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{{Short description|An initiative by environment activists to save river Narmada}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2012}}
[[File:NBA logo.jpg|thumb|Narmada Bachao Andolan logo]]
'''''Narmada Bachao Andolan''''' (NBA) is an Indian [[social movement]] spearheaded by native tribals (''[[adivasis]]''), [[farmer]]s, [[environmentalist]]s and [[human rights]] [[activist]]s against a number of large dam projects across the [[Narmada River]], which flows through the states of [[Gujarat, India|Gujarat]], [[Madhya Pradesh]] and [[Maharashtra]].
[[Sardar Sarovar Dam]] in Gujarat is one of the biggest dams on the river and was one of the first focal points of the movement. It is part of the Narmada Dam Project, whose main aim is to provide irrigation and electricity to people of the above states.

The mode of campaign under NBA includes court actions, [[hunger strike]]s, rallies and gathering support from notable film and art personalities. The NBA, with its leading spokespersons [[Medha Patkar]] and [[Baba Amte]], received the [[Right Livelihood Award]] in 1991.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rightlivelihoodaward.org/laureates/medha-patkar-and-baba-amte-narmada-bachao-andolan/|title=Medha Patkar and Baba Amte / Narmada Bachao AndolanThe RightLivelihood Award|website=www.right livelihoodaward.org|access-date=2016-10-25|archive-date=26 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161026002522/http://www.rightlivelihoodaward.org/laureates/medha-patkar-and-baba-amte-narmada-bachao-andolan/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==History==
After India's independence in 1947, under the newly formed government headed by [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], investigations were carried out to evaluate mechanisms for using water from the [[Narmada River]],<ref name="narmadapreinvestigation">{{cite news |url=http://www.nca.gov.in/imp_date.html |title=Relevant dates prior to the constitution of the tribunal|work=Narmada Control Authority |access-date=2008-02-10}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> which flows into the [[Arabian Sea]] after passing through the states of [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Gujarat]]. The formation of the Narmada Water Disputes Tribunal was triggered by interstate differences in implementing schemes and sharing of water by the [[Government of India]] on 6 October 1969 to adjudicate over the disputes.<ref name="NWDT">{{cite news |title=Relevant dates before the constitution of the tribunal|work=Narmada Valley Development Government of Madhya Pradesh }}</ref> The tribunal investigated the matters referred to it and responded after more than 10 years. The Narmada Tribunal aimed to set out conditions regarding the resettlement and rehabilitation of those displaced by the dams.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Story of Narmada Bachao Andolan: Human Rights in the Global Economy and the Struggle Against the World Bank|last=Narula|first=Smita|publisher=New York University School of Law|year=2008|pages=7}}</ref> On 12 December 1979, after ten years of investigation, the decision as given by the tribunal, with all the parties at dispute binding to it, was released by the Indian government.<ref name="NWDT"/>

As per the tribunal's decision, 30 major, 135 medium, and 3000 small dams were approved for construction, including raising the height of the [[Sardar Sarovar Project|Sardar Sarovar dam]].<ref name=" NWDT"/> This decision was motivated by the assumption that it would provide water to around forty million people, irrigation, and electricity to people in the region.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Role of Law in Counter-Hegemonic Globalization and Global Legal Pluralism: Lessons from the Narmada Valley Struggle in India|last=Rajagopal|first=Balakrishnan|publisher=Leiden Journal of International Law|pages=358}}</ref> Thus, the construction began.

