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{{Muhammad|names}}
The '''names and titles of Muhammad''',<ref name="seekerofthesacredknowledge">{{cite news |url=http://www.seekerofthesacredknowledge.wordpress.com/2012/01/20/names-of-prophet-muhammad-peace-upon-him/|title=Names and Titles of Prophet Muhammad|publisher=Journey of a Seeker Of Sacred Knowledge|date=January 20, 2012|access-date=January 18, 2013}}</ref> '''names and attributes of Muhammad'''<ref name="lastprophet">{{cite news |last=Yeniterzi|first=Emine|url=http://www.lastprophet.info/the-names-and-attributes-of-prophet-muhammad-in-divan-literature|title=The Names and Attributes of Prophet Muhammad in Divine Literature|publisher=Last Prophet|access-date=January 18, 2013}}</ref>''', Names of Muhammad''' ({{lang-ar|أسماء النبي|Asmā’u n-Nabiyy}}) are the names of the Islamic prophet [[Muhammad in Islam|Muhammad]] and used by [[Muslims]], where 88 of them are commonly known, but also countless names which are found mainly in the [[Quran]] and [[hadith]] literature. The Quran addresses Muhammad in the second person by various appellations; [[Prophets in Islam|prophet]], [[Apostle (Islam)|messenger]], servant (''abd'') of [[God in Islam|God]].

==Names==

=== Muhammad ===
The [[Muhammad (name)|name ''Muhammad'']] ({{IPAc-en|m|ʊ|ˈ|h|æ|m|ə|d|,_|-|ˈ|h|ɑː|m|ə|d}})<ref>[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/muhammad "Muhammad"]</ref> means "praiseworthy" and appears four times in the Quran.<ref>Jean-Louis Déclais, ''Names of the Prophet'', [[Encyclopedia of the Quran]]</ref><ref>{{qref|3|144|b=y}}''Muhammad'' is only a messenger: many Were the messenger that passed away before him.</ref><ref>{{qref|33|40|b=y}}''Muhammad'' is not the father of any of your men, but (he is) the Messenger of God, and the Seal of the Prophets: and God has full knowledge of all things.</ref><ref>{{qref|47|2|b=y}}But those who believe and work deeds of righteousness, and believe in the (Revelation) sent down to ''Muhammad'' – for it is the Truth from their Lord, – He will remove from them their ills and improve their condition.</ref><ref>{{qref|48|29|b=y}}''Muhammad'' is the messenger of God; and those who are with him are strong against disbelievers, (but) compassionate amongst each other.</ref> Chapter [[Surah]] 47 of the Quran is "[[Muhammad (surah)|Muhammad]]".<ref>{{cite web|title=Quran (Chapter 47)|url=http://quran.com/47}}</ref> The name Abū al-Qāsim Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib ibn Hāshim,<ref name="auto">[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Muhammad Muhammad] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170209125352/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Muhammad|date=9 February 2017}} [[Encyclopedia Britannica]] Retrieved 15 February 2017</ref> begins with the ''[[Kunya (Arabic)|kunya]]''<ref>[[S. D. Goitein|Goitein, S.D.]] (1967) – [https://books.google.com/books?id=g13-owKVXY4C&pg A Mediterranean Society: The Jewish Communities of the Arab World as Portrayed in the Documents of the Cairo Geniza, Volume 1] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180122105439/https://books.google.com/books?id=g13-owKVXY4C&pg|date=22 January 2018}} p. 357. [[University of California Press]] {{ISBN|0-520-22158-3}} Retrieved 17 February 2017</ref> Abū, or, ''father of''.<ref>Ward, K. (2008) – [https://books.google.com/books?id=_HYiqv333C8C&pgExpressing Islam: Religious Life and Politics in Indonesia] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180122105439/https://books.google.com/books?id=_HYiqv333C8C&pgExpressing|date=22 January 2018}} p. 221, [[Institute of Southeast Asian Studies]] {{ISBN|981-230-851-2}} Retrieved 17 February 2017</ref>

The Quran also refers to Muhammad as ''[[Ahmad]]'', "more praiseworthy" ({{lang-ar|أحمد}}).<ref name="IEQ1">{{cite book |editor1-last=Iqbal|editor1-first=Muzaffar |title=Integrated Encyclopedia of the Qur'an |date=2013 |publisher=Center for Islamic Sciences |isbn=978-1-926620-00-8 |page=33 |volume=1}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Critical Thinking – A World View|url=http://voicesofthefaceless.com/2012/04/15/muhammad-only-mentioned-4-times-in-the-quran-whats-up-with-that/}}</ref> The penultimate prophet in Islam, [[Jesus in Islam|Isa ibn Maryam]] also refers Muhammad as Ahmad in the Sura [[As-Saff]].<ref>{{qref|61|6|b=y}} And remember, Jesus, the son of Mary, said: "O Children of Israel! I am the messenger of God (sent) to you, confirming the Law (which came) before me, and giving Glad Tidings of a Messenger to come after me, whose name shall be ''Ahmad''.".</ref>
Muhammad is also referred to as ''Hamid'', or "Praiser (of God)" ({{lang-ar|حامد}}), and as Mahmud, or "Most Highly Praised" ({{lang-ar|محمود}}).<ref name="seekerofthesacredknowledge" />

