNU"/><br/>'''Chinese claims''':<br>101 killed <br>(65 Nathu La, 36 Cho La)<ref name="Fravel" />
	\| casualties2 = '''Indian claims''':<br>340 killed<br>450 wounded.<ref name="Mishra JNU"/><br>'''Chinese claims''': <br>32 killed (Nathu La), unknown (Cho La)<ref name="Fravel" />		\| casualties2 = '''Indian claims''':<br>340 killed<br>450 wounded<ref name="Mishra JNU"/><br>'''Chinese claims''': <br>32 killed (Nathu La), unknown (Cho La)<ref name="Fravel" />
	\| casualties3 =		\| casualties3 =
	\| notes =		\| notes =
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	}}		}}

	The '''Nathu La and Cho La clashes''', sometimes referred to as the '''Sino-Indian War of 1967''',<ref>{{Cite news\|last=Prashar\|first=Sakshi\|date=June 2020\|title=A history of Sino-Indian feuds: Times when China had to back down\|work=The Economic Times\|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/a-history-of-sino-indian-feuds-times-when-china-had-to-back-down/articleshow/76357150.cms\|access-date=2021-02-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news\|last=Mitter\|first=Rana\|date=September 2020\|title=The old scars remain: Sino-Indian war of 1967\|work=The Telegraph\|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/culture/books/review-watershed-1967-indias-forgotten-victory-over-china-by-probal-dasgupta/cid/1790853\|access-date=10 February 2021}}</ref> consisted of a series of border clashes between India and China alongside the border of the Himalayan [[Kingdom of Sikkim]], then an Indian [[protectorate]].		The '''Nathu La and Cho La clashes''', sometimes referred to as the '''1967 China–India standoff''', '''Sino-Indian War of 1967''',<ref>{{Cite news\|last=Prashar\|first=Sakshi\|date=June 2020\|title=A history of Sino-Indian feuds: Times when China had to back down\|work=The Economic Times\|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/a-history-of-sino-indian-feuds-times-when-china-had-to-back-down/articleshow/76357150.cms\|access-date=2021-02-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news\|last=Mitter\|first=Rana\|date=September 2020\|title=The old scars remain: Sino-Indian war of 1967\|work=The Telegraph\|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/culture/books/review-watershed-1967-indias-forgotten-victory-over-china-by-probal-dasgupta/cid/1790853\|access-date=10 February 2021}}</ref> '''Indo-China War of 1967''' or '''Second Sino-Indian War''', consisted of a series of border clashes between [[India]] and [[China]] alongside the border of the Himalayan [[Kingdom of Sikkim]], then an Indian [[protectorate]].

	The Nathu La clashes started on 11 September 1967, when China's [[People's Liberation Army]] (PLA) launched an attack on Indian posts at [[Nathu La]], and lasted till 15 September 1967. In October 1967, another military duel took place at [[Cho La (Sikkim and Tibet)\|Cho La]] and ended on the same day.		The Nathu La clashes started on 11 September 1967, when China's [[People's Liberation Army]] (PLA) launched an attack on Indian posts at [[Nathu La]], and lasted till 15 September 1967. In October 1967, another military duel took place at [[Cho La (Sikkim and Tibet)\|Cho La]] and ended on the same day.
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	== Clashes at Cho La ==		== Clashes at Cho La ==
	On 1 October 1967, another clash between India and China took place at [[Cho La, Sikkim\|Cho La]], ~~another~~ pass ~~on the Sikkim–Tibet border,~~ a few kilometers north of Nathu La.<ref name="Thapliyal" /><ref name="Fravel" />		On 1 October 1967, another clash between India and China took place at [[Cho La, Sikkim\|Cho La]], a border pass a few kilometers north of Nathu La.<ref name="Thapliyal" /><ref name="Fravel" />

	Scholar van Eekelen states that the duel was initiated by the Chinese troops after a scuffle between the two, when the Chinese troops infiltrated into the Sikkim-side of the border, claimed the pass and questioned the Indian occupation of it.<ref name="van Eekelen p.239" /><ref name="Bajpai p.193" />		Scholar van Eekelen states that the duel was initiated by the Chinese troops after a scuffle between the two, when the Chinese troops infiltrated into the Sikkim-side of the border, claimed the pass and questioned the Indian occupation of it.<ref name="van Eekelen p.239" /><ref name="Bajpai p.193" />

	China, however, asserted that the provocation had come from the Indian side. According to the Chinese version, Indian troops had infiltrated into the Chinese territory across the pass, made provocations against the stationed ~~Chinese troops~~, and opened fire on them.<ref name="Bajpai p.193">{{Cite book \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EB2l6dr_JlwC&pg=PA193 \|title=China's Shadow Over Sikkim: The Politics of Intimidation \|last=Bajpai \|first=G. S. \|date=1999 \|publisher=Lancer Publishers \|isbn=9781897829523 \|pages=193, 194 \|language=en}}</ref>		China, however, asserted that the provocation had come from the Indian side. According to the Chinese version, Indian troops had infiltrated into the Chinese territory across the pass, made provocations against the troops stationed there, and opened fire on them.<ref name="Bajpai p.193">{{Cite book \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EB2l6dr_JlwC&pg=PA193 \|title=China's Shadow Over Sikkim: The Politics of Intimidation \|last=Bajpai \|first=G. S. \|date=1999 \|publisher=Lancer Publishers \|isbn=9781897829523 \|pages=193, 194 \|language=en}}</ref>