In 1985, after hearing about the Sardar Sarovar dam, Medha Patkar and her colleagues visited the project site and noticed that project work was being checked due to an order by the [[Ministry of Environment and Forests (India)|Ministry of Environment and Forests]], Government of India. The reasons for this was cited as "non-fulfillment of basic environmental conditions and the lack of completion of crucial studies and plans".<ref>{{cite book | last = Fisher | first = William | title = Toward Sustainable Development?: Struggling Over India's Narmada River | publisher = M. E. Sharpe | year = 1995 | pages = 157–158 | ISBN = 978-1-56324-341-7}}</ref> The people who were going to be affected by the construction of the dam were given no information but the offer for rehabilitation.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Towards Sustainable Development?: Struggling Over India's Narmada River|last=Fisher|first=William|publisher=M.E Sharpe |year=1995 |isbn=978-1-56324-341-7 |pages=159}}</ref> Villagers weren't consulted and weren't asked for a feedback on the assessment that had taken place. Furthermore, the officials related to the project had not even checked the land records and updated them.<ref name=":0" /> While [[World Bank]], the financing agency for this project, came into the picture, Patkar approached the Ministry of Environment to seek clarifications. After seeking answers from the ministry, she realized that the project was not sanctioned at all and wondered as to how funds were even sanctioned by the World Bank. After several studies, they realized that the officials had overlooked the post-project problems.<ref>{{cite book | last = Fisher | first = William | title = Toward Sustainable Development?: Struggling Over India's Narmada River | publisher = M. E. Sharpe | year = 1995 | pages = 159–160 | ISBN = 978-1-56324-341-7}}</ref>

Through Patkar's channel of communication between the government and the residents, she provided critiques to the project authorities and the governments involved. At the same time, her group realized that all those displaced were given compensation only for the immediate standing crop and not for displacement and rehabilitation.<ref>{{cite book | last = Fisher | first = William | title = Toward Sustainable Development?: Struggling Over India's Narmada River | publisher = M. E. Sharpe | year = 1995 | ISBN = 978-1-56324-341-7 | page = 161}}</ref>

As Patkar remained immersed in the Narmada struggle, she chose to quit her PhD studies to focus entirely on the Narmada activity.<ref name="bio">{{cite news|url=http://www.womeninworldhistory.com/imow-Patkar.pdf|title=Medha Patkar: Biography|work=Women in World History|access-date=2008-02-10|archive-date=13 July 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070713181808/http://www.womeninworldhistory.com/imow-Patkar.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Thereafter, she organized a 36-day solidarity march among the neighboring states of the Narmada valley from Madhya Pradesh to the Sardar Sarovar dam site.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mehta|first=Mona G.|date=2010-10-12|title=A river of no dissent: Narmada Movement and coercive Gujarati nativism|journal=South Asian History and Culture |volume=1 |issue=4 |pages=509–528 |doi=10.1080/19472498.2010.507023|issn=1947-2498}}</ref> She said that the march was "a path symbolizing the long path of struggle (both immediate and long-term) that [they] really had".<ref name="book166">{{cite book | last = Fisher | first = William | title = Toward Sustainable Development?: Struggling Over India's Narmada River | publisher = M. E. Sharpe | year = 1995 | isbn = 978-1-56324-341-7 | page = 166}}</ref> The march was resisted by the police, who according to Patkar were "caning the marchers and arresting them and tearing the clothes off women activists".<ref name="book166"/>

Within the focus of the NBA towards the stoppage of the Sardar Sarovar Dam, Patkar advised adding the World Bank to its propaganda.<ref name="bio" /> Using the right to [[Fasting#Fasting as a statement|fasting]], she undertook a 22-day fast that almost took her life.<ref name="fasting">{{Cite web |url=https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2006/07/over-her-dead-body/ |title=Over Her Dead Body |date=2006-06-27 |website=Mother Jones |access-date=2019-08-20 |archive-date=21 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190821011626/https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2006/07/over-her-dead-body/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Patkar's actions did force the World Bank to set up The Morse Commission, an independent review of the project.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|title=Progress on the Environmental Front: The Regulation of Industry and Development in India |first1=Kathleen D. |last1=Yurchak |first2=Armin |last2=Rosencranz |journal=Hastings International and Comparative Law Review |year=1996|volume=19 |number=3 |page=515}}</ref> Their report clearly stated that the Bank's policies on environment and resettlement were being violated by the project.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The World Bank and Human Rights: The Need for Greater Accountability |last=Clark |first=Dana |publisher=HARV. HUM. RTS. |year=2002|pages=205, 217}}</ref> The World Bank's participation in these projects was canceled in 1993.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title=Masters of Illusion: The World Bank and the Poverty of Nations|last=Caufield|first=Catherine|year=1996|pages=Ch–1}}</ref> Before the World Bank could pull out, the Indian Government did.<ref name=":1" />

She undertook a similar fast in 1993 and resisted evacuation from the dam site.<ref name="fasting" /> In 1994, the Narmada Bachao Andolan office was attacked reportedly by a couple of political parties, and Patkar and other activists were physically assaulted and verbally abused.<ref name="southasiabook">{{cite book |title=Green Backlash: Global Subversion of the Environmental Movement |last=Rowell |first=Andrew |publisher=Routledge |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-415-12827-8 |page=[https://archive.org/details/greenbacklashglo0000rowe/page/285 285] |url=https://archive.org/details/greenbacklashglo0000rowe/page/285 }}</ref> In protest, a few NBA activists and she began a fast; 20 days later, they were arrested and forcibly fed intravenously.<ref name="southasiabook" />

The Sardar Sarovar Dam's construction began again in 1999 after the construction was allowed and was declared finished in 2006. It was inaugurated in 2017 by Prime Minister [[Narendra Damodardas Modi]]. Since construction in 2017, the height has been increased from 138 meters to 163 meters.{{fact|date=November 2017}}

==Formation==
There were many groups such as Gujarat-based Narmada Asargrastha Samiti, Madhya Pradesh-based Narmada Ghati Nav Nirman Samiti (Committee for a New Life in the Narmada Valley) and Maharashtra-Based Narmada Dharangrastha Samiti (Committee for Narmada Dam-Affected People) who either believed in the need for fair rehabilitation plans for the people or who vehemently opposed dam construction despite a resettlement policy.<ref name="book23">{{cite book | last = Fisher | first = William | title = Toward Sustainable Development?: Struggling Over India's Narmada River | publisher = M. E. Sharpe | year = 1995 | isbn = 978-1-56324-341-7 | page = 23}}</ref>

Narmada Bachao Andolan was also joined by several NGOs with local people, professionals, and activists as the founders with a non-violent approach.<ref name="book23"/> It was led by Medha Patkar. Nationally, they wanted an alternative structure of development and internationally, they wanted to build pressure on the World Bank to take accountability.<ref>Narula, Smita (2008). ''The Story of Narmada Bachao Andolan: Human Rights in the Global Economy and the Struggle Against the World Bank''. NEW YORK UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF LAW. p. 5.</ref>

NBA's slogans include - Vikas Chahiye, Vinash Nahin! (Development wanted, not destruction) and "koi nahi hatega, bandh nahi banega!" (we won't move, the dam won't be constructed).<ref>Rajagopal, Balakrishnan (2005). ''The Role of Law in Counter-Hegemonic Globalization and Global Legal Pluralism: Lessons from the Narmada Valley Struggle in India''. 18 Leiden Journal of International Law. pp. 365– 366</ref>

== Role of the World Bank ==
The World Bank began working on the Narmada Project after it got clearance from the Narmada Water Disputes Tribunal.<ref name=":3">Caufield, Catherine (1996). Masters of Illusion: The World Bank and the Poverty of Nations. p. 11.</ref> The bank sent a team for the assessment of the project in economic and technical terms. This team didn't focus on the social or environmental issues.<ref name=":4">Caufield, Catherine (1997). Masters of Illusion: The World Bank and the Poverty of Nations. p. 12.</ref> What Jawaharlal Nehru thought of as temples of the independent India, i.e. the dams, have already displaced 11 million Indians.<ref name=":4" />

However, the Bank realised the harm that it had done by sanctioning the loan for the project and thus announced that the new projects should "ensure that, after a reasonable transition period, the displaced people regain at least their previous standard of living."<ref>World Bank Operational Manual Statement No. 2.33: Social Issues Associated with Involuntary Settlement in Bank-Financed Projects.</ref> Despite this, the relocation process was flawed. Several tribal people have been harmed by the project. The Bank then adopted certain policies to ensure proper relocation of the tribal people and protect them from the forced relocation .<ref name=":2" /> The Indian government, however, did not adopt these policies.<ref>Rajagopal, Balakrishnan (2005). The Role of Law in Counter-Hegemonic Globalisation and Global Legal Pluralism: Lessons from the Narmada Valley Struggle in India. 18 Leiden Journal of International Law. pp. 345– 355.</ref>

