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<p><b>New page</b></p><div>{{use dmy dates|date=November 2016}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2016}}<br />
{{for|the 5th century king|Aulikaras#The first royal house}}<br />
{{Infobox royalty<br />
| image = Naravarman PP.jpg<br />
| caption = Pillar in the Bijamaṇḍal, [[Vidisha]] with an inscription of Naravarman<br />
| title = Nirvana-Narayana<br />
| succession = King of [[Malwa]]<br />
| reign = {{circa|1094|1130 CE}}<br />
| predecessor = [[Udayaditya]]; possibly [[Lakshmadeva]]<br />
| successor = [[Yashovarman (Paramara dynasty)|Yashovarman]]<br />
| dynasty = [[Paramara dynasty|Paramara]]<br />
}}<br />
'''Naravarman''' (reigned c. 1094-1133 CE), also known as '''Naravarma-deva''', was an Indian king from the [[Paramara dynasty]], who ruled in the [[Malwa]] region of central India. The Paramara power greatly declined during his reign, as a result of multiple military defeats.<br />
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== Early life ==<br />
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Naravarman was a son of the [[Paramara dynasty|Paramara]] king [[Udayaditya]]. Paramara inscriptions describe military exploits and grants of Naravarman and his brother [[Lakshmadeva]], but it is likely that Lakshmadeva never ascended the throne. The [[Dewas]] grant inscription suggests that Naravarman succeeded [[Udayaditya]] on the throne. Lakshmadeva seems to have died sometime before 1082, as the 1082 CE Kamed inscription records a land grant made by Naravarman in his brother's memory.{{sfn|Arvind K. Singh|2012|p=22}}<br />
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== Military career ==<br />
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Some of the later Paramara inscriptions portray Naravarman as a great military leader who undertook a ''digvijaya'' ("conquest in all directions") campaign.{{sfn|Arvind K. Singh|2012|p=22}} For example, an undated fragmentary inscription from the [[Malwa]] claims that Nirvana-Narayana (a title of Naravarman) conquered territories as far as [[Himalayas]] in the north, [[Malaya Mountains|Malayachala]] in the south and [[Dwarka|Dvarika]] in the west.{{sfn|K. C. Jain|1972|p=360}} Such descriptions are conventional poetic boasts: in reality, Naravarman was defeated by several other kings and also appears to have faced rebellions by his own subordinates. The Paramara-controlled territory decreased substantially during his reign.{{sfn|Arvind K. Singh|2012|p=22}}<br />
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Naravarman appears to have suffered at defeat against the [[Chandela]]s, who ruled the territory to the north-east of the Paramara territory of [[Malwa|Malava]]. The contemporary Chandela king [[Sallakshanavarman]] claims to have "snatched the royal fortune of the Malavas".{{sfn|Arvind K. Singh|2012|p=22}}<br />
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He also suffered a defeat against the [[Chahamanas of Shakambhari]]. The Chahamana king [[Ajayaraja II]] captured his general Sollana. Ajayaraja also killed three noted warriors named Chachiga, Sindhula and Yashoraja, who appear to have been Naravarman's subordinates.{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=39}}{{sfn|K. C. Jain|1972|p=357-358}} The [[Bijolia]] rock inscription boasts that Ajayaraja's son [[Arnoraja]] humiliated Nirvvana-Naryana (that is, Naravarman). This may be a reference to Arnoraja's participation in his father's campaign against Naravarman, as a prince.{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=136}}<br />
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The Talwada inscription of the [[Chaulukya dynasty|Chaulukyas]], who ruled the neighbouring region of [[Gujarat]] in the west, state that their king [[Jayasimha Siddharaja|Jayasimha]] "humbled the pride of Naravarman".{{sfn|Arvind K. Singh|2012|p=22}} In this campaign, Jayasimha appears to have been aided by his [[Chahamanas of Naddula|Naddula Chahamana]] feduatory [[Asharaja]]. The Nanana inscription of Asharaja's descendant [[Alhanadeva|Alhana]] boasts that when Asharaja arrived at the Paramara capital [[Dhara (city)|Dhara]], Naravarman hid himself in the fort. The [[Sundha Mata Temple|Sundha Hill]] inscription also states that Jayasimha was pleased with the Asharaja's assistance in the Paramara territory of Malava.{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=249}}<br />
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According to the Chaulukya chronicles written by Someshvara, Jinamandanagani and Jayasimha Suri, the Chaulukya king imprisoned Naravarman. However, other chroniclers such as [[Hemachandra]], Arisimha, and Merutunga state that the Chalukya king imprisoned Naravarman's successor [[Yashovarman (Paramara dynasty)|Yashovarman]].{{sfn|Pratipal Bhatia|1970|p=122}} The Chaulukya-Paramara war probably began during the reign of Naravarman, and ended during Yashovarman's reign.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=75}}<br />
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The Ingnoda inscription of 1133-34 CE indicates that there was an independent kingdom north-east of [[Ujjain]], and its ruler Vijayapala bore the title ''[[Maharajadhiraja]]-Paramesvara''. This indicates that the Paramaras had lost control of this area by the end of Naravarman's reign.{{sfn|Pratipal Bhatia|1970|p=115}}<br />
