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{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Nagesvara and Cennakesava temples pair
| image = Twin Temples Nageshswara & Chenna Kesava Temple - Mosale.jpg
| alt = Two near-identical temples, one for Shiva, one for Vishnu
| coordinates = {{coord|12|54|06.0|N|76|08|31.7|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| map_type = India#India Karnataka
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| country = [[India]]
| district = [[Hassan District|Hassan]]
| locale = Mosale village
| deity = [[Shiva]], [[Vishnu]]
| architecture = [[Hoysala architecture|Hoysala]]
| year_completed = unknown, c. 1200 CE
| creator = unknown
}}
'''The Nageshvara-Chennakeshava temple complex''', sometimes referred to as the '''Nagesvara''' and '''Chennakesava''' temples of Mosale, is a pair of nearly identical Hindu temples in the village of Mosale near Hassan city, Karnataka, India. One for Shiva, other for Vishnu, this pair is a set of highly ornamented stone temples, illustrating the [[Hoysala architecture]]. These temples also include panels of artwork related to the goddess tradition of Hinduism (Shaktism) and Vedic deities. Another notable feature of these temples is the artwork in their ceilings, how the ''shilpins'' (artisans) integrated the historic pre-Hoysala architectural innovations from the Chalukya era. Further, the temples include north Indian [[Bhumija]] and south Indian [[Vesara]] aedicules on the outer walls above the panels.<ref name="elegent">Foekema (1996), pp81-82</ref><ref name=dhaky>{{cite book| author1=Madhusudan A. Dhaky|author2=Michael Meister|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Temple Architecture, Volume 1 Part 3 South India Text & Plates|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=a1VJAQAAIAAJ | year=1996|publisher= American Institute of Indian Studies|isbn= 978-81-86526-00-2|pages = 374–375 }}</ref> It is unclear when this temple pair was built, but given the style and architectural innovations embedded therein, it was likely complete before 1250 CE.<ref name=dhaky/>

According to Dhaky – an architecture and history scholar, the interior of this temple pair is "gorgeously embellished" and the outer artwork is "handsomely decorated".<ref name=dhaky/> This temple complex is protected as a monument of national importance by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]].<ref name="protected">{{cite web |url=http://asibengalurucircle.in/nagesvara-and-chennakesava-temple-mosale|title=Alphabetical List of Monuments - Karnataka - Bangalore, Bangalore Circle, Karnataka|work=Archaeological Survey of India, Government of India|publisher=Indira Gandhi National Center for the Arts|access-date=10 August 2012}}</ref>

==Location and date==
It is located in the village of Mosale, about {{Convert|10|km|mi|0}} south of [[Hassan, Karnataka|Hassan]] city, in [[Hassan district]] of Karnataka state, India.<ref name="elegent">Foekema (1996), pp81-82</ref> The two temples are in the same complex, in an idyllic rural setting, and they form a "perfect twin".<ref name="twin">Foekema (1996), p81</ref>

It is unclear when the temple was built, as the foundation stone is missing and other inscriptions do not provide any clues. The style suggests this pair is a pre-1250 CE temple.<ref name=dhaky/> According to Foekema, the temple was built in 1200 CE during the reign of Hoysala King [[Veera Ballala II]].<ref name="dvikuta">Foekema (1996), p82</ref><ref name="ballala">{{cite web|url=http://asibengalurucircle.in/nagesvara-and-chennakesava-temple-mosale|title=Nagesvara and Chennakesava temples|work=ASI Bengaluru Circle|publisher=Archaeological Survey of India|access-date=9 August 2012}}</ref>

== Architecture ==
By plan, the temples are simple single-shrined structures with all the standard features of [[Hoysala architecture]]; a porch entrance into a square closed ''[[mantapa]]'' or ''navaranga'' (hall with no windows and a thick wall) leading to the sanctum, and a superstructure (''[[shikhara]]'') over the main shrine fitting the description of a ''ekakuta'' (single shrine with top). The sanctum (''[[garbhagriha]]'') is connected to the hall by a [[Vestibule (architecture)|vestibule]] called ''sukhanasi''. The closed hall, whose inner and outer walls are decorated, has four central lathe turned pillars that support a bay ceiling.<ref name="dvikuta"/><ref name="ballala"/><ref name="suka">Foekema (1996), p22</ref><ref name="keynote1">Kamath (2001), p134</ref><ref name="keynote2">Kamath (2001), p135</ref> The temples are constructed next to each other. The Nageshvara temple (''lit'', "Lord of snakes"), dedicated to the Hindu god [[Shiva]] is in the south. The Chennakeshava temple (''lit'', "beautiful Vishnu"), dedicated to the Hindu god [[Vishnu]], is to the north.<ref name="dvikuta">Foekema (1996), p82</ref><ref name="linga">Foekema (1996), pp19-20</ref><ref name="kuta">Foekema (1996), p25</ref>

{{panorama|image=Ornate bay ceiling in mantapa (hall) of Nageshvara temple at Mosale.JPG|height=150|caption=The notable ceiling artwork above the mantapa of the Nageshwar temple|align=left}}
{{panorama|image=Ornate bay ceiling in the Chennakeshava temple at Mosale.JPG|height=150|caption=The notable ceiling artwork above the mantapa of the in Chennakesava temple|align=left}}
The superstructure (tower or ''[[shikhara]]'') over each shrine is three tiered (''tritala arpita'') and ''[[vesara]]'' in style. It is intact, finely sculptured, and has a decorative low extension which is actually the tower over the vestibule (that connects the [[cella]] (sanctum) and the hall). The extension tower looks like the "nose" of the main superstructure and is also called ''sukhanasi''. The ''sukanasi'' structure holds the Hoysala crest that depicts a royal warrior stabbing a lion.<ref name="ballala"/><ref name="suka"/><ref name="keynote1"/> At the top of the superstructure of the shrine is a sculptured ''[[amalaka]]'', whose ground surface area can be 2 × 2 meters. It is the largest piece of sculpture in the temple. The ''amalaka'' supports a decorative water pot like structure called the ''[[kalasha]]'' which is the apex of the tower.<ref name="kalasa">Foekema (1996), p27</ref> All these features are intact in both temples.<ref name="dvikuta"/>

The decorative features found on the temple's outer wall (horizontal treatment) belong to the pre-Hoysala traditions. In this type of decorations, below the superstructure, an eaves that projects about half a meter runs all around the temple. Below the eaves are decorative Bhumija and Vesara miniature towers ([[aedicula]]) on [[pilaster]]s. The large wall images of [[deity|deities]] and their attendants are placed below these decorative towers. Some of these images are mutilated and damaged, but others are in reasonably preserved form to affirm their elegance and art. Some of the panel images at the Nageshvara temple have been signed by the artists on their pedestals.<ref name=dhaky/><ref name="dvikuta"/>

The panels found in the Nagesvara temple include those of Sridevi, [[Lakshmi]]devi, [[Parvati|Gauri]], Maheshvari (another name for [[Parvati]]), [[Brahma]], Sadashiva (form of [[Shiva]]), and [[Bhūmi|Bhumidevi]] (representation of mother earth).<ref name="mold">Foekema (1996), p28</ref>

The Channakeshava temple has sculptures of [[Garuda]] (the eagle), [[Keshava]] (a form of Vishnu), [[Janardana]], [[Venugopalaswamy|Venugopala]], Madhava (a form of [[Krishna]]), and [[Bhudevi]]. Below these images, the base of the wall comprises five different horizontal [[Molding (decorative)|molding]]s, one of which is a row of blocks.<ref name="dvikuta"/><ref name="ballala"/><ref name="keynote1"/>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Profile of panel relief sculpture in Chennakeshava temple at Mosale.JPG|Outer wall decoration
File:Nageshvara (near) and Chennakeshava (far) temples at Mosale.JPG|The twin temples of Mosale
File:Profile (frontal) of the Nageshvara (left) and Chennakeshava (right) temples at Mosale.JPG|Frontal view of twin temples, Nageshvara (far), Chennakeshava (near) at Mosale
File:A shrine inside the mantapa (hall) in the Chennakeshava temple at Mosale.JPG|A decorative shrine in the mantapa wall of Chennakeshava temple at Mosale
File:Nageshswara Temple , Mosale.jpg|Nageshvara Temple - Mosale
File:Chenna Kesava Temple , Mosale from the North Side View.jpg
File:Vesara tower of Chennakeshava temple at Mosale.JPG|''[[Vesara]]'' tower of the Chennakeshava temple, Mosale
File:Wall panel relief and sculpture in Chennakeshava temple at Mosale.JPG|Wall panel relief sculpture and ornamentation in Chennakeshava temple at Mosale
File:Yali sculpture in Chennakeshava temple at Mosale.JPG|Yali sculpture on wall of Chennakeshava temple at Mosale
File:Mantapa (hall) in Nageshvara temple at Mosale.JPG|Closed mantapa with lathe turned pillars facing sanctum in Nageshvara temple at Mosale
File:Kannada inscription (1577 AD) at Nageshvara and Chennakeshava temples in Mosale.jpg|Old Kannada inscription (1577 CE) of Belur Chief Venkatadri Nayaka at the twin temple complex at Mosale
File:North Side Corner View of Nageshswara & Chenna Kesava Temple- Mosale.jpg|North Side corner View of the twin temples at Mosale
File:Nageshswara & Chenna Kesava Temple - Mosale.jpg|Frontal view of the Nageshvara-Chennakeshava - twin Temples of Mosale
</gallery>

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== References ==
*Gerard Foekema, A Complete Guide to Hoysala Temples, Abhinav, 1996 {{ISBN|81-7017-345-0}}
*{{Cite book |last=Kamath |first=Suryanath U. |title=A concise history of Karnataka: from pre-historic times to the present |orig-year=1980 |year=2001 |publisher=Jupiter books |location=Bangalore |oclc=7796041 |lccn=80905179}}
*{{cite web|url=http://asibengalurucircle.org/hassan-13.html|title=Nagesvara and Chennakesava temples|work=Archaeological Survey of India, Bengaluru Circle}}

== External links ==
{{commons category|Nageshvara-Chennakeshava Temple complex}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121120002402/http://www.hassan.nic.in/htmls/tourist_information.htm Hassan District Tourism]

[[Category:12th-century Hindu temples]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Hassan district]]

Nageshvara-Chennakeshava Temple complex, Mosale - Revision history

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