In 1985, irrespective of the harm done by the Sardar Sarovar project, the World bank sanctioned a loan to the state governments for construction purposes.<ref>Armin Rosencranz, Kathleen D. Yurchak. Progress on the Environmental Front: The Regulation of Industry and Development in India. 19 Hastings International and Company. p. 514</ref> The Bank did ask for a proper resettlement design but also said, "The argument in favour of the Sardar Sarovar Project is that the benefits are so large that they substantially outweigh the costs of the immediate human and environmental disruption."<ref name=":2" />

Medha Patkar and other protesters testified on the Bank's role in Washington D.C in 1989. This led to a build-up of pressure on the Bank to set an independent review to assess the situation at hand. A lot of support was withdrawn from the project after this.

The Morse Commission was established to look into the construction of the dam, and the environmental cost and human displacement in 1991.<ref>Armin Rosencranz, Kathleen D. Yurchak (1996). Progress on the Environmental Front: The Regulation of Industry and Development in India. 19 Hastings International and Company. p.371.</ref> For the first time, a Bank commissioned panel had complete access to the documents to form a report.<ref name=":2" /> The 357 pages' report mentioned the lack of any environmental assessment undertaken either by the Indian Government or the World Bank.<ref name=":2" /> In an internal referendum held, the Bank very closely voted for the continuation of the Narmada Dam Project.<ref name=":2" />

The Indian Government canceled the loan sanctioned by the World Bank on 31 March 1993.

== People involved ==
[[File:Medha Patkar, Narmada Bachao Andolan, Right Livelihood Award Foundation.jpg|alt=|thumb|[[Medha Patkar]]]]
Medha Patkar has been at the forefront of the movement. She has organised several fasts and satyagrahas, and been to jail several times for the cause.

Another popular figure was [[Baba Amte]], known for his work against leprosy. He published a booklet called ''Cry O Beloved Narmada'' in 1989 to protest against the construction of the dam.<ref>Narula, Smita (2008). ''The Story of Narmada Bachao Andolan: Human Rights in the Global Economy and the Struggle Against the World Bank''. [[New York School of Law]]. p.14.</ref>

Amongst the major celebrities who have shown their support for Narmada Bachao Andolan are [[Booker Prize]] winner [[Arundhati Roy]]<ref name="Roopesh">{{cite web|url=http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=178526|title=Legitimising Narmada Bachao Andolan|work=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=2008-04-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070422131456/http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=178526|archive-date=22 April 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref> and [[Aamir Khan]].<ref name="aamir_khan">{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080328/jsp/frontpage/story_9067283.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080401005047/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080328/jsp/frontpage/story_9067283.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 April 2008|title=Aamir faces trial by torch|last=Manjeet Warrior|first=Gajinder Singh|date=2008-03-28|work=[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]]|location=Calcutta, India|access-date=2008-04-05}}</ref> It was also supported by music composer and bass guitarist in the band [[Indian Ocean (band)|Indian Ocean]], [[Rahul Ram]], who was actively involved in the movement from 1990 to 1995.<ref name="rahul_ram">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/magazine/indian-oceans-rahul-ram-talks-about-the-bands-latest-album-the-process-of-making-music-and-activism/article6344978.ece|title=Taking life as it comes|date=2014-08-23|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=2017-11-30|archive-date=3 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211203021824/https://www.thehindu.com/features/magazine/indian-oceans-rahul-ram-talks-about-the-bands-latest-album-the-process-of-making-music-and-activism/article6344978.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1994 was the launch of ''[[Narmada: A Valley Rises]]'', by filmmaker [[Ali Kazimi]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://socialdoc.net/ali-kazimi/narmada-a-valley-rises-1994/ | title=Narmada: A Valley Rises (1994) | publisher=Social Doc | work=Ali Kazimi | access-date=7 July 2017 | date=2014-09-08 | archive-date=10 June 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170610103902/http://socialdoc.net/ali-kazimi/narmada-a-valley-rises-1994/ | url-status=live }}</ref> It documents the five-week Sangharsh Yatra of 1991. The film went on to win several awards and is considered by many to be a classic on the issue. In 1996, veteran documentary filmmaker, [[Anand Patwardhan]], made an award-winning documentary: ''A Narmada Diary''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.frif.com/cat97/k-o/a_narmad.html|title=A Narmada|access-date=2008-06-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080221235854/http://www.frif.com/cat97/k-o/a_narmad.html|archive-date=21 February 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Alok Agarwal]], current member of the [[Aam Aadmi Party]], is an active figure in the movement.

Bihar CM [[Nitish Kumar]] participated in rally organised by NBA on the bank of Narmada at Rajghat on 16 Sep 2016. Expressing solidarity with the Andolan Mr. Nitish Kumar said "I have come from Patna to extend support to the agitation on the side of river Narmada here".<ref>{{cite web | url=http://newsworldindia.in/india/nitish-kumar-for-nationwide-liquor-ban/226671/ | title=Nitish Kumar For Nationwide Liquor Ban | publisher=[[News World India]] | date=17 September 2016 | access-date=7 July 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170930132407/http://www.newsworldindia.in/india/nitish-kumar-for-nationwide-liquor-ban/226671/ | archive-date=30 September 2017 | url-status=dead }}</ref>

Supporting the NBA's main demand CM Nitish Kumar appealed to PM Mr Modi at Rajghat saying "Pradhan Mantri ji, don't close the gates of Sardar Sarovar Dam. Rehabilitate people not by giving cash, but giving them alternative land/employment. Don't make plans to drown 2.5 lakh people by closing the gates," he said in a statement released in Barwani.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/City/Indore/Narmada-Bachao-Andolan-rolls-out-political-red-carpet-for-Nitish-in-Barwani/articleshow/54379063.cms|title=Narmada Bachao Andolan rolls out political red carpet for Nitish in Barwani|website=The Times of India|access-date=10 April 2018|archive-date=18 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190118222432/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/City/Indore/Narmada-Bachao-Andolan-rolls-out-political-red-carpet-for-Nitish-in-Barwani/articleshow/54379063.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Decision==
The court ruled for Andolan, effecting an immediate stoppage of work at the dam and directing the concerned states to complete the rehabilitation and replacement process.<ref name="WBloan">{{cite web|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg13818680.400-narmada-dam-fails-world-banks-final-test-.html|title=Narmada dam fails World Bank's final test|last=Miller|first=Susan|work=[[New Scientist]]|access-date=2008-02-09|archive-date=3 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403175911/http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg13818680.400-narmada-dam-fails-world-banks-final-test-.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

It deliberated on this issue further for several years and finally upheld the Tribunal Award and allowed the construction to proceed, subject to conditions. The court introduced a mechanism to monitor the progress of resettlement [[pari passu]] with the raising height of the dam through the Grievance Redressal Authorities (GRA) in each party state. The decision referred in this document, given in 2000 after 7 years of deliberations, has paved the way for completing the project to attain full envisaged benefits. The court's final line of the order states, "Every endeavour shall be made to see that the project is completed as expeditiously as possible".<ref name="SC_decision_2000">{{cite web|url=http://judis.nic.in/supremecourt/qrydisp.asp?tfnm=17165 |title=Judgment by the Supreme Court of India |work=Supreme Court of India, Justice Information System |access-date=2008-04-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080303155945/http://judis.nic.in/supremecourt/qrydisp.asp?tfnm=17165 |archive-date=3 March 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Subsequent to the verdict, Press Information Bureau (PIB) featured an article:
<blockquote>
"The Narmada Bachao Andolaan (NBA) has rendered a yeoman's service to the country by creating a high-level of awareness about the environmental and rehabilitation and relief aspects of Sardar Sarovar and other projects on the Narmada. But, after the court verdict it is incumbent on it to adopt a new role. Instead of 'damning the dam' any longer, it could assume the role of vigilant observer to see that the resettlement work is as humane and painless as possible and that the environmental aspects are taken due care of."<ref name="after_SC_judgment">{{cite web|url=http://pib.myiris.com/features/article.php3?fl=001108161656|title=Verdict on Narmada 2000|work=Press Information Bureau, Government of India|last=Shukla|first=Dinkar|access-date=2008-04-05|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714144349/http://pib.myiris.com/features/article.php3?fl=001108161656|archive-date=14 July 2011}}</ref></blockquote>