	The military duel lasted one day,<ref>{{Cite book \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CnDlcP6L8iEC&pg=PA317 \|title=Beijing's Power and China's Borders: Twenty Neighbors in Asia \|last1=Elleman \|first1=Bruce \|last2=Kotkin \|first2=Stephen \|last3=Schofield \|first3=Clive \|date=2015 \|publisher=M.E. Sharpe \|isbn=9780765627667 \|pages=317 \|language=en}}</ref> during which the Chinese were driven away, and it boosted Indian morale.<ref name="van Eekelen p.239" /> According to Indian Maj. Gen. Sheru Thapliyal, the Chinese were forced to withdraw nearly three kilometers in Cho La during ~~this~~ clash.<ref name="Thapliyal" />		The military duel lasted one day,<ref>{{Cite book \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CnDlcP6L8iEC&pg=PA317 \|title=Beijing's Power and China's Borders: Twenty Neighbors in Asia \|last1=Elleman \|first1=Bruce \|last2=Kotkin \|first2=Stephen \|last3=Schofield \|first3=Clive \|date=2015 \|publisher=M.E. Sharpe \|isbn=9780765627667 \|pages=317 \|language=en}}</ref> during which the Chinese were driven away, and it boosted Indian morale.<ref name="van Eekelen p.239" /> According to Indian Maj. Gen. Sheru Thapliyal, the Chinese were forced to withdraw nearly three kilometers in Cho La during the clash.<ref name="Thapliyal" />

	== Casualties ==		== Casualties ==
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	== Analysis ==		== Analysis ==
	According to scholar [[Taylor Fravel]], the competition to control the disputed land in Chumbi valley had played a key role in escalating tensions in these events. Fravel has argued that these incidents demonstrate the effects of China's "regime insecurity" on the use of force. He states that three factors in these clashes emphasized the role of "declining claim strength in China's decision to initiate the use of force" against India. ~~First is~~ the Indian Army's expansion of size after the 1962 war leading to the strengthening of its borders with China. ~~Second is~~ the apparent Indian aggression in asserting its claims near the border. ~~Third is~~ the Chinese perceptions of Indian actions, for which Fravel says that the most unstable period of [[Cultural Revolution]] in China, which coincided with these incidents, was a possible contributing factor. Fravel remarks that the Chinese leaders possibly magnified the potential threat from India due to the border-tensions and the perceived pressure from India to strengthen its claims across the border, and decided that a severe attack was needed.<ref name="Fravel" />		According to scholar [[Taylor Fravel]], the competition to control the disputed land in Chumbi valley had played a key role in escalating tensions in these events. Fravel has argued that these incidents demonstrate the effects of China's "regime insecurity" on the use of force. He states that three factors in these clashes emphasized the role of "declining claim strength in China's decision to initiate the use of force" against India. The first was the Indian Army's expansion in size after the 1962 war, leading to the strengthening of its borders with China. The second was the apparent Indian aggression in asserting its claims near the border. The third was the Chinese perceptions of Indian actions, for which Fravel says that the most unstable period of [[Cultural Revolution]] in China, which coincided with these incidents, was a possible contributing factor. Fravel remarks that the Chinese leaders possibly magnified the potential threat from India due to the border tensions and the perceived pressure from India to strengthen its claims across the border, and decided that a severe attack was needed.<ref name="Fravel" />

	Fravel has stated that the initial Chinese attack was perhaps not authorized by the [[Central Military Commission (China)]]. He also noted that after the attack was launched at Nathu La by the Chinese, the then [[Premier of the People's Republic of China\|Chinese Premier]], [[Zhou Enlai]], instructed Chinese forces to return fire only when fired upon.<ref name="Fravel" />		Fravel has stated that the initial Chinese attack was perhaps not authorized by the [[Central Military Commission (China)]]. He also noted that after the attack was launched at Nathu La by the Chinese, the then [[Premier of the People's Republic of China\|Chinese Premier]], [[Zhou Enlai]], instructed Chinese forces to return fire only when fired upon.<ref name="Fravel" />

	~~According to scholar~~ John Garver, due to the Nathu La incident, Indian concerns were roused about China's intentions regarding Sikkim. Garver also remarks that India was "quite pleased with the combat performance of its forces in the Nathu La clashes, seeing it as signalling dramatic improvement since 1962 war."<ref name="Garver">{{Cite book \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TOVaMckcO0MC&pg=PA171 \|title=Protracted Contest: Sino-Indian Rivalry in the Twentieth Century \|last=Garver \|first=John W. \|date=2011 \|publisher=University of Washington Press \|isbn=9780295801209 \|pages=171 \|language=en}}</ref>		Scholar John Garver states that, due to the Nathu La incident, Indian concerns were roused about China's intentions regarding Sikkim. Garver also remarks that India was "quite pleased with the combat performance of its forces in the Nathu La clashes, seeing it as signalling dramatic improvement since 1962 war."<ref name="Garver">{{Cite book \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TOVaMckcO0MC&pg=PA171 \|title=Protracted Contest: Sino-Indian Rivalry in the Twentieth Century \|last=Garver \|first=John W. \|date=2011 \|publisher=University of Washington Press \|isbn=9780295801209 \|pages=171 \|language=en}}</ref>

