Najib ad-Dawlah - Revision history

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	[[File:The Third battle of Panipat 13 January 1761.jpg\|right\|250px\|thumb\|The [[Third battle of Panipat]], 13 January 1761, Najib ad-Dawlah and [[Shuja-ud-Daula]], standing left to [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]], shown on a brown horse.]]		[[File:The Third battle of Panipat 13 January 1761.jpg\|right\|250px\|thumb\|The [[Third battle of Panipat]], 13 January 1761, Najib ad-Dawlah and [[Shuja-ud-Daula]], standing left to [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]], shown on a brown horse.]]

	'''Najib ad-Dawlah''' ({{lang-ps\|نجيب الدوله}}), also known as '''Najib Khan Yousafzai''' ({{lang-ps\|نجيب خان}}), was a [[Rohilla\|Rohilla Yousafzai Pashtun]] who earlier served as a [[Mughals\|Mughal]] serviceman but later deserted the cause of the Mughals and joined [[Ahmed Shah Abdali]] in 1757 in his attack on Delhi. He was also a House chief in the 18th century [[Rohilkhand]], who in the 1740s founded the city of [[Najibabad]] in [[Bijnor district]], [[India]]. He's was ~~great cause for~~ winning [[Third Battle of Panipat]]		'''Najib ad-Dawlah''' ({{lang-ps\|نجيب الدوله}}), also known as '''Najib Khan Yousafzai''' ({{lang-ps\|نجيب خان}}), was a [[Rohilla\|Rohilla Yousafzai Pashtun]] who earlier served as a [[Mughals\|Mughal]] serviceman but later deserted the cause of the Mughals and joined [[Ahmed Shah Abdali]] in 1757 in his attack on Delhi. He was also a House chief in the 18th century [[Rohilkhand]], who in the 1740s founded the city of [[Najibabad]] in [[Bijnor district]], [[India]]. He was instrumental in winning the [[Third Battle of Panipat]].

	He began his career in 1743 as an immigrant from the village [[Swabi]], District [[Swabi]] [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] as a soldier. He was at first an employee of [[~~Ghazi ud~~-~~Din Khan Feroze Jung III\|Imad~~ ul ~~mulk~~]]. He deserted the cause of the Mughals and joined [[Ahmed Shah Abdali]] in 1757 in his attack on Delhi. He was then appointed as ''Mir Bakshi'' of the Mughal emperor by [[Ahmad Shah Abdali\|Abdali]]. Later in his career he was known as '''Najib ad-Dawlah, Amir al-Umra, Shuja ad-Dawlah'''.<ref>[http://etawah.nic.in/history2.htm History of Etawah] [[Etawah]] Official website.</ref> From 1757 to 1770 he was governor of [[Saharanpur]], ruling over [[Dehradun]]. Many architectural relics of the period of Rohilla he oversaw remain in Najibabad, which he founded at the height of his career as a [[Mughal Empire\|Mughal]] minister.<ref>{{cite EB1911 \|wstitle=Najibabad \|volume=19 \|page=156 }}.</ref>		He began his career in 1743 as an immigrant from the village [[Swabi]], District [[Swabi]] [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] as a soldier. He was at first an employee of [[Imad-ul-Mulk]]. He deserted the cause of the Mughals and joined [[Ahmed Shah Abdali]] in 1757 in his attack on Delhi. He was then appointed as ''Mir Bakshi'' of the Mughal emperor by [[Ahmad Shah Abdali\|Abdali]]. Later in his career he was known as '''Najib ad-Dawlah, Amir al-Umra, Shuja ad-Dawlah'''.<ref>[http://etawah.nic.in/history2.htm History of Etawah] [[Etawah]] Official website.</ref> From 1757 to 1770 he was governor of [[Saharanpur]], ruling over [[Dehradun]]. Many architectural relics of the period of Rohilla he oversaw remain in Najibabad, which he founded at the height of his career as a [[Mughal Empire\|Mughal]] minister.<ref>{{cite EB1911 \|wstitle=Najibabad \|volume=19 \|page=156 }}.</ref>

