Nagarhole National Park - Revision history

JAY JADABA: minor improved layout per sources and added references

2026-03-03T16:56:48Z

minor improved layout per sources and added references

49.207.51.15: robot: Update article (please report if you notice any mistake or error in this edit)

2022-06-05T04:52:03Z

robot: Update article (please report if you notice any mistake or error in this edit)

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:22, 5 June 2022
Line 44:		Line 44:
	The main trees are the commercially important [[rosewood]], [[teak]], [[sandalwood]] and [[silver oak]]. Species of trees of the dry deciduous forest include ''[[Terminalia tomentosa\|crocodile bark]]'', ''[[Lagerstroemia]] lanceolata'', Indian kino tree "[[Pterocarpus marsupium]]'', ''[[Grewia]] tilaefolia'', rosewood and axlewood ''[[Anogeissus latifolia]].<ref name=pascal>{{cite book\|publisher=French institute, Pondicherry\|title=Forest map of South India: Mercara-Mysore\|year=1982 \|author1=Pascal, J.P \|author2=Shyam Sundar, S. \|author3=Meher-Homji, V.M.}}</ref>		The main trees are the commercially important [[rosewood]], [[teak]], [[sandalwood]] and [[silver oak]]. Species of trees of the dry deciduous forest include ''[[Terminalia tomentosa\|crocodile bark]]'', ''[[Lagerstroemia]] lanceolata'', Indian kino tree "[[Pterocarpus marsupium]]'', ''[[Grewia]] tilaefolia'', rosewood and axlewood ''[[Anogeissus latifolia]].<ref name=pascal>{{cite book\|publisher=French institute, Pondicherry\|title=Forest map of South India: Mercara-Mysore\|year=1982 \|author1=Pascal, J.P \|author2=Shyam Sundar, S. \|author3=Meher-Homji, V.M.}}</ref>
	Species growing in the [[understorey]] include ''[[Kydia calycina]]'', Indian gooseberry ''[[Emblica officinalis]]'' and beechwood ''[[Gmelina arborea]]'', shrubs like horse nettles [[Solanum]], [[Desmodium\|tick clover]], ''[[Helicteres]]'' species and invasive species like [[Lantana camara\|lantana]] and [[Eupatorium\|bonesets]].		Species growing in the [[understorey]] include ''[[Kydia calycina]]'', Indian gooseberry ''[[Emblica officinalis]]'' and beechwood ''[[Gmelina arborea]]'', shrubs like horse nettles [[Solanum]], [[Desmodium\|tick clover]], ''[[Helicteres]]'' species and invasive species like [[Lantana camara\|lantana]] and [[Eupatorium\|bonesets]].
	These forests have some conspicuous tree species such as [[Cassia fistula\|golden shower tree]], [[Butea monosperma\|flame of the forest]] and ''[[Dendrocalamus strictus\|clumping bamboo]]''.<ref name=lal>{{Cite book\| publisher = Centre for Public Policy, Planning, and Environmental Studies, Indian Institute of Public Administration\| last = Lal\| first = R. \|title = Directory of national parks and sanctuaries in Karnataka: management status and profiles\| year = 1994\|pages=53–62}}</ref><ref name=rahmani>{{Cite book\| publisher = OUP India\| isbn = 0-19-567333-6\| last = Rahmani\| first = A. R.\|author2=Zafar-ul Islam, M.\| title = Important Bird Areas in India: Priority Sites for Conservation\| date =2005\|pages=578–579}}</ref>		These forests have some conspicuous tree species such as [[Cassia fistula\|golden shower tree]], [[Butea monosperma\|flame of the forest]] and [[Dendrocalamus strictus\|clumping bamboo]].<ref name=lal>{{Cite book\| publisher = Centre for Public Policy, Planning, and Environmental Studies, Indian Institute of Public Administration\| last = Lal\| first = R. \|title = Directory of national parks and sanctuaries in Karnataka: management status and profiles\| year = 1994\|pages=53–62}}</ref><ref name=rahmani>{{Cite book\| publisher = OUP India\| isbn = 0-19-567333-6\| last = Rahmani\| first = A. R.\|author2=Zafar-ul Islam, M.\| title = Important Bird Areas in India: Priority Sites for Conservation\| date =2005\|pages=578–579}}</ref>