	== Aftermath ==		== Aftermath ==
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	\| Brigadier [[Rai Singh Yadav]] \|\| [[The Grenadiers\|2nd Grenadiers]] \|\| [[Nathu La]], [[Sikkim]], [[India]]\|\| <ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://gallantryawards.gov.in/Awardee/rai-singh\|title=Lt Col Rai Singh – Maha Vir Chakra\|publisher=Gallantry Awards, Ministry of Defence, Govt of India website}}</ref>		\| Brigadier [[Rai Singh Yadav]] \|\| [[The Grenadiers\|2nd Grenadiers]] \|\| [[Nathu La]], [[Sikkim]], [[India]]\|\| <ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://gallantryawards.gov.in/Awardee/rai-singh\|title=Lt Col Rai Singh – Maha Vir Chakra\|publisher=Gallantry Awards, Ministry of Defence, Govt of India website}}</ref>
	\|-		\|-
	\| Lieutenant Colonel [[Mahatam Singh]] \|\| [[Jammu and Kashmir Rifles\|10 JAK Rifles]] \|\| [[Cho La (Sikkim and Tibet)\|Cho La]], [[Sikkim]], [[India]]\|\| <ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://gallantryawards.gov.in/Awardee/mahatam-singh\|title=Lt Col Mahatam Singh – Maha Vir Chakra\|publisher=Gallantry Awards, Ministry of Defence, Govt of India website}}</ref>		\| Lieutenant Colonel [[Mahatam Singh]]\|\| [[Jammu and Kashmir Rifles\|10 JAK Rifles]] \|\| [[Cho La (Sikkim and Tibet)\|Cho La]], [[Sikkim]], [[India]]\|\| <ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://gallantryawards.gov.in/Awardee/mahatam-singh\|title=Lt Col Mahatam Singh – Maha Vir Chakra\|publisher=Gallantry Awards, Ministry of Defence, Govt of India website}}</ref>
	\|-		\|-
	\| Major Harbhajan Singh (P) \|\| [[Rajput Regiment\|18 Rajput]]\|\| [[Nathu La]], [[Sikkim]], [[India]]\|\| <ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.honourpoint.in/profile/major-harbhajan-singh-mvc-2/\|title=Major Harbhajan Singh MVC\|publisher=HonourPoint}}</ref>		\| Major Harbhajan Singh (P) \|\| [[Rajput Regiment\|18 Rajput]]\|\| [[Nathu La]], [[Sikkim]], [[India]]\|\| <ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.honourpoint.in/profile/major-harbhajan-singh-mvc-2/\|title=Major Harbhajan Singh MVC\|publisher=HonourPoint}}</ref>
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	== External links ==		== External links ==
	* [http://veekay-militaryhistory.blogspot.com/2013/04/nathula-1967-real-story.html Nathu La; 1967 - The Real Story]; Veekay (Indian Army Corps), using the diary of Second Lieutenant N.C Gupta; ''cited by Willem van Eekelen in his book, Indian Foreign Policy and the Border Dispute with China: A New Look at Asian Relationships (p 238)''. [https://books.google.com/books?id=G3nsCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA238~~#v=onepage&q&f=false~~]		* [http://veekay-militaryhistory.blogspot.com/2013/04/nathula-1967-real-story.html Nathu La; 1967 - The Real Story]; Veekay (Indian Army Corps), using the diary of Second Lieutenant N.C Gupta; ''cited by Willem van Eekelen in his book, Indian Foreign Policy and the Border Dispute with China: A New Look at Asian Relationships (p 238)''. [https://books.google.com/books?id=G3nsCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA238]

	{{China–India relations}}		{{China–India relations}}

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	\| image_size = 250px		\| image_size = 250px
	\| caption = World map from 1967 with China and India highlighted		\| caption = World map from 1967 with China and India highlighted
	\| date = 11–14 September 1967 (Nathu La)<br />1 October 1967 (Cho La)		\| date = 11–14 September 1967 (Nathu La)<br />({{Age in years, months, weeks and days\|month1=9\|day1=11\|year1=1967\|month2=9\|day2=14\|year2=1967}})<br />1 October 1967 (Cho La)
	\| place = [[Nathu La]] and [[Cho La (Sikkim and Tibet)\|Cho La]], on the border between [[China]] and the [[Kingdom of Sikkim]]		\| place = [[Nathu La]] and [[Cho La (Sikkim and Tibet)\|Cho La]], on the border between [[China]] and the [[Kingdom of Sikkim]]
	\| territory =		\| territory =
	\| result = Indian victory<ref name="Chellaney" /><ref name="Praagh" /><ref name="Hoontrakul" />		\| result = Indian victory<ref name="Chellaney" /><ref name="Praagh" /><ref name="Hoontrakul" />
	* Chinese ~~offensives on~~ Nathu La and Cho La ~~repelled~~		* Chinese initiative retreat from Nathu La and Cho La
	\| combatant1 = {{flag\|India}}		\| combatant1 = {{flag\|India}}
	\| combatant2 = {{flag\|China}}		\| combatant2 = {{flag\|China}}
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	\| commander2 = {{flagdeco\|China}} [[Mao Zedong]]<br />{{small\|(Chairman of the [[Communist Party of China\|CPC]]/[[Central Military Commission (China)\|CMC]])}}<br />{{flagdeco\|China}} [[Maj. Gen.]] Wang Chenghan<br />{{small\|(Deputy commander of the [[Tibet Military District]])}}<br />{{flagdeco\|China}} [[Maj. Gen.]] Yu Zhiquan		\| commander2 = {{flagdeco\|China}} [[Mao Zedong]]<br />{{small\|(Chairman of the [[Communist Party of China\|CPC]]/[[Central Military Commission (China)\|CMC]])}}<br />{{flagdeco\|China}} [[Maj. Gen.]] Wang Chenghan<br />{{small\|(Deputy commander of the [[Tibet Military District]])}}<br />{{flagdeco\|China}} [[Maj. Gen.]] Yu Zhiquan
	\| units1 = {{army\|India}}		\| units1 = {{army\|India}}
	\| units2 = {{~~armed forces~~\|~~China~~}}		\| units2 =
			{{army\|CHN}}
	\| strength1 = Part of the 112th Infantry Brigade		\| strength1 = Part of the 112th Infantry Brigade
	\| strength2 = 31st Infantry Regiment		\| strength2 = 31st Infantry Regiment
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	*3rd Artillery Regiment		*3rd Artillery Regiment
	\| casualties1 = '''Indian claims''':<br> 88 killed<br>163 wounded<ref name="People 1967 51">{{Cite book \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y2jVAAAAMAAJ \|title=Lok Sabha Debates \|last1=People \|first1=India Parliament House of the \|last2=Sabha \|first2=India Parliament Lok \|date=1967 \|publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat. \|pages=51– \|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Mishra JNU"/><br/>'''Chinese claims''':<br>101 killed <br>(65 Nathu La, 36 Cho La)<ref name="Fravel" />		\| casualties1 = '''Indian claims''':<br> 88 killed<br>163 wounded<ref name="People 1967 51">{{Cite book \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y2jVAAAAMAAJ \|title=Lok Sabha Debates \|last1=People \|first1=India Parliament House of the \|last2=Sabha \|first2=India Parliament Lok \|date=1967 \|publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat. \|pages=51– \|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Mishra JNU"/><br/>'''Chinese claims''':<br>101 killed <br>(65 Nathu La, 36 Cho La)<ref name="Fravel" />
	\| casualties2 = '''~~Chinese~~ claims''': <br>32 killed ~~(Nathu La), unknown (Cho La)~~<ref name="~~Fravel~~" /> <br>'''~~Indian~~ claims''':<br>~~340~~ killed~~<br>450 wounded.~~<ref name="~~Mishra JNU~~"/>		\| casualties2 = '''Indian claims''':<br>340 killed<br>450 wounded.<ref name="Mishra JNU"/><br>'''Chinese claims''': <br>32 killed (Nathu La), unknown (Cho La)<ref name="Fravel" />
	\| casualties3 =		\| casualties3 =
	\| notes =		\| notes =

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{{Short description|Border clashes between China and India in 1967}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Nathu La and Cho La Clashes
| partof =
| image = China India Locator (1959).svg
| image_size = 250px
| caption = World map from 1967 with China and India highlighted
| date = 11–14 September 1967 (Nathu La) 1 October 1967 (Cho La)
| place = [[Nathu La]] and [[Cho La, Sikkim|Cho La]], on the border between [[China]] and the [[Kingdom of Sikkim]]
| territory =
| result = Indian victory<ref name="Chellaney" /><ref name="Praagh" /><ref name="Hoontrakul" />
* Chinese offensives on Nathu La and Cho La repelled
| combatant1 = {{flag|India}}
| combatant2 = {{flag|China}}
| commander1 = {{flagdeco|India}} [[Zakir Husain (politician)|Zakir Husain]] ([[President of India|President]]) {{flagdeco|India}} [[Indira Gandhi]] ([[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]]) {{flagdeco|India}} [[General (India)|Gen.]] [[P. P. Kumaramangalam]] {{small|([[Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Chief of the Army Staff]])}} {{flagdeco|India}} [[Lt. Gen.]] [[Jagjit Singh Aurora]]<ref name="Thapliyal">{{cite web |url=http://www.claws.in/595/the-nathu-la-skirmish-when-chinese-were-given-a-bloody-nose-sheru-thapliyal.html |title=The Nathu La skirmish: when Chinese were given a bloody nose |last=Sheru Thapliyal (Retired Major General of the Indian Army, who commanded the Nathu La Brigade.) |website=www.claws.in |year=2009 |orig-year=first published in the FORCE Magazine, 2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923204622/https://www.claws.in/595/the-nathu-la-skirmish-when-chinese-were-given-a-bloody-nose-sheru-thapliyal.html |archive-date=23 September 2015}}</ref> {{flagdeco|India}} [[Maj. Gen.]] [[Sagat Singh]]<ref name="Thapliyal" /> {{flagdeco|India}} [[Brig.]] [[Rai Singh Yadav]] {{small|([[The Grenadiers|2 Grenadiers]])}}
| commander2 = {{flagdeco|China}} [[Mao Zedong]] {{small|(Chairman of the [[Communist Party of China|CPC]]/[[Central Military Commission (China)|CMC]])}} {{flagdeco|China}} [[Maj. Gen.]] Wang Chenghan {{small|(Deputy commander of the [[Tibet Military District]])}} {{flagdeco|China}} [[Maj. Gen.]] Yu Zhiquan
| units1 = {{army|India}}
| units2 = {{armed forces|China}}
| strength1 = Part of the 112nd Infantry Brigade
| strength2 = 31st Infantry Regiment
*4th Rifle Company
*6th Rifle Company
*2nd Machine Company
*2nd Artillery Company
75th Artillery Battalion
308th Artillery Brigade<ref>{{citation|title=中国人民解放军步兵第十一师军战史 |trans-title=Battle Records of the 11th Division of the People's Liberation Army, Part II |pages=337–338 }} {{citation |url=https://ishare.iask.sina.com.cn/f/19300608.html |title=Extract on a personal web page at ishare.iask.sina.com.cn}}</ref>
*3rd Artillery Regiment
| casualties1 = '''Indian claims''': 88 killed 163 wounded<ref name="People 1967 51">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y2jVAAAAMAAJ |title=Lok Sabha Debates |last1=People |first1=India Parliament House of the |last2=Sabha |first2=India Parliament Lok |date=1967 |publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat. |pages=51– |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Mishra JNU"/> '''Chinese claims''': 101 killed (65 Nathu La, 36 Cho La)<ref name="Fravel" />
| casualties2 = '''Chinese claims''': 32 killed (Nathu La), unknown (Cho La)<ref name="Fravel" /> '''Indian claims''': 340 killed 450 wounded.<ref name="Mishra JNU"/>
| casualties3 =
| notes =
| campaignbox =
}}
{{Contains special characters|Indic}}
The '''Nathu La and Cho La clashes''', sometimes referred to as the '''Sino-Indian War of 1967''',<ref>{{Cite news|last=Prashar|first=Sakshi|date=June 2020|title=A history of Sino-Indian feuds: Times when China had to back down|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/a-history-of-sino-indian-feuds-times-when-china-had-to-back-down/articleshow/76357150.cms|access-date=2021-02-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Mitter|first=Rana|date=September 2020|title=The old scars remain: Sino-Indian war of 1967|work=The Telegraph|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/culture/books/review-watershed-1967-indias-forgotten-victory-over-china-by-probal-dasgupta/cid/1790853|access-date=10 February 2021}}</ref> consisted of a series of border clashes between India and China alongside the border of the Himalayan Kingdom of [[Kingdom of Sikkim|Sikkim]], then an Indian [[protectorate]].