==Titles==
Muhammad is often referenced with these titles or epithets:

*[[Seal of the prophets]] ({{lang-ar|خاتم النبيين|translit=Khātam al-Nabiyyīn}}) <ref>{{qref|33|40|b=y}}</ref><ref name="Ernst">Ernst (2004), p. 80</ref>
*[[Prophets and messengers in Islam|The Prophet]], ({{lang-ar|أَلْنَّبِيّ|an-Nabī}}), also, the Prophet of Prophets.
*[[Rasūl|Messenger of God]], ({{lang-ar|رسول الله|Rasūl’Allāh}})
*The Beloved ({{lang-ar|الحَبِيبُ|al-Ḥabīb}}) or ''The Beloved of God'' ({{lang-ar|حَبِيبُ اللهِ|Ḥabīb Allāh}})
*The Chosen or The Appointed ({{lang-ar|المُصْطَفَى|al-Muṣṭafā}})<ref>{{qref|22|75|b=y}}</ref>
*The Genuine, The Trustworthy, or The Faithful ({{lang-ar|الأَمِينُ|al-Amīn}})<ref>{{Hadith-usc|bukhari|usc=yes|4|52|237}}</ref>
*The Honest, The Righteous, or The Truthful ({{lang-ar|الصِّدِّيقُ|as-Ṣiddīq}})<ref>{{qref|33|22|b=y}}</ref>
*Kind, Compassionate, or Affectionate ({{lang-ar|رَءُوف|Raʾūf}})<ref>{{qref|9|128|b=y}}</ref>
*Model (of Conduct, Merit, or Virtue) ({{lang-ar|أُسْوَةٌ حَسَنَة|Uswatun Ḥasanah}})<ref>{{qref|68|4|b=y}}</ref>
*The Perfect ({{lang-ar|أَلْكَامِل|al-Kāmil}})<ref name="muslimphilosophy">{{cite web |url=http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/ip/rep/H022.htm#H022SECT4|title=Ibn al-'Arabi, Muhyi al-Din (1164–1240)|publisher=Muslim Philosophy|access-date=January 18, 2013}} 4. The 'perfect man' and the Muhammadan reality</ref>
*The Best of Mankind ({{lang-ar|خَيْرُ البَشَرِ|Khayr al-Bashar}})
*Mercy to the Worlds ({{lang-ar|الرَّحْمَةُ لِلْعَالَمِينَ|ar-Raḥmah lil-ʿĀlamīn}})<ref>{{qref|21|107|b=y}}</ref>
*''al-Mubashir'', "The Bearer of Good Tidings"<ref name="Quran">{{qref|11|2|b=y}}</ref>
*''an-Nadhir'', "The Warner"<ref name="Quran" />
*''al-Mudhakkir'', "The Reminder"<ref>{{qref|88|21|b=y}}</ref>
*''[[Dawah|ad-Dā‘ī]]'', "The One Who Calls (unto God)"<ref>{{qref|12|108|b=y}}</ref>
*''[[Bashir|al-Bashir]]'', "The Announcer"<ref>{{qref|2|119|b=y}}</ref>
*''[[Nūr (Islam)|an-Nūr]]'', "The Light Personified"<ref>{{qref|5|15|b=y}}</ref>
*''al-Misbah'', "''The Lamp/ Lantern" (lit. "Bringer of Light – Dawn") – i.e.: ''[[Munir|as-Siraaj al-Muneer]]'', "The Lamp of Illuminated, Ever-glowing, Ever-Enlightening, Incandescent"<ref name=":0">{{qref|33|46|b=y}}</ref>''
*''as-Siraaj'', "The Lamp/ Lantern" – i.e.: ''[[Munir|as-Siraaj al-Muneer]]'', "The Lamp of Illuminated, Ever-glowing, Ever-Enlightening, Incandescent"<ref name=":0" />
*''[[Nimatullah (disambiguation)|Ni‘mat-Ullah]]'', "The Divine Favour"<ref>{{qref|16|83|b=y}}</ref>
*''al-Ummiyy'', "The Unlettered and Illiterate", i.e.: ''An-Nabiyyu l-Ummiyy'', "The Prophet who is Unlettered and Illiterate"<ref>{{qref|7|157-158|b=y}}</ref>
*''al-'Aqib'', "The Last (Prophet)"<ref>{{Hadith-usc|muslim|usc=yes|4|1859}}</ref><ref name="Hadith">{{Hadith-usc|bukhari|usc=yes|4|56|732}}</ref>
*''al-Mutawakkil'', "The One who Puts his Trust (in God)"<ref>{{qref|9|129|b=y}}</ref>
*''al-Mahi'', "The Remover (of Disbelief)"<ref>{{Hadith-usc|bukhari|usc=yes|4|56|732|}}</ref>
*''al-Hanif'', "The One of Primordial Religion"
*''[[Repentance in Islam|Nâbîyyu at-Tawbah]]'', "The Prophet of Penitence"
*''al-Mu`azzaz'', "The Strengthened One, the One Made Invulnerable"
*''al-Muwaqqar'', "Held in Awe"
*''al-Fatih'', "The Opener"
*''al-Hashir'', "The Gatherer (First to be Resurrected) on the Day of Judgement"<ref name="Hadith" /><ref>{{qref|2|119|q=}}</ref>
*''[[Shafa'ah|al-Shafî`]]'', "The Intercessor"<ref>{{Hadith-usc|bukhari|usc=yes|9|93|601|}}</ref><ref>{{qref|3|159|b=y}}{{qref|4|64|b=y}}{{qref|60|12|b=y}}</ref>
*''[[Karim|Kareem]]'', Noble and Generous ({{lang-ar|كريمٍ}}),<ref>{{qref|69|40|b=y}}</ref>
*''[[Shahid|Shahid/Shahed]]'' ({{lang-ar| شَاهِدًا}}), A Witness<ref>{{qref|33|45|b=y}}</ref>
*''al-Mushaffa`'', The One Whose Intercession Shall be Granted<ref>{{qref|19|87|b=y}}{{qref|20|109|b=y}}</ref>
*''al-[[Mujtaba]]'', The Chosen ({{lang-ar|اَلْـمُـجْـتَـبَى}})<ref name="QN, Al-Mujtaba">{{cite web |publisher=quranicnames.com |title=Mujtaba, A Quranic Name for Boys |url=http://quranicnames.com/mujtaba/ |access-date=2017-02-21}}</ref>
*''[[Abdullah (name)|‘Abd’Allah]]'', Servant of God<ref>{{qref|25|1|b=y}}</ref>
*''[[Akhir]]'', 'The Final, that is, the final prophet,<ref>Muhammad and Christ, Maulana Muhammad Ali – 2011</ref> "''Last Messenger"''<ref>Muhammad The Messenger of God: M. Fethullah Gülen – 2014</ref>

Muhammad is sometimes addressed by designations deriving from his state at the time of the address: thus he is referred to as the enwrapped (''[[Al-Muzzammil]]'') in Quran {{qref|73|1}} and the shrouded (''[[Al-Muddathir|al-muddaththir]]'') in Quran {{qref|74|1}}.<ref name="EoQ-Muhammad">Uri Rubin, ''Muhammad'', [[Encyclopedia of the Qur'an]]</ref>

He is also known by these epithets:
*''Ibn ‘Abd al-Muttalib'', descendant of [[Abd al-Muttalib]]
*''Abu ’l-Qasim'' ({{lang-ar|أَبـو الـقَـاسـم}}, father of [[Qasim ibn Muhammad]]), a son by his first wife [[Khadija bint Khuwaylid]].
*''Abu ‘Abd’Ullah'', father of [[Abdullah ibn Muhammad]], also a son by Khadija.
*''Abu Ibrahim'', father of [[Ibrahim ibn Muhammad]], a son by [[Maria al-Qibtiyya]].
*''Abu ’t-Tahir'', father of the Pure
*''Abu ’t-Tayyib'', father of the Pleasant

In Iran, Central Asia and South Asia, Turkey and the [[Balkans]], he is often called [[Hadrat]] (His Presence or His Holiness) {{lang-ar|حضرت|ḥadhrat}}) or Messenger ({{lang-fa|پيغمبر|peygamber}}).<ref>{{cite book |title=Islamic Names: An Introduction (Islamic Surveys) |last=Schimmel |first=Annemarie |year=1990 |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |isbn=978-0-85224-563-7 |page=[https://archive.org/details/islamicnames00schi/page/30 30] |url=https://archive.org/details/islamicnames00schi/page/30 |url-access=registration }}</ref>

Islamic scholars strongly emphasize the need for Muslims to follow the name of Muhammad, whether spoken or written, with the honorific phrase [[peace be upon him (Islam)|"peace be upon him"]], often abbreviated to PBUH or SAW, from {{lang-ar|صلى الله عليه وسلم|sallallahu alayhe wasallam}} or written ﷺ.

==See also==

* [[Names and titles of Jesus in the Quran]]
*[[Islamic honorifics]]
*[[Salawat]]
*[[Mawlid]]
*[[Na`at]]
*[[Madih nabawi]]
*[[Haḍra]]
*[[Dala'il al-Khayrat]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== Further reading ==
Chiabotti, Francesco, ''Names, in Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Prophet of God'' (2 vols.), Edited by C. Fitzpatrick and A. Walker, Santa Barbara, ABC-CLIO, 2014. {{ISBN|1610691776}}

[[Category:Titles of Muhammad| ]]

Names and titles of Muhammad - Revision history

MaryellenBuckman: fix structure and cleaned formatting

Ajay Kumar: Created a new article