	==Biography==		==Biography==
	[[Najib Khan]] belonged to the UmarKhel section of [[Mandanh]] [[Yousafzai]]. He migrated from Mohallah Nazar Khel village [[~~Swab~~]]~~{{dn\|date=July 2021}}~~, district [[Swabi]], now [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]]. He was born in Nazar Khel, village Swabi, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. He migrated in 1739 to join his uncle Bisharat Khan, who had settled with his families of [[Pakhtuns]] at Bisharatnagar, near [[Rampur, Uttar Pradesh\|Rampur]].{{citation needed\|date=July 2012}} In 1749, [[Ali Mohammed Khan]], who had captured most of [[Rohilkhand]] by 1740, gave Najib Khan a northern portion,<ref name=bij/> where he established the present day city of [[Najibabad]], a state of [[Najibabad]] independent from other Rohilla tribes, and received the title, ‘Najib ad-Dawlah’.		[[Najib Khan]] belonged to the UmarKhel section of [[Mandanh]] [[Yousafzai]]. He migrated from Mohallah Nazar Khel village [[Swabi]], district [[Swabi]], now [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]]. He was born in Nazar Khel, village Swabi, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. He migrated in 1739 to join his uncle Bisharat Khan, who had settled with his families of [[Pakhtuns]] at Bisharatnagar, near [[Rampur, Uttar Pradesh\|Rampur]].{{citation needed\|date=July 2012}} In 1749, [[Ali Mohammed Khan]], who had captured most of [[Rohilkhand]] by 1740, gave Najib Khan a northern portion,<ref name=bij/> where he established the present day city of [[Najibabad]], a state of [[Najibabad]] independent from other Rohilla tribes, and received the title, ‘Najib ad-Dawlah’.
	[[File:Patthargarh fort outside Najibabad, 1814-15.jpg\|250px\|right\|thumb\|''Patthargarh fort'' outside [[Najibabad]], built by Najib ad-Dawlah in 1755. 1814-15 painting.]]		[[File:Patthargarh fort outside Najibabad, 1814-15.jpg\|250px\|right\|thumb\|''Patthargarh fort'' outside [[Najibabad]], built by Najib ad-Dawlah in 1755. 1814-15 painting.]]
	[[File:Najibabad, 19th century.jpg\| 250px\|right\|thumb\| [[Najibabad]], {{circa}} 1784–94, the triple domed Jami Mosque and the entrance gate to the [[Rohilla]] palace]]		[[File:Najibabad, 19th century.jpg\| 250px\|right\|thumb\| [[Najibabad]], {{circa}} 1784–94, the triple domed Jami Mosque and the entrance gate to the [[Rohilla]] palace]]

imported>Abhishek0831996: /* Biography */

2021-09-05T08:27:30Z

Biography

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{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox nobility
| name = Najib ad-Dawlah
| title = ''Nawab'' ''Mir Bakshi'' ''Mukhtar Khas'' ''"Excellence of the State"'' ''"Noble one of the State"'' 
| birth_date =
| death_date = 30 October 1770
| module = {{Infobox military person
| embed = yes
| allegiance = [[File:Flag of the Mughal Empire (triangular).svg|24px]][[Mughal Empire]] (''Mir Bakshi'' of Alamgir II) [[File:Flag of the Mughal Empire (triangular).svg|24px]] [[Mughal Empire]] (in service of Shah Alam II)
| branch = [[File:Flag of the Mughal Empire (triangular).svg|24px]][[Mughal Army]] [[File:Flag of the Rampur State.svg|24px]][[Rohilkhand|Nawab of Najibabad]]
| rank = [[Ispahsalar]], [[Plenipotentiary]]
| battles = [[Mughal-Maratha Wars]], [[Third Battle of Panipat]], [[Capture of Agra Fort]]
}}
|image=Najibkhan Rohilla.jpg}}

[[File:The Third battle of Panipat 13 January 1761.jpg|right|250px|thumb|The [[Third battle of Panipat]], 13 January 1761, Najib ad-Dawlah and [[Shuja-ud-Daula]], standing left to [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]], shown on a brown horse.]]

'''Najib ad-Dawlah''' ({{lang-ps|نجيب الدوله}}), also known as '''Najib Khan Yousafzai''' ({{lang-ps|نجيب خان}}), was a [[Rohilla|Rohilla Yousafzai Pashtun]] who earlier served as a [[Mughals|Mughal]] serviceman but later deserted the cause of the Mughals and joined [[Ahmed Shah Abdali]] in 1757 in his attack on Delhi. He was also a House chief in the 18th century [[Rohilkhand]], who in the 1740s founded the city of [[Najibabad]] in [[Bijnor district]], [[India]]. He's was great cause for winning [[Third Battle of Panipat]]

He began his career in 1743 as an immigrant from the village [[Swabi]], District [[Swabi]] [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] as a soldier. He was at first an employee of [[Ghazi ud-Din Khan Feroze Jung III|Imad ul mulk]]. He deserted the cause of the Mughals and joined [[Ahmed Shah Abdali]] in 1757 in his attack on Delhi. He was then appointed as ''Mir Bakshi'' of the Mughal emperor by [[Ahmad Shah Abdali|Abdali]]. Later in his career he was known as '''Najib ad-Dawlah, Amir al-Umra, Shuja ad-Dawlah'''.<ref>[http://etawah.nic.in/history2.htm History of Etawah] [[Etawah]] Official website.</ref> From 1757 to 1770 he was governor of [[Saharanpur]], ruling over [[Dehradun]]. Many architectural relics of the period of Rohilla he oversaw remain in Najibabad, which he founded at the height of his career as a [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] minister.<ref>{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Najibabad |volume=19 |page=156 }}.</ref>

==Biography==
[[Najib Khan]] belonged to the UmarKhel section of [[Mandanh]] [[Yousafzai]]. He migrated from Mohallah Nazar Khel village [[Swab]]{{dn|date=July 2021}}, district [[Swabi]], now [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]]. He was born in Nazar Khel, village Swabi, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. He migrated in 1739 to join his uncle Bisharat Khan, who had settled with his families of [[Pakhtuns]] at Bisharatnagar, near [[Rampur, Uttar Pradesh|Rampur]].{{citation needed|date=July 2012}} In 1749, [[Ali Mohammed Khan]], who had captured most of [[Rohilkhand]] by 1740, gave Najib Khan a northern portion,<ref name=bij/> where he established the present day city of [[Najibabad]], a state of [[Najibabad]] independent from other Rohilla tribes, and received the title, ‘Najib ad-Dawlah’.
[[File:Patthargarh fort outside Najibabad, 1814-15.jpg|250px|right|thumb|''Patthargarh fort'' outside [[Najibabad]], built by Najib ad-Dawlah in 1755. 1814-15 painting.]]
[[File:Najibabad, 19th century.jpg| 250px|right|thumb| [[Najibabad]], {{circa}} 1784–94, the triple domed Jami Mosque and the entrance gate to the [[Rohilla]] palace]]

Imad-ul-Mulk appointed Najib ad- Dawlah as the governor of [[Saharanpur]].<ref name="ReferenceA">Third Battle of Panipat by Abhas Verma {{ISBN|9788180903397}} Bharatiya Kala Prakashan</ref> In 1757, Najib ad-Dawlah, who was then the governor of [[Saharanpur]] under [[Mughal Empire]], invaded the city of [[Dehradun]], with his army of [[Rohillas]], and ruled the area for the next decade. His rule was known for its administration, and development of land resources, leading to widespread development and prosperity in the area, with emphasis on agriculture and irrigation. Many mango groves created during the area still exist today. Though after his death in 1770, the Maratha forces expelled the Rohillas from the Dun<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=olP_A60L-CMC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false ] p. 57</ref>

==Conflict with Marathas==
===Battle of Delhi (1757)===
{{Main article|Battle of Delhi (1757)}}

[[Ahmad Shah Abdali]]'s invasion of 1757 left Najib in effective control of Delhi who was appointed to the post of 'Mir Bakshi'.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> He had become the de facto ruler of Delhi, while the [[Mughal emperor]] was left with no actual power. His forces had to clash with the advancing Marathas in Delhi in the [[Battle of Delhi (1757)]]. Delhi was captured by Marathas and he was allowed safe exit from Delhi.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=d1wUgKKzawoC&pg=PA229&dq=marathas+in+control+of+delhi&hl=en&sa=X&ei=aEgJUKCPB5DNrQeHhbHJCA&ved=0CDUQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=marathas%20in%20control%20of%20delhi&f=false Advanced Study in the History of Modern India 1707-1813]</ref>

===Third Battle of Panipat===
{{Main article|Third battle of Panipat}}

In the [[Third battle of Panipat]], during the Maratha Conquests, he allied himself with the [[Durranis]] led by [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]] (also known as [[Ahmad Shah Abdali]],<ref>[https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V18_340.gif Najibabad Tehsil & Town] [[The Imperial Gazetteer of India]], 1909, v. 18, p. 334.</ref> against the [[Maratha]]s. Najib Khan was clever enough to understand changed ground realities after [[Third Battle of Panipat|third battle of Panipat]]. His brilliant political acumen was used by [[Ahmed Shah Abdali]] to isolate Marathas & preventing them from getting even single ally during their conflict with Durrani's power. His opposition to signing of treaty, with Marathas was the main cause of battle being fought at Panipat. He not only provided, [[Ahmed Shah Abdali]], with 40,000 [[Rohilla]] troops but also 70 guns to the combined forces. He also convinced [[Shuja-ud-Daula]], the [[Nawab of Oudh]], to join Ahmad Shah Abdali's forces against the Marathas. In this battle, the Maratha's were defeated and as a consequence [[Rohilla]] [[Pakhtuns]] increased in power. However, the Marathas recovered in a short duration of 10 years and under Mahadji Schinde recaptured Delhi in 1771, reinstalling the weakened Mughal emperor Shah Alam II to the throne, under Maratha suzerainty.

After the war, he was made ''Mir Bakshi'' of Mughal emperor.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=MS_jrForJOoC&pg=PA19&lpg=PA19&dq=najib-ud-daula+mir+bakshi+panipat&source=bl&ots=DTbxN0kBj2&sig=Ng7JmOKynW3jDk_9mg3P5VWTpQE&hl=en&sa=X&ei=ANUXUOW4Es7MrQeXpIGwCg&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=najib-ud-daula%20mir%20bakshi%20panipat&f=false History of Modern India, 1707 A. D. to 2000 A. D]</ref> He had to become ruler of Delhi state with empty treasury & territory confining to boundaries of Delhi city.

Najib Khan was a [[Pashtuns|Pashtun]] soldier of fortune; he attained the hand of the daughter of [[Dunde Khan]], one of the chieftains of the [[Rohilkhand]] [[Pathans]]. Rewarded by this ruler with the charge of a district, now [[Bijnor]], in the North-west corner of [[Rohilkhand]], he had joined the cause of [[Safdarjung]], when that minister occupied the country; but on the latter's disgrace had borne a part in the campaigns of Ghazi-ud-din. When the Vizier first conceived the project of attacking the government, he sent Najib in the command of a Mughal detachment to occupy the country, about Saharanpur, then known as the Bawani Mahal, which had formed the jagir of the Ex-Vazir Khan Khanan.

This territory thus became in its turn separated from the Empire and continued for two generations in the family of Najib. He ruled the dwindled Empire for nine years, and died a peaceful death, leaving his charge in an improved and strengthened condition, ready for its lawful monarch.

===Administrator of Delhi===
{{Main|Capture of Agra Fort}}
[[File:IGI1908India1765a.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Najib had much to do with the return of Mughal power in India after Panipat; note: the territories of those loyal to the [[Great Mogul]] in ''(Green)''.]]