The Nathu La clashes started on 11 September 1967, when China's [[People's Liberation Army]] (PLA) launched an attack on Indian posts at [[Nathu La]], and lasted till 15 September 1967. In October 1967, another military duel took place at [[Cho La, Sikkim|Cho La]] and ended on the same day.

According to independent sources, India achieved "decisive tactical advantage" and managed to hold its own against and push back Chinese forces.<ref name="Chellaney"/><ref name="Praagh">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TbpU0HngYhoC&pg=PA301 |title=Greater Game: India's Race with Destiny and China |last=Van Praagh |first=David |date=2003 |publisher=McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP |isbn=9780773525887 |pages=301 |language=en |quote=(Indian) ''jawans'' trained and equipped for high-altitude combat used US provided artillery, deployed on higher ground than that of their adversaries, to decisive tactical advantage at Nathu La and Cho La near the Sikkim-Tibet border.}}</ref><ref name="Hoontrakul">{{citation |first=Ponesak |last=Hoontrakul |chapter=Asia's Evolving Economic Dynamism and Political Pressures |editor1=P. Hoontrakul |editor2=C. Balding |editor3=R. Marwah |title=The Global Rise of Asian Transformation: Trends and Developments in Economic Growth Dynamics |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RrKYBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA37 |year=2014 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan US |isbn=978-1-137-41236-2 |page=37 |quote=Cho La incident (1967) - Victorious: India / Defeated : China}}</ref> Many PLA fortifications at Nathu La were destroyed,<ref name="Fravel">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=02Hjr6RUckwC&pg=PA197 |title=Strong Borders, Secure Nation: Cooperation and Conflict in China's Territorial Disputes |last=Fravel |first=M. Taylor |date=2008 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-1400828876 |pages=197–199 |language=en}}</ref> where the Indian troops drove back the attacking Chinese forces.<ref name="Chellaney">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZCmFAAAAMAAJ |title=Asian Juggernaut: The Rise of China, India, and Japan |last=Brahma Chellaney |author-link=Brahma Chellaney |date=2006 |publisher=[[HarperCollins]] |isbn=9788172236502 |pages=195 |language=en |quote=Indeed, Beijing's acknowledgement of Indian control over Sikkim seems limited to the purpose of facilitating trade through the vertiginous Nathu-la Pass, the scene of bloody artillery duels in September 1967 when Indian troops beat back attacking Chinese forces.}}</ref>
The competition to control the disputed borderland in [[Chumbi Valley|Chumbi valley]] is seen as a major cause for heightening the tensions in these incidents. Observers have commented that these clashes indicated the decline of 'claim strength' in China's decision to initiate the use of force against India, and stated that India was greatly pleased with the combat performance of its forces in the Nathu La clashes, seeing it as a sign of striking improvement since its defeat in the [[Sino-Indian War|1962 Sino-Indian War]].

== Background ==
Following the 1962 [[Sino-Indian War]], tensions continued to run high along the Himalayan border shared by India and China. Influenced by its previous defeat, the Indian Army raised a number of new units, nearly doubling their deployed forces along the disputed region. As a part of this military expansion, seven mountain divisions were raised to defend India's northern borders against any Chinese attack. Most of these divisions were not based near the border, save for the [[Chumbi Valley]], where both Indian and Chinese troops are stationed on both sides at close range. Particularly at the [[Nathu La]] pass in the valley, alongside the [[Kingdom of Sikkim|Sikkim]]-[[Tibet]] border, the deployed Chinese and Indian forces are stationed about 20–30 meters apart, which is the closest of anywhere on the 4000 km [[Line of Actual Control|Sino-Indian border]]. The border here is said to have remained "un-demarcated". Chinese held the northern shoulder of the pass, while the Indian Army held the southern shoulder. Two major parts of the pass, south and north of Nathu La, namely ''Sebu La'' and ''Camel’s back,'' were held by the Indians. From 1963, small-scale clashes in the region were frequently reported in the press.<ref name="Thapliyal" /><ref name="Fravel" /><ref name="Bajpai p.184" /> On 16 September 1965, during the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]], China issued an ultimatum to India to vacate the Nathu La pass. However, GOC 17 mountain division's Major General, [[Sagat Singh]], refused to do so, arguing that Nathu La was on the watershed which comprised the natural boundary.<ref name="Eekelen235">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G3nsCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA235 |title=Indian Foreign Policy and the Border Dispute with China: A New Look at Asian Relationships |last=van Eekelen |first=Willem |date=2015 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789004304314 |pages=235–236 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=Singh308>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cJDsk_g6tXUC&pg=PA308 |title=Leadership in the Indian Army: Biographies of Twelve Soldiers |last=Singh |first=V. K. |date=2005 |publisher=SAGE Publications |isbn=9780761933229 |pages=308, 309 |language=en}}</ref>

Starting from 13 August 1967, Chinese troops started digging trenches in Nathu La on the Sikkimese side. Indian troops observed that some of the trenches were "clearly" to the Sikkemese side of the border, and pointed it out to the local Chinese commander [[Zhang Guohua]], who was asked to withdraw from there. Yet, in one instance, the Chinese filled the trenches again and left after adding 8 more loudspeakers to the existing 21. Indian troops decided to stretch a [[barbed wire]] along the ridges of Nathu La in order to indicate the boundary.<ref name="Thapliyal" /><ref name="Bajpai p.184">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EB2l6dr_JlwC&pg=PA184 |title=China's Shadow Over Sikkim: The Politics of Intimidation |last=Bajpai |first=G. S. |date=1999 |publisher=Lancer Publishers |isbn=9781897829523 |pages=184–186 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="van Eekelen p.239">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G3nsCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA239 |title=Indian Foreign Policy and the Border Dispute with China: A New Look at Asian Relationships |last=van Eekelen |first=Willem |date=2015 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789004304314 |location=The Netherlands |pages=239– |language=en}}</ref>

Accordingly, from 18 August, wires were stretched along the border, which was resented by the Chinese troops. After two days, armed with weaponry, Chinese troops took positions against the Indian soldiers who were engaged in laying the wire but made no firing.<ref name="Thapliyal" /><ref name="Fravel" /><ref name="Bajpai p.184" />

Again on 7 September, when the Indian troops started stretching another barbed wire along the southern side of Nathu La, the local Chinese commanders along with the troops rushed to the spot and issued a "serious warning" to an Indian Lt. Col. [[Rai Singh Yadav]] to stop the work, after which a scuffle took place in which some soldiers from both sides were injured. Chinese troops were agitated by the injuries to their two soldiers.<ref name="Thapliyal" /><ref name="Fravel" /><ref name="Bajpai p.184" />

In order to settle the situation, the Indian military hierarchy decided to lay another wire in the centre of the pass from Nathu La to Sebu La to indicate their perceived border, on 11 September 1967.<ref name="Thapliyal" />

== Clashes at Nathu La ==
Accordingly, in the morning of 11 September 1967, the engineers and ''jawans'' (soldiers) of Indian Army started laying the stretch of fencing from Nathu La to Sebu La along the perceived border. According to an Indian account, immediately a Chinese Political [[Commissar]] [[Ren Rong]], with a section of Infantry, came to the centre of the pass where the Indian Lt. Col. Rai Singh Yadav was standing with his commando platoon. Rong asked Yadav to stop laying the wire. Indian soldiers refused to halt, saying they were given orders. An argument started which soon turned into a scuffle. After that, the Chinese went back to their bunkers and the Indians resumed laying the wire.<ref name="Thapliyal" /><ref name="Fravel" /><ref name="van Eekelen p.239" />

Within a few minutes of this, a whistle was blown from the Chinese side followed by medium machine gun firing against Indian troops from north shoulder. Due to the lack of cover in the pass, the Indian troops initially suffered heavy casualties. Shortly thereafter, the Chinese also opened artillery against the Indians. A little later, Indian troops opened artillery from their side. The clashes lasted through the day and night, for the next three days, with use of artillery, mortars and machine guns, during which the Indian troops "beat back" the Chinese forces. Five days after the clashes had started, an "uneasy" ceasefire was arranged. Due to the advantageous position Indian troops had because of their occupation of high grounds at the pass in Sebu La and Camel's back, they were able to destroy many Chinese bunkers at Nathu La.<ref name="Chellaney"/><ref name="Thapliyal" /><ref name="Fravel" /><ref name="van Eekelen p.239" /><ref name="Bajpai p.186" />

The corpses of fallen soldiers were exchanged on 15 and 16 September.<ref name="Thapliyal" /><ref name="Bajpai p.186">{{Cite book|last=Bajpai|first=G. S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EB2l6dr_JlwC&pg=PA186|title=China's Shadow Over Sikkim: The Politics of Intimidation|date=1999|publisher=Lancer Publishers|isbn=9781897829523|pages=186–191|language=en}}</ref>

The Indian and Western perspectives attributed the initiation of these clashes to the Chinese side.<ref name="Garver" /> The Chinese, however, blamed the Indian troops for provoking the clashes, alleging that the firing had started from the Indian side.<ref name="Bajpai p.186" />

== Clashes at Cho La ==
On 1 October 1967, another clash between India and China took place at [[Cho La, Sikkim|Cho La]], another pass on the Sikkim–Tibet border, a few kilometers north of Nathu La.<ref name="Thapliyal" /><ref name="Fravel" />

Scholar van Eekelen states that the duel was initiated by the Chinese troops after a scuffle between the two, when the Chinese troops infiltrated into the Sikkim-side of the border, claimed the pass and questioned the Indian occupation of it.<ref name="van Eekelen p.239" /><ref name="Bajpai p.193" />

China, however, asserted that the provocation had come from the Indian side. According to the Chinese version, Indian troops had infiltrated into the Chinese territory across the pass, made provocations against the stationed Chinese troops, and opened fire on them.<ref name="Bajpai p.193">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EB2l6dr_JlwC&pg=PA193 |title=China's Shadow Over Sikkim: The Politics of Intimidation |last=Bajpai |first=G. S. |date=1999 |publisher=Lancer Publishers |isbn=9781897829523 |pages=193, 194 |language=en}}</ref>

The military duel lasted one day,<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CnDlcP6L8iEC&pg=PA317 |title=Beijing's Power and China's Borders: Twenty Neighbors in Asia |last1=Elleman |first1=Bruce |last2=Kotkin |first2=Stephen |last3=Schofield |first3=Clive |date=2015 |publisher=M.E. Sharpe |isbn=9780765627667 |pages=317 |language=en}}</ref> during which the Chinese were driven away, and it boosted Indian morale.<ref name="van Eekelen p.239" /> According to Indian Maj. Gen. Sheru Thapliyal, the Chinese were forced to withdraw nearly three kilometers in Cho La during this clash.<ref name="Thapliyal" />

== Casualties ==
The [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Defence Ministry of India ]] reported: 88 killed and 163 wounded on the Indian side, while 340 killed and 450 wounded on the Chinese side, during the two incidents.<ref name="People 1967 51">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y2jVAAAAMAAJ |title=Lok Sabha Debates |last1=People |first1=India Parliament House of the |last2=Sabha |first2=India Parliament Lok |date=1967 |publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat. |pages=51– |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Mishra JNU">{{citation |chapter=The period of stalemate (1963–1975) |title=Changing contours of India–China relationship, 1963–1991: A study in bilateral, regional and international perspectives |last=Mishra |first=Keshav |publisher=Jawaharlal Nehru University/Shodhganga |year=2001 |hdl=10603/30868 |url=http://hdl.handle.net/10603/30868 |chapter-url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/30868/6/06_chapter%202.pdf |at=55}}</ref>

According to Chinese claims, the number of soldiers killed was 32 on the Chinese side and 65 on the Indian side in Nathu La incident; and 36 Indian soldiers and an 'unknown' number of Chinese were killed in the Cho La incident.<ref name="Fravel" />

== Analysis ==
According to scholar [[Taylor Fravel]], the competition to control the disputed land in Chumbi valley had played a key role in escalating tensions in these events. Fravel has argued that these incidents demonstrate the effects of China's "regime insecurity" on the use of force. He states that three factors in these clashes emphasized the role of "declining claim strength in China's decision to initiate the use of force" against India. First is the Indian Army's expansion of size after the 1962 war leading to the strengthening of its borders with China. Second is the apparent Indian aggression in asserting its claims near the border. Third is the Chinese perceptions of Indian actions, for which Fravel says that the most unstable period of [[Cultural Revolution]] in China, which coincided with these incidents, was a possible contributing factor. Fravel remarks that the Chinese leaders possibly magnified the potential threat from India due to the border-tensions and the perceived pressure from India to strengthen its claims across the border, and decided that a severe attack was needed.<ref name="Fravel" />

Fravel has stated that the initial Chinese attack was perhaps not authorized by the [[Central Military Commission (China)]]. He also noted that after the attack was launched at Nathu La by the Chinese, the then [[Premier of the People's Republic of China|Chinese Premier]], [[Zhou Enlai]], instructed Chinese forces to return fire only when fired upon.<ref name="Fravel" />

According to scholar John Garver, due to the Nathu La incident, Indian concerns were roused about China's intentions regarding Sikkim. Garver also remarks that India was "quite pleased with the combat performance of its forces in the Nathu La clashes, seeing it as signalling dramatic improvement since 1962 war."<ref name="Garver">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TOVaMckcO0MC&pg=PA171 |title=Protracted Contest: Sino-Indian Rivalry in the Twentieth Century |last=Garver |first=John W. |date=2011 |publisher=University of Washington Press |isbn=9780295801209 |pages=171 |language=en}}</ref>

== Aftermath ==
The Sino-Indian border remained peaceful after these incidents till [[2020 China–India skirmishes]].<ref name="Thapliyal" />

[[Sikkim]] became an Indian state in 1975, after a referendum which resulted in overwhelming support for the removal of monarchy and a full merger with India.<ref name="David Scott">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xvCrAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA80 |title=Handbook of India's International Relations |last=Scott |first=David |date=2011 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781136811319 |pages=80 |language=en}}</ref> The [[1975 Sikkimese monarchy referendum|Indian annexation of Sikkim]] was not recognised by China during the time.<ref name="David Scott" /><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vqvHBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT433 |title=A Handbook of China's International Relations |last=Breslin |first=Shaun |date=2012 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781136938450 |pages=433 |language=en}}</ref> In 2003, China indirectly recognised Sikkim as an Indian state, on agreement that India accept that the [[Tibet Autonomous Region]] as a part of China, though India had already done so back in 1953.<ref name="David Scott" /><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nyk6oA2nOlgC&q=india+recognized+tibet+1953&pg=PA87 |publisher= Pearson |title=Aspects of India's International Relations, 1700 to 2000: South Asia and the World |year= 2007 |page=87|isbn= 9788131708347 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G3nsCgAAQBAJ |title=Indian Foreign Policy and the Border Dispute with China: A New Look at Asian Relationships |last=van Eekelen |first=Willem |date=2015 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789004304314 |location=The Netherlands |pages=36– |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4HICit08CEkC&pg=PA243 |title=Between Two Fires: Towards an Understanding of Jawaharlal Nehru's Foreign Policy |last=Singh |first=Iqbal |date=1998 |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=9788125015857 |pages=243– |language=en}}</ref> This mutual agreement led to a thaw in [[China–India relations|Sino-Indian relations]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3015840.stm |title=India and China agree over Tibet |work=BBC News}}</ref><ref name="Map">{{cite news |first=Amit |last=Baruah |url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/04/12/stories/2005041210160100.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050414013354/http://www.hindu.com/2005/04/12/stories/2005041210160100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 April 2005 |title=China backs India's bid for U.N. Council seat |date=12 April 2005 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=17 March 2009}}</ref>

Chinese Premier [[Wen Jiabao]] said in 2005 that "Sikkim is no longer the problem between China and India."<ref name="David Scott" />

==Military Awards==

===Maha Vir Chakra===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Name !! Unit !! Place of action!! Citation
|-
| Brigadier [[Rai Singh Yadav]] || [[The Grenadiers|2nd Grenadiers]] || [[Nathu La]], [[Sikkim]], [[India]]|| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gallantryawards.gov.in/Awardee/rai-singh|title=Lt Col Rai Singh – Maha Vir Chakra|publisher=Gallantry Awards, Ministry of Defence, Govt of India website}}</ref>
|-
| Lieutenant Colonel [[Mahatam Singh]] || [[Jammu and Kashmir Rifles|10 JAK Rifles]] || [[Cho La (Sikkim and Tibet)|Cho La]], [[Sikkim]], [[India]]|| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gallantryawards.gov.in/Awardee/mahatam-singh|title=Lt Col Mahatam Singh – Maha Vir Chakra|publisher=Gallantry Awards, Ministry of Defence, Govt of India website}}</ref>
|-
| Major [[Maj. Harbhajan Singh|Harbhajan Singh]] (P) || [[18 Rajput]] || [[Nathu La]], [[Sikkim]], [[India]]|| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.honourpoint.in/profile/major-harbhajan-singh-mvc-2/|title=Major Harbhajan Singh MVC|publisher=HonourPoint}}</ref>
|}

===Vir Chakra===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Name !! Unit !! Place of action!! Citation
|-
| Captain Prithvi Singh Dagar (P) || [[The Grenadiers|2nd Grenadiers]] || [[Nathu La]], [[Sikkim]], [[India]]|| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gallantryawards.gov.in/Awardee/prithi-singh-dagar|title=Captain Prithi Singh Dagar – Maha Vir Chakra|publisher=Gallantry Awards, Ministry of Defence, Govt of India website}}</ref>
|-
| Havaldar Lakhsmi Chand (P) || [[The Grenadiers|2nd Grenadiers]] || [[Nathu La]], [[Sikkim]], [[India]]|| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gallantryawards.gov.in/Awardee/lakhmi-chand|title=Havaldar Lakhmi Chand – Maha Vir Chakra|publisher=Gallantry Awards, Ministry of Defence, Govt of India website}}</ref>
|-
| Sepoy Gokal Singh || [[18 Rajput]] || [[Nathu La]], [[Sikkim]], [[India]]|| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gallantryawards.gov.in/Awardee/gokal-singh|title=Sepoy Gokal Singh MVC|publisher=Gallantry Awards, Ministry of Defence, Govt of India website}}</ref>
|}

==In popular culture==
The Nathu La clashes between the Indian Army and Chinese Army are depicted in the 2018 Indian Hindi-language film [[Paltan (film)]], starring [[Jackie Shroff]] as Maj. General [[Sagat Singh]], [[Arjun Rampal]] as Lt. Col. [[Rai Singh Yadav]], [[Harshvardhan Rane]] as Maj. Harbhajan Singh, [[Gurmeet Choudhary]] as Capt. Prithvi Singh Dagar and [[Abhilash Chaudhary]] as Hav. Lakshmi Chand.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt7162758/|title=Paltan|publisher=IMDB}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Sino-Indian war]]
*[[1987 Sino-Indian skirmish]]
*[[2017 China India border standoff]]
*[[2020 China–India skirmishes]]
*[[Dogra–Tibetan War]]

== References ==
{{Reflist |30em}}

== Further reading ==
* [http://www.claudearpi.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/WhitePaper14NEW.pdf Notes, memoranda and letters exchanged between the Governments of India and China <nowiki>[February 1967 – April 1968]</nowiki>]; Ministry of External Affairs (India).
*Probal DasGupta (17 February 2020). ''Watershed 1967: India’s Forgotten Victory Over China''. Juggernaut.

== External links ==
* [http://veekay-militaryhistory.blogspot.com/2013/04/nathula-1967-real-story.html Nathu La; 1967 - The Real Story]; Veekay (Indian Army Corps), using the diary of Second Lieutenant N.C Gupta; ''cited by Willem van Eekelen in his book, Indian Foreign Policy and the Border Dispute with China: A New Look at Asian Relationships (p 238)''. [https://books.google.com/books?id=G3nsCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA238#v=onepage&q&f=false]

{{China–India relations}}
{{Military of India}}
{{PRC conflicts}}

{{coord missing|Sikkim}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chola Incident}}
[[Category:Conflicts in 1967]]
[[Category:Wars involving the People's Republic of China]]
[[Category:Wars involving India]]
[[Category:History of the Republic of India]]
[[Category:History of Sikkim]]
[[Category:1967 in China]]
[[Category:1967 in India]]
[[Category:1960s in Sikkim]]
[[Category:China–India military relations]]