== Aftermath and criticism ==
Medha Patkar continues to fight for proper rehabilitation of the displaced people in Madhya Pradesh as well as the reception of the promised compensation by the Narmada Tribunal.<ref>Narula, Smita (2008). ''The Story of Narmada Bachao Andolan: Human Rights in the Global Economy and the Struggle Against the World Bank''. New York School of Law. p. 34</ref> This movement has brought forth the different notions of development. The Indian government has often argued that the cost of displacements are outweighed by the benefit derived from the Narmada Project, and thus, justified its construction. NBA, on the other hand has argued no matter how large the benefits, the cost to the society cannot be fulfilled.

Critics argue that dam's benefits include provision of drinking water, power generation and irrigation facilities. However, it is believed that the campaign, led by the NBA activists, has held up the project's completion, and NBA supporters have attacked on local people who accepted compensation for moving.<ref name="kirk_leech_dambusters">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2009/mar/03/india-narmada-dams|title=The Narmada dambusters are wrong|date=3 March 2009|work=The Guardian|location=London|author=Kirk Leech|access-date=2009-03-04|archive-date=20 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170420235732/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2009/mar/03/india-narmada-dams|url-status=live}}</ref> Others have argued that the Narmada Dam protesters are little more than environmental extremists, who use [[pseudoscientific]] [[agitprop]] to scuttle the development of the region and that the dam will provide agricultural benefits to millions of poor in India.<ref>{{cite web |title= The Lack Of Scientific Rigour In Environmentalist Ideology |url=http://www.ourcivilisation.com/aginatur/prog1.htm |date=2007-12-14 |access-date=2012-09-14 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120219112400/http://www.ourcivilisation.com/aginatur/prog1.htm |archive-date=19 February 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080907/jsp/7days/story_9799075.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101021054153/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080907/jsp/7days/story_9799075.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 October 2010|title=The Telegraph — Calcutta (Kolkata) - 7days — Goddesses of all causes}}</ref> There had also been instances of the NBA activists turning violent and attacking rehabilitation officer from [[Narmada Valley Development Authority]] (NVDA), which caused damage to the contractor's machinery.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archives.digitaltoday.in/indiatoday/20060515/controvr.html|title=INDIA TODAY - The most widely read newsweekly in South Asia.|website=archives.digitaltoday.in|access-date=10 April 2018|archive-date=3 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003222314/http://archives.digitaltoday.in/indiatoday/20060515/controvr.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

The NBA has been accused of lying under oath in court about land ownership in areas affected by the dam.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.firstpost.com/politics/narmada-bachao-andolan-and-aap-a-match-made-in-rural-heaven-1341993.html|title=Narmada Bachao Andolan and AAP: A match made in rural heaven? - Firstpost|date=2014-01-15|newspaper=Firstpost|language=en-US|access-date=2016-10-25|archive-date=24 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161124003839/http://www.firstpost.com/politics/narmada-bachao-andolan-and-aap-a-match-made-in-rural-heaven-1341993.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The Supreme Court has mulled perjury charges against the group.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics/nation/narmada-bachao-andolan-faces-perjury-charges/articleshow/7880655.cms|title=Narmada Bachao Andolan faces perjury charges|work=The Economic Times|access-date=5 April 2011|archive-date=24 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180924230358/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics/nation/narmada-bachao-andolan-faces-perjury-charges/articleshow/7880655.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

[[Category:Activism in India]]
[[Category:Land rights movements]]
[[Category:Social movements in India]]
[[Category:Dam controversies]]
[[Category:Narmada River]]
[[Category:Narmada Valley dry deciduous forests]]

Narmada Bachao Andolan - Revision history

Ayurtreatservices at 22:25, 24 November 2025

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