As the Administrator of [[Delhi]] and the imperial heartlands including [[Agra]], Najib ad-Dawlah, was unsuccessful in halting the [[Jat people|Jat]] uprisings led by Raja [[Suraj Mal]]. During one massive assault, the [[Jat people|Jats]] and their leaders overran the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] garrison at [[Agra]] plundering the city and looting the two silver gates to the entrance of the famous [[Taj Mahal]] in 1764.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/southasia/Culture/Archit/TajM.html|title = MANAS | UCLA Social Sciences Computing}}</ref>

==Death==
After protecting [[Rohilkhand]], [[Delhi]] and [[Agra]] for nearly ten years as regent of the [[Mughal Empire]] he fell ill and died on 30 October 1770<ref>[https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V02_446.gif Rule of Shah Alam, 1759-1806] [[The Imperial Gazetteer of India]], 1909, v. 2, p. 411.</ref>

==Successor==
After his death he was succeeded by his son [[Zabita Khan]]. His cemetery is still in present day, [[Najibabad]], where the Patthargarh Fort still exists.

==Destruction of his tomb by the Marathas==
His son [[Zabita Khan]] was defeated by the [[Maratha Empire|Marathas]],<ref>{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Bijnor |volume=3 |page=928}}</ref> led by [[Mahadji Sindhia]] (shinde) in 1772 and the fort of Pathargarh was completely looted by the Marathas in the form of horses, elephants, guns and other valuable things, to avenge the deaths of Maratha Warriors who fall in the battle of Delhi and Panipat, Marathas also destroyed grave of Najib, scattering his bones all around.<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uPq640stHJ0C&q=1771+scindia&pg=PA8 | title=The Great Maratha Mahadaji Scindia| isbn=9788185431529| last1=Rathod| first1=N. G.| year=1994}}</ref>

A few years later, in the subsequent [[Rohilla War]], the Rohillas were attacked by [[Awadh]] with help from [[British East India Company]] forces. When [[Hafiz Rahmat Khan]] was killed, in April 1774, they were defeated, and Rohilkhand was plundered; and later, the Rohilla power east of the Ganges was ended, and the final treaty by which the territory was incorporated in [[Awadh]] was concluded at [[Lal Dhang]]. The District was ceded to the British by the [[Nawab of Awadh]], [[Saadat Ali Khan II]] in 1801.<ref name=bij>[https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V08_201.gif History of Bijnor District] [[The Imperial Gazetteer of India]], 1909, v. 8, p. 194-195.</ref>

==In popular culture==
* In the 1994 [[Hindi]] TV series ''[[The Great Maratha]]'', Najib's character was portrayed by [[Irrfan Khan]].
* In the 2019 [[Bollywood]] film [[Panipat]], Najib, portrayed by [[Mantra (actor)|Mantra]], appears as one of the primary antagonists.

==See also==
*[[Mughal Empire]]
*[[Shah Alam II]]
*[[Ahmad Shah Durrani]]

==Further reading==
* [http://www.freeonlinebooks.org/displaybook1.php?chapter_id=4&id=792 Najib-ud-Daula at Dehli] ''The Fall of the Moghul Empire of Hindustan'', by [[Henry George Keene (1826–1915)|H. G. Keene]]. 1887, Part II, Chapter II, 1764.
* ''The Fall of the Mughal Empire'' by [[Jadunath Sarkar]]
*[http://www.barmazid.com/2014/07/najib-khan-najib-ud-daula-brilliant.html Najib Khan (Najib-ud-Daula), a brilliant Yousafzai]
*[http://www.barmazid.com/2016/08/baloch-proteges-of-najib-khan-yousafzai_4.html Baloch proteges of Najib Khan Yousafzai]
☆
Azad Patan Qabayel by Allabakhash Yousafi.
☆
Yousafzai Sardar Awr Hukamraan, Prof.Bakhtiar, Arshad Publishers, Swabi, 2012.
☆
Official Revenenue Record of Racial Tree Nazar Khel, village Swabi.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:ad-Dawlah, Najib}}
[[Category:1770 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:Indian people of Pashtun descent]]
[[Category:People from Bijnor]]
[[Category:Rohilla]]
[[Category:1736 births]]