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== Cultural activities ==<br />
[[File:Paramaras of Malwa King Naravarman Circa 1094-1133.jpg|thumb|300px|Coin of Naravarman. Goddess [[Lakshmi]] seated facing / Devanagari legend.<ref>CNG Coins [https://www.cngcoins.com/Coin.aspx?CoinID=88523]</ref>]]<br />
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Naravarman was a poet, and composed hymns to various deities and eulogies of his ancestors. The ''Nagpur Prashasti'' may have been composed by him.{{sfn|Sheldon Pollock|2003|p=178}} He restored the [[Mahakaleshwar Jyotirlinga|Mahakala temple]] of [[Ujjain]], and composed a hymn in the deity's honour.{{sfn|Sheldon Pollock|2003|p=177}} He started the construction of a temple at [[Vidisha]], but was unable to finish it, probably because of military defeats and rebellions.{{sfn|Arvind K. Singh|2012|p=22}}<br />
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Gold (5.2 g), silver (2.9 g) and copper coins issued by Naravarman have been found in [[Indore]].{{sfn|Om Prakash Misra|2003|p=21}}{{sfn|P. C. Roy|1980|p=66}}<br />
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According to the ''[[Rajatarangini]]'', Naravarman gave asylum to the Kashmiri prince Bhikshachara, who had escaped a revolt. He brought up Bhikshachara like his own son, and trained him in use of arms and sciences.{{sfn|M. A. Stein|1989|p=20}}<br />
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== Inscriptions ==<br />
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Naravarman's inscriptions have been found at Amera near [[Udaipur (Madhya Pradesh)|Udaipur]] (1093-1095 CE), [[Dewas]] (1094 CE), [[Bhojpur, Madhya Pradesh|Bhojpur]] (1100-1101 CE), [[Nagpur]] (1104-05 CE), and [[Vidisha]] (undated). One more inscription was issued at Kadambapadraka (1110 CE), and was found in the possession of a resident of [[Bombay]]. H. V. Trivedi identifies Kadambapadraka with present-day Kamlikhedi (or Kamalyakhedi) village near [[Ujjain]].{{sfn|H. V. Trivedi|1991|pp=114-120}}<br />
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== References ==<br />
{{reflist|2}}<br />
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=== Bibliography ===<br />
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{{ref begin}}<br />
* {{cite journal |author=Arvind K. Singh |title=Interpreting the History of the Paramāras |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society |volume=22 |issue=1 |year=2012 |pages=13–28 |jstor=41490371 }}<br />
* {{cite book |author=Asoke Kumar Majumdar |title=Chaulukyas of Gujarat |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ffAdAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |year=1956 |oclc=4413150 }}<br />
* {{cite book |author=Dasharatha Sharma |title=Early Chauhān Dynasties |publisher=S. Chand / Motilal Banarsidass |year=1959 |isbn=9780842606189 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n4gcAAAAMAAJ }}<br />
* {{cite book |author=Harihar Vitthal Trivedi |title=Inscriptions of the Paramāras (Part 2) |series=Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum Volume VII: Inscriptions of the Paramāras, Chandēllas, Kachchapaghātas, and two minor dynasties |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8B4LAQAAMAAJ |year=1991 |publisher=[[Archaeological Survey of India]] |doi=10.5281/zenodo.1451755 |ref={{harvid|H. V. Trivedi|1991}} }}<br />
* {{cite book |author=K. C. Jain |title=Malwa Through the Ages, from the Earliest Times to 1305 A.D |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_3O7q7cU7k0C&pg=PA354 |year=1972 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0824-9 }}<br />
* {{cite book |author=M. A. Stein |title=Kalhana's Rajatarangini: a chronicle of the kings of Kasmir |volume=2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KzxTkI9iAxkC&pg=PA20 |year=1989 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0370-1 }}<br />
* {{cite book |author=Om Prakash Misra |title=Archaeological Excavations in Central India: Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o0ISjDDWJwQC&pg=PA11 |year=2003 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-7099-874-7 }}<br />
* {{cite book |author=P. C. Roy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f2Et2zZGJPUC&pg=PA69 |title=The Coinage of Northern India |publisher=Abhinav |year=1980 |isbn=9788170171225 }}<br />
* {{cite book |author=Pratipal Bhatia |title=The Paramāras, c. 800-1305 A.D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a5gcAAAAMAAJ |year=1970 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal }}<br />
* {{cite book |author=R. B. Singh |title=History of the Chāhamānas |publisher=N. Kishore |year=1964 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TKs9AAAAIAAJ |oclc=11038728 }}<br />
* {{cite book |author=Sheldon Pollock | author-link=Sheldon Pollock | title=The Language of the Gods in the World of Men: Sanskrit, Culture, and Power in Premodern India | publisher=University of California Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0UCh7r2TjQIC&pg=PA179 | year=2003 | isbn=0-5202-4500-8 }}<br />
{{ref end}}<br />
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{{Paramara dynasty}}<br />
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[[Category:Paramara dynasty]]<br />
[[Category:11th-century Indian monarchs]]</div>imported>Elinruby