	==Fauna==		==Fauna==
Line 50:		Line 50:
	{{Refimprove section\|date=September 2021}}		{{Refimprove section\|date=September 2021}}
	=== Mammals ===		=== Mammals ===
	The important predators and carnivores in the park are the [[Bengal tiger~~]], [[Indian leopard]], [[dhole~~]] (''~~Cuon alpinus~~''), ~~and~~ the [[sloth bear]] (''Melursus ursinus''). The herbivores are [[chital]] (''Axis axis''), [[sambar deer]] (''Cervus unicolor''), [[barking deer]] (''Munitacus muntjak''), [[four-horned antelope]] (''Tetracercus quadricornis''), [[gaur]] (''Bos gaurus''), [[wild boar]] (''Sus scrofa'') and Indian elephant. Nagarhole National Park provides an opportunity to see some of the southern population of gaur. Other mammals includes [[gray langur]] (''Presbytes entellus''), [[bonnet macaque]] (''Macaca radiata''), [[jungle cat]] (''Felis chaus''), [[leopard ~~cat~~]] (''~~Prionailurus bengalensis~~''), [[~~slender loris~~]] (''~~Loris tadigradus~~''~~), [[small Indian civet]] (~~''~~Viverricula indica''), [[Asian palm civet]] (''Paradoxurus hermaphroditus~~''), [[golden jackal]] (''Canis aureus~~''), [[Indian grey mongoose]] (''Herpestes edwardsi''), [[Indian brown mongoose]] (''Herpestes fuscus~~'') and [[~~stripe-necked mongoose~~]] (''Herpestes vitticollis''), [[European otter]] (''Lutra lutra''), [[Indian giant flying squirrel]] (''Petaurista petaurista''), [[Indian giant squirrel]] (''Ratufa indica''), [[porcupine]], [[golden jackal]], [[chevrotain]] (''Tragulus meminna''), [[hare]] and [[Indian pangolin]] (''Manis crassicaudata''). Over 250 species of birds live in Nagarhole National Park. Besides the enormous variety of woodland birds, there are large congregations of waterfowl in the Kabini river. Birds range from blue-bearded bee-eater, scarlet minivet and Malabar whistling thrush to the more common ospreys, herons and ducks.{{citation needed\|date=May 2020}}		The important predators and carnivores in the park are the [[Bengal tiger]] (''Panthera tigris tigris''), the [[Indian leopard]] (''Panthera pardus fusca''), the [[dhole]] (''Cuon'' ''alpinus''), the [[golden jackal]] (''Canis aureus'') and the [[sloth bear]] (''Melursus ursinus'').

	~~Other mammalis~~ include [[~~black~~-~~naped hare~~]] (''~~Lepus nigricollis~~''), [[~~mouse deer~~]], [[~~Indian pangolin~~]] (''~~Manis crassicaudata~~''), red giant flying squirrel (''Petaurista petaurista''), [[Indian ~~porcupine~~]] (''~~Hystrix indica~~'') and Indian giant ~~flying~~ squirrel (''~~Petaurista philippensis~~'').<ref name=lal/><ref name=rahmani/>		The great herbivores include the [[Indian elephant]] (''Elephas maximus indicus''), the [[gaur]] (''Bos gaurus''), the [[sambar deer]] (''Cervus unicolor''), the [[Muntjac\|barking deer]] (''Munitacus muntjak''), the [[chital]] (''Axis axis''), the [[four-horned antelope]] (''Tetracercus quadricornis'') and [[wild boar\|the wild boar]] (''Sus scrofa'').

			Arboreal mammals includes the [[gray langur]] (''Presbytes entellus''), the [[bonnet macaque]] (''Macaca radiata''), the [[slender loris]] (''Loris tadigradus''), the [[red giant flying squirrel]] (''Petaurista petaurista''), [[Indian giant flying squirrel]] (''Petaurista philippensis'') and the [[Indian giant squirrel]] (''Ratufa indica'').

			Small predators include the [[jungle cat]] (''Felis chaus''), the [[leopard cat]] (''Prionailurus bengalensis''), the [[small Indian civet]] (''Viverricula indica''), the [[Asian palm civet]] (''Paradoxurus hermaphroditus''), the [[Indian grey mongoose]] (''Herpestes edwardsi''), the [[Indian brown mongoose]] (''Herpestes fuscus''), the [[stripe-necked mongoose]] (''Herpestes vitticollis'') and the [[European otter]] (''Lutra lutra'').

			Other mammals include the [[chevrotain]] (''Tragulus meminna''), the [[mouse deer]], the [[hare]], the [[black-naped hare]] (''Lepus nigricollis''), the [[Indian pangolin]] (''Manis crassicaudata'') and the [[Indian porcupine]] (''Hystrix indica'').<ref name="lal" /><ref name="rahmani" />

	=== Birds ===		=== Birds ===
	[[File:Malabar Trogan.jpg\|thumb\|[[Malabar trogon\|Malabar Trogan]], Nagarahole, Mysuru]]		[[File:Malabar Trogan.jpg\|thumb\|[[Malabar trogon\|Malabar Trogan]], Nagarahole, Mysuru]]
	Recognised as an [[Important Bird Area]] the park has over 270 species of birds including the 'critically endangered' ~~Oriental white~~-~~backed~~ vulture (''Gyps bengalensis''), 'vulnerable' [[lesser adjutant]] (''Leptopilos javanicus''), [[greater spotted eagle]] (''Aquila changa'') and the [[Nilgiri wood-pigeon]] (''Columba elphinstonii'').		Over 250 species of birds live in Nagarhole National Park. Besides the enormous variety of woodland birds, there are large congregations of waterfowl in the Kabini river. Birds range from the [[blue-bearded bee-eater]] and the [[scarlet minivet]] to the more common ospreys, herons and ducks.{{citation needed\|date=May 2020}}. Recognised as an [[Important Bird Area]], the park has over 270 species of birds, including the 'critically endangered' [[White-rumped vulture]] (''Gyps bengalensis''), the 'vulnerable' [[lesser adjutant]] (''Leptopilos javanicus''), the [[greater spotted eagle]] (''Aquila changa'') and the [[Nilgiri wood-pigeon]] (''Columba elphinstonii'').

	'Near threatened' species like [[darter]]s (''Anhniga melanogaster''), [[oriental white ibis]] (''Threskiornis melanocephalus''), ~~greater~~ grey headed fish eagle (''Icthyophaga ichthyaetus'') and [[red-headed vulture]] (''Sarcogyps calvus'') ~~too~~ can be found here. ~~Endemics~~ include the [[blue-winged parakeet]] (''Psittacula columboides''), [[Malabar grey hornbill]] (''Ocyceros griseus'') ~~and~~ the [[white-bellied treepie]] (''Dendrocitta leucogastra''), white cheeked barbet (''Megalaima viridis''), Indian scimitar babbler (''Pomatorhinus horsfieldii''), ~~malabar trogan~~ and Malabar whistling thrush (''Myiophonus horsfieldii'').		'Near threatened' species like [[darter]]s (''Anhniga melanogaster''), the [[oriental white ibis]] (''Threskiornis melanocephalus''), the [[Grey-headed fish eagle\|grey headed fish eagle]] (''Icthyophaga ichthyaetus'') and the [[red-headed vulture]] (''Sarcogyps calvus'') can also be found here. Endemic species include the [[blue-winged parakeet]] (''Psittacula columboides''), the [[Malabar grey hornbill]] (''Ocyceros griseus''), the [[white-bellied treepie]] (''Dendrocitta leucogastra''), the [[White-cheeked barbet\|white cheeked barbet]] (''Megalaima viridis''), the [[Indian scimitar babbler]] (''Pomatorhinus horsfieldii''), the [[Malabar trogon]] (''Harpactes fasciatus'') and the [[Malabar whistling thrush]] (''Myiophonus horsfieldii'').

	~~Birds~~ commonly seen in drier regions ~~like~~ painted bush quail (''~~Pendicula~~ erythrorhyncha''), Sirkeer malkhoa (''Phaenicophaeus ~~leschenaultia~~''), ashy prinia (''Prinia socialis''), Indian robin (''~~Saxicoloides fulicata~~''), Indian peafowl (''~~Pava~~ cristatus'') and yellow ~~legged~~ green pigeon (''Treron phoenicoptera'') ~~can be found here~~.<ref name=lal/><ref name=rahmani/>		More common birds commonly seen in drier regions include the [[painted bush quail]] (''Perdicula erythrorhyncha''), the [[Sirkeer malkoha\|Sirkeer malkhoa]] (''Phaenicophaeus leschenaultii''), the [[ashy prinia]] (''Prinia socialis''), the [[Indian robin]] (''Copsychus fulicatus''), the [[Indian peafowl]] (''Pavo cristatus'') and the [[yellow-footed green pigeon]] (''Treron phoenicoptera'').<ref name=lal/><ref name=rahmani/>

	=== Reptiles ===		=== Reptiles ===
	Reptiles commonly found here are [[~~Mugger~~ crocodile~~\|mugger~~]] (''Crocodylus palustris''), common vine snake (''Ahaetulla ~~nasutus~~''), common wolf snake (''Lycodon aulicus''), rat snake (''Ptyas mucosus''), bamboo pit viper (''~~[[Trimeresurus~~ gramineus]]''), [[Russell's viper]] (''Daboia russellii''), [[common krait]] (''Bangarus caeruleus''), Indian rock python (''[[Python molurus]]''), [[Bengal monitor]] (''Varanus bengalensis'') and the Asian common toad (''[[Duttaphrynus melanostictus]]'').<ref name=lal/><ref name=rahmani/>		Reptiles commonly found here are the [[mugger crocodile]] (''Crocodylus palustris''), the [[Ahaetulla\|common vine snake]] (''Ahaetulla'' genus), the [[Lycodon aulicus\|common wolf snake]] (''Lycodon aulicus''), the [[Ptyas mucosa\|Indian rat snake]] (''Ptyas mucosus''), the [[Craspedocephalus gramineus\|bamboo pit viper]] (''Craspedocephalus gramineus''), the [[Russell's viper]] (''Daboia russellii''), the [[common krait]] (''Bangarus caeruleus''), the [[Python molurus\|Indian rock python]] (''Python molurus''), the [[Bengal monitor]] (''Varanus bengalensis'') and the [[Duttaphrynus melanostictus\|Asian common toad]] (''Duttaphrynus melanostictus'').<ref name=lal/><ref name=rahmani/>

	=== Insects ===		=== Insects ===
	Extensive studies on the biodiversity of the insect population have been carried out by researchers from the Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment, Bangalore. The [[insect biodiversity]] of this park includes over 96 species of dung beetles and 60 species of ants. Unusual species of ants that have been identified ~~include~~ the jumping ants such as ''Harpegnathos saltator'', which are known to jump up to a metre high.		Extensive studies on the biodiversity of the insect population have been carried out by researchers from the Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment, Bangalore. The [[insect biodiversity]] of this park includes over 96 species of dung beetles and 60 species of ants. Unusual species of ants that have been identified, including the jumping ants such as ''[[Harpegnathos saltator]]'', which are known to jump up to a metre high.

	The ant species ''Tetraponera rufonigra'' may be useful as a marker for the health ~~of the forests~~ because these ants feed on termites and are abundant in places where there are many dead trees. ~~Species of~~ dung beetles ~~identified~~ include the common dung beetle (''Onthophagus dama''), India's largest beetle, ''Heliocopris dominus'' which breeds only in elephant dung and ''Onthophagus pactolus'', a very rare species of dung beetle.{{cn\|date=November 2021}}		The ant species ''[[Tetraponera rufonigra]]'' may be useful as a marker for the forest health because these ants feed on termites and are abundant in places where there are many dead trees. Indentified dung beetles include the common dung beetle (''[[Onthophagus dama]]'', India's largest beetle), ''[[Heliocopris\|Heliocopris dominus]]'' which breeds only in elephant dung and ''[[Onthophagus\|Onthophagus pactolus]]'', a very rare species of dung beetle.{{cn\|date=November 2021}}

	==Tribal and native inhabitants==		==Tribal and native inhabitants==

ImportMaster: robot: Creating new article from Special:WantedPages

2022-04-21T04:57:43Z

robot: Creating new article from Special:WantedPages

New page

{{Redirect|Nagarahole|the 1977 Indian film|Nagarahole (film)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{short description|National park in Karnataka, India}}
{{Infobox protected area
| name = Nagarahole Tiger Reserve
| iucn_category =II
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| photo = Bengal Tiger Karnataka.jpg
| photo_caption = Tiger in Nagarhole National Park
| map = India Karnataka
| relief =1
| label =Nagarahole Tiger Reserve
| coordinates = {{coord|12|3|36|N|76|9|4|E|display=inline,title}}
| location = [[Karnataka]], India
| established = 1988
| area_km2 = 642.39
| elevation = 960
| governing_body =
| website = {{URL|https://www.nagaraholetigerreserve.com/|nagaraholetigerreserve.com}}
}}
'''Nagarahole Tiger Reserve''' (formerly known as Rajiv Gandhi (Nagarahole) National Park) is a [[National parks of India|national park]] located in [[Kodagu district]] and [[Mysore district]] in [[Karnataka]], India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nagarholenationalpark.org|title=Nagarhole National Park Complete Guide {{!}} Nagarhole National Park|website=Nagarhole National Park|access-date=2017-09-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180412032011/https://nagarholenationalpark.org/|archive-date=12 April 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>

This park was declared the 37th [[Tiger Reserve]] of India in 1999. It is part of the [[Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve]]. The [[Western Ghats]] Nilgiri Sub-Cluster of {{cvt|6000|km2}}, including all of Nagarhole National Park, is under consideration by the [[UNESCO]] World Heritage Committee for selection as a [[World Heritage Site]].<ref name="UNESCO" >{{cite web |title=World Heritage sites, Tentative lists, Western Ghats sub cluster, Nilgiris |author=UNESCO |access-date=20 April 2007 |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/2103/ |work=World Heritage sites, Tentative lists}}</ref>

The park has rich [[forest cover]], small streams, hills, valleys and waterfalls, and populations of [[Bengal tiger]], [[gaur]], [[Indian elephant]], [[Indian leopard]], [[chital]] and [[Sambar deer]].

==Geography==
The park ranges the foothills of the [[Western Ghats]] spreading down the [[Brahmagiri (hill)|Brahmagiri hills]] and south towards [[Kerala]] state. It lies between the latitudes 12°15'37.69"N and longitudes 76°17'34.4"E. The park covers {{convert|643|km2|abbr=on}} located to the north-west of [[Bandipur National Park]]. The [[Kabini River#Other attractions|Kabini reservoir]] separates the two parks. Elevations of the park range from {{convert|687|to|960|m|abbr=on}}. It is {{convert|50|km|abbr=on}} from the major city of [[Mysore]]<ref name="date" /> and 220 km (137 mi) from the Karnataka state capital of [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.holidayiq.com/How-To-Reach/From-Bangalore-To-Nagarhole-293-476|title=Bangalore to Nagarhole - distance, journey time & traveller reviews {{!}} HolidayIQ|last=HolidayIQ.com|website=holidayiq.com|language=en|access-date=2018-02-04}}</ref>

Together with the adjoining [[Bandipur National Park]] ({{convert|870|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}), [[Mudumalai National Park]] ({{convert|320|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}) and [[Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary]] ({{convert|344|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}), it forms the largest protected area in Southern India, totalling {{convert|2183|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}.{{cn|date=November 2021}}

===Climate and ecology===
The park receives an annual rainfall of {{convert|1440|mm}}. Its water sources include the Lakshmmantirtha river, Sarati Hole, Nagar Hole, Balle Halla, [[Kabini River]], four perennial streams, 47 seasonal streams, four small perennial lakes, 41 artificial tanks, several swamps, Taraka Dam and the Kabini reservoir.<ref name=lal/>

==History==
The park derives its name from ''naga'', meaning snake and ''hole'', referring to streams. The park was an exclusive [[Game reserve|hunting reserve]] of the kings of the [[Wodeyar dynasty]], the former rulers of the [[Kingdom of Mysore]]. It was set up in 1955 as a wildlife sanctuary and later its area increased to {{convert|643.39|km|abbr=on}}. It was upgraded into a national park in 1988. The park was declared a tiger reserve in 1999.<ref name=date>
{{citation |url = http://oldwww.wii.gov.in/envis/envis_pa_network/page_states_ut.htm |title = Protected Areas in Karnataka |work = Protected Area Network |publisher = ENVIS |access-date = 27 February 2012 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111009113803/http://oldwww.wii.gov.in/envis/envis_pa_network/page_states_ut.htm |archive-date = 9 October 2011 |df = dmy-all}}</ref>
==Flora==
[[File:Walk In The Woods (67510555).jpeg|thumb|Forest in Nagarhole Tiger Reserve]]

The vegetation here consists mainly of [[North Western Ghats moist deciduous forests]] with ''[[Tectona grandis|teak]]'' and rosewood ''[[Dalbergia latifolia]]'' predominating in the southern parts. There is [[Central Deccan Plateau dry deciduous forests]] with [[Wrightia tinctoria|Pala indigo]] and thorny [[acacia|wattle]] towards the east. There are some [[Freshwater swamp forest|sub-montane valley swamp forest]]s with several species of the [[Eugenia]] genus.

The main trees are the commercially important [[rosewood]], [[teak]], [[sandalwood]] and [[silver oak]]. Species of trees of the dry deciduous forest include ''[[Terminalia tomentosa|crocodile bark]]'', ''[[Lagerstroemia]] lanceolata'', Indian kino tree "[[Pterocarpus marsupium]]'', ''[[Grewia]] tilaefolia'', rosewood and axlewood ''[[Anogeissus latifolia]].<ref name=pascal>{{cite book|publisher=French institute, Pondicherry|title=Forest map of South India: Mercara-Mysore|year=1982 |author1=Pascal, J.P |author2=Shyam Sundar, S. |author3=Meher-Homji, V.M.}}</ref>
Species growing in the [[understorey]] include ''[[Kydia calycina]]'', Indian gooseberry ''[[Emblica officinalis]]'' and beechwood ''[[Gmelina arborea]]'', shrubs like horse nettles [[Solanum]], [[Desmodium|tick clover]], ''[[Helicteres]]'' species and invasive species like [[Lantana camara|lantana]] and [[Eupatorium|bonesets]].
These forests have some conspicuous tree species such as [[Cassia fistula|golden shower tree]], [[Butea monosperma|flame of the forest]] and ''[[Dendrocalamus strictus|clumping bamboo]]''.<ref name=lal>{{Cite book| publisher = Centre for Public Policy, Planning, and Environmental Studies, Indian Institute of Public Administration| last = Lal| first = R. |title = Directory of national parks and sanctuaries in Karnataka: management status and profiles| year = 1994|pages=53–62}}</ref><ref name=rahmani>{{Cite book| publisher = OUP India| isbn = 0-19-567333-6| last = Rahmani| first = A. R.|author2=Zafar-ul Islam, M.| title = Important Bird Areas in India: Priority Sites for Conservation| date =2005|pages=578–579}}</ref>

==Fauna==
[[File:Gray Langur - Young.jpg|thumb|Young [[Gray langur|Gray Langur]] at Nagahole, Mysuru]]
{{Refimprove section|date=September 2021}}
=== Mammals ===
The important predators and carnivores in the park are the [[Bengal tiger]], [[Indian leopard]], [[dhole]] (''Cuon alpinus''), and the [[sloth bear]] (''Melursus ursinus''). The herbivores are [[chital]] (''Axis axis''), [[sambar deer]] (''Cervus unicolor''), [[barking deer]] (''Munitacus muntjak''), [[four-horned antelope]] (''Tetracercus quadricornis''), [[gaur]] (''Bos gaurus''), [[wild boar]] (''Sus scrofa'') and Indian elephant. Nagarhole National Park provides an opportunity to see some of the southern population of gaur. Other mammals includes [[gray langur]] (''Presbytes entellus''), [[bonnet macaque]] (''Macaca radiata''), [[jungle cat]] (''Felis chaus''), [[leopard cat]] (''Prionailurus bengalensis''), [[slender loris]] (''Loris tadigradus''), [[small Indian civet]] (''Viverricula indica''), [[Asian palm civet]] (''Paradoxurus hermaphroditus''), [[golden jackal]] (''Canis aureus''), [[Indian grey mongoose]] (''Herpestes edwardsi''), [[Indian brown mongoose]] (''Herpestes fuscus'') and [[stripe-necked mongoose]] (''Herpestes vitticollis''), [[European otter]] (''Lutra lutra''), [[Indian giant flying squirrel]] (''Petaurista petaurista''), [[Indian giant squirrel]] (''Ratufa indica''), [[porcupine]], [[golden jackal]], [[chevrotain]] (''Tragulus meminna''), [[hare]] and [[Indian pangolin]] (''Manis crassicaudata''). Over 250 species of birds live in Nagarhole National Park. Besides the enormous variety of woodland birds, there are large congregations of waterfowl in the Kabini river. Birds range from blue-bearded bee-eater, scarlet minivet and Malabar whistling thrush to the more common ospreys, herons and ducks.{{citation needed|date=May 2020}}

Other mammalis include [[black-naped hare]] (''Lepus nigricollis''), [[mouse deer]], [[Indian pangolin]] (''Manis crassicaudata''), red giant flying squirrel (''Petaurista petaurista''), [[Indian porcupine]] (''Hystrix indica'') and Indian giant flying squirrel (''Petaurista philippensis'').<ref name=lal/><ref name=rahmani/>

=== Birds ===
[[File:Malabar Trogan.jpg|thumb|[[Malabar trogon|Malabar Trogan]], Nagarahole, Mysuru]]
Recognised as an [[Important Bird Area]] the park has over 270 species of birds including the 'critically endangered' Oriental white-backed vulture (''Gyps bengalensis''), 'vulnerable' [[lesser adjutant]] (''Leptopilos javanicus''), [[greater spotted eagle]] (''Aquila changa'') and the [[Nilgiri wood-pigeon]] (''Columba elphinstonii'').

'Near threatened' species like [[darter]]s (''Anhniga melanogaster''), [[oriental white ibis]] (''Threskiornis melanocephalus''), greater grey headed fish eagle (''Icthyophaga ichthyaetus'') and [[red-headed vulture]] (''Sarcogyps calvus'') too can be found here. Endemics include the [[blue-winged parakeet]] (''Psittacula columboides''), [[Malabar grey hornbill]] (''Ocyceros griseus'') and the [[white-bellied treepie]] (''Dendrocitta leucogastra''), white cheeked barbet (''Megalaima viridis''), Indian scimitar babbler (''Pomatorhinus horsfieldii''), malabar trogan and Malabar whistling thrush (''Myiophonus horsfieldii'').

Birds commonly seen in drier regions like painted bush quail (''Pendicula erythrorhyncha''), Sirkeer malkhoa (''Phaenicophaeus leschenaultia''), ashy prinia (''Prinia socialis''), Indian robin (''Saxicoloides fulicata''), Indian peafowl (''Pava cristatus'') and yellow legged green pigeon (''Treron phoenicoptera'') can be found here.<ref name=lal/><ref name=rahmani/>

=== Reptiles ===
Reptiles commonly found here are [[Mugger crocodile|mugger]] (''Crocodylus palustris''), common vine snake (''Ahaetulla nasutus''), common wolf snake (''Lycodon aulicus''), rat snake (''Ptyas mucosus''), bamboo pit viper (''[[Trimeresurus gramineus]]''), [[Russell's viper]] (''Daboia russellii''), [[common krait]] (''Bangarus caeruleus''), Indian rock python (''[[Python molurus]]''), [[Bengal monitor]] (''Varanus bengalensis'') and the Asian common toad (''[[Duttaphrynus melanostictus]]'').<ref name=lal/><ref name=rahmani/>

=== Insects ===
Extensive studies on the biodiversity of the insect population have been carried out by researchers from the Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment, Bangalore. The [[insect biodiversity]] of this park includes over 96 species of dung beetles and 60 species of ants. Unusual species of ants that have been identified include the jumping ants such as ''Harpegnathos saltator'', which are known to jump up to a metre high.

The ant species ''Tetraponera rufonigra'' may be useful as a marker for the health of the forests because these ants feed on termites and are abundant in places where there are many dead trees. Species of dung beetles identified include the common dung beetle (''Onthophagus dama''), India's largest beetle, ''Heliocopris dominus'' which breeds only in elephant dung and ''Onthophagus pactolus'', a very rare species of dung beetle.{{cn|date=November 2021}}

==Tribal and native inhabitants==
The Jenu Kurubas, primary inhabitants of this forest area, are a tribe in Karnataka state and their traditional practices and rituals are slowly disappearing. The government is restricting their entry inside the National park and forest due to multiple factors including but not limited conservation efforts and bringing the community to the mainstream society.

The Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India, identified the Jenu Kuruba and the [[Koraga people|Koraga]] as tribal groups in Karnataka. The Jenu Kurubas are traditional food gatherers and honey collectors. In Kannada, the term 'Jenu' means 'honey' and the term 'kuruba' generally mean 'shepherd'. It is derived from the Kannada word 'kuri' which means 'sheep'. The term kuruba is also associated with non-shepherd communities. They speak a variant form of Kannada commonly known as Jenu-nudi within their family kin group, and Kannada with others. They use Kannada script. According to the Census of 1981, the population of Jenu Kuruba community is 34,747 out of which 17,867 are male and 16,880 are female.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sherlockretreat.in/nagarhole/|title=Tribal|website=www.sherlockretreat.in}}</ref>

The Jenu Kurubas are found scattered in the jungles as with other tribal groups. They are excellent climbers of tree and are skilled in the use of sling, bows and arrows. They demonstrate a strong emotional attachment to the forest as their mother deity and represents a whole way of life. Their food, dress, worship, house, medicine storing articles furniture etc. all are linked with forest. Parts of the tribe which have resisted exposure to modernization still live in thatched huts made of mud, leaves and grass.

The Jenu Kurubas mainly depend on forest for their day-to-day life. They occupy forested regions where for a long period in their history, they lived in isolation but in harmony with nature. They demonstrate significant knowledge of the forest including varied species of flora and fauna and relate to the forest very well. Collecting honey, wax and other forest produce like roots and tubers has been the mainstay of their survival and in recent times they have been found selling them in the market through organized trade groups, both legal and illegal which has led to a furore of angst amongst the conservationists.{{Citation needed|date=February 2011}}

Many of the cultural traits they have are common with the neighbouring tribes such as Betta Kuruba / Kadu Kuruba. In the forest the tribes also practice agriculture, the main crops grown are [[Eleusine coracana|ragi]], cow gram, Bengal gram, horse gram and black gram.

A lot of commercialization has occurred due to increase in tourism and fragmentation of forest ranges leading to severe. The tribal communities have long since given up the traditional ways of life and have easily indulged in [[poaching]] activities and indiscreet hunting of birds and forest animals. Numerous cases of such assistance provided by the tribal folk to poachers in trying to sell game, live or dead, medicinal herbs have been observed and controlled by the forest department leading to a clash between the tribal communities protected by law and law enforcement agencies. To resolve this conflict and imminent threat to the bio-diversity in this forest, numerous relocation efforts and anti-poaching efforts have been made in the last decade. An increase in poaching was attributed to the tribal support received by poachers in getting guidance from the tribal groups to navigate the forest and tracking game, in exchange for money or other supply of necessaries.{{Citation needed|date=February 2011}}

===Relocation efforts===
In the last decade there has been enormous activity undertaken both by the Government and certain NGOs to relocate tribals to the periphery of the forests. The relocation efforts are part of a larger focus to conserve the existing tiger populations and elephant habitats which were under serious threat due to change in lifestyles of the tribal folk resident within the forests.

There has been much resistance to relocation efforts from the oldest groups of tribals but success has been met in last few years. Many schools and houses with basic amenities like lighting, hospitals and roads being built to support the relocated tribal population.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/concern-over-plan-to-rehabilitate-tribal-families-displaced-from-nagarahole/article19596539.ece|title=Concern over plan to rehabilitate tribal families displaced from Nagarahole|work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

==Threats and conservation efforts==
Threats to the national park come from a large-scale cutting of sandalwood and teak trees. Timber smuggling, especially sandalwood smuggling, happens quite extensively here. Timber felling has been reported from plantation areas in Kollihadi, Vadodara Modu, Tattikere in Veerahosanahalli, and Mettiupe in Kalahari. Other places where timber felling has been reported include Arekatti, Badrikatte, Bidurukatte, Veerana Hosahalli, and Marhigodu ranges. In July 2002  hundreds of trees were cut down in the Veeranahosalli range.<ref name=paupdate392002>{{Cite web |title=ProtectedAreaUpdateon39_Oct2002| access-date = 15 February 2011 |url=http://www.kalpavriksh.org/images/PAUpdate/ProtectedAreaUpdate39_Oct2002.pdf}}</ref>

A study carried out between 1996 and 1997 revealed that hunting was the biggest threat to wildlife in [[Kudremukh]] and Nagarhole National Parks. The survey carried out on 49 actives and 19 retired hunters revealed that 26 species of wildlife were hunted at an average intensity of 216 hunter days per month per village. As much as 48% of the hunters reported hunting for the 'thrill'. The study showed that in Nagarhole, 16 mammal species weighing over 1 kg were regularly hunted with shotguns and also by traditional methods used by tribal communities.<ref name=PAupdateapril03/>

Poaching of birds and other mammals is another serious issue. A high number of elephant deaths have been reported from this park, with nearly 100 elephants dying between 1991–92 and 2004–05 in the Kodagu and Hunsur Forest Division (PA Update 2005). Elephants are killed for their ivory. A study carried out by Wildlife First! found that nearly 77 elephants were reported dead between 1 January 2000 and 31 October 2002. Another study carried out by the Institute for Natural Resources, Conservation, Education, Research and Training (INSERT) in 2002 revealed that as many as seven elephants had been killed earlier that year.<ref name=paupdatedec2005>{{Citation| title = ProtectedAreaUpdateinDecember2005| access-date = 21 February 2011 |url=http://wiienvis.nic.in/paupdates/54apr05.doc| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110721175502/http://wiienvis.nic.in/paupdates/54apr05.doc| archive-date = 21 July 2011| df = dmy-all}}</ref>

A report submitted by the Project Tiger Steering Committee stated that barely 25% of the park's staff were involved in vigilance work, thus putting the park at high risk of both, poaching and tree felling. Irregular payment to the forestry staff has been reported in both Bandipur and Nagarhole National Parks and there have also been reports of improper use of project funds.<ref name=paupdatedec2005/><ref name=PAupdateapril03>{{cite web| title = Protected Area Update April 2003| access-date = 21 February 2011| url = http://wiienvis.nic.in/paupdates/4142apr03.doc| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110721180348/http://wiienvis.nic.in/paupdates/4142apr03.doc| archive-date = 21 July 2011| df = dmy-all}}</ref>

In January 2012, there was a catastrophic [[forest fire]] that destroyed over {{convert|6000|acre|abbr=on}} of forest. Huge trees were reduced to cinder. Burnt remains of snakes, monitor lizards, giant Malabar squirrels lay scattered on the charred remains of what was once a verdant patch of moist-deciduous forest.<ref>{{cite web|work= IBN Live|title=Nagarhole Tiger Reserve smoulders, but who cares?|publisher=Global Broadcast News
|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/newstopics/Nagarhole-Tiger-Reserve.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126040831/http://ibnlive.in.com/newstopics/Nagarhole-Tiger-Reserve.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-01-26}}</ref>
Forest fires<ref name=PAupdateOct1999>{{Cite web |title = ProtectedAreaUpdate22onOct1999| access-date = 21 February 2011| url=http://www.kalpavriksh.org/images/PAUpdate/ProtectedAreaUpdate22%20_Oct1999.pdf}}</ref><ref name=PAupdate2004apr>{{cite web| title = Protected Area Update 2004 April| access-date = 21 February 2011| url = http://wiienvis.nic.in/paupdates/47apr04.doc| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110721180518/http://wiienvis.nic.in/paupdates/47apr04.doc| archive-date = 21 July 2011| df = dmy-all}}</ref> and seasonal droughts coupled with water shortage have caused many wild animals to migrate to other greener spaces.<ref name=PAupdateapril03/><ref name=PAupdate2004apr/>

[[Human-wildlife conflict]]s due to raids by wild animals and elephants on nearby villages along with the consequent retaliation by the villagers is another important threat to the parks wildlife. In 2001, the Karnataka state government sanctioned Rs 2 crores to dig elephant proof trenches and install solar fencing around the park to prevent elephants from straying into the farmer's fields.{{cn|date=November 2021}}

In 1997, tribal activist groups won public interest litigation in the [[Karnataka High Court]] to halt the setting up of a resort called the Gateway Tusker Lodge planned to be set up by the [[Taj Group|Taj Group of Hotels]].<ref name=PAupdateOct1999/><ref name=pa1998sep>{{Citation| title = Protect Area Update from Sept1994 to Jul1998| access-date = 15 February 2011 |url=http://www.kalpavriksh.org/images/PAUpdate/PAUpdate1_17_Sept1994_Jul1998.pdf}}</ref> With nearly 125 villages present inside the park, NGOs actively working to protect the tribal communities include, Living Inspiration for Tribals (LIFT), Coorg Organisation of Rural Development (CORD), DEED, FEDINA-VIKASA and Nagarhole Budakattu Janara Hakkustapana Samithi. In 2000, the first relocation attempts initiated by a World Bank-funded eco-development project of the local tribal population was begun with 50 tribal people. The relocated families were given land possession certificates for five acres of land and houses at Veeranahosalli, near Hunsur. The state and union government planned to relocate 1,550 tribal families at a cost of {{INR}}155 million.<ref name=PAupdateDec2000>{{Cite web |title=Protected Area Update Dec 2000 |access-date = 21 February 2011 |url=http://www.kalpavriksh.org/images/PAUpdate/ProtectedAreaUpdate27n28_Dec2000.pdf}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[D.B.Kuppe]]
* [[Mananthavady Road]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Literature==
* K K Gurung & Raj Singh: ''Field Guide to the Mammals of the Indian Subcontinent'', Academic Press, San Diego, {{ISBN|0-12-309350-3}}
* William Riley, laura Riley: ''Nature's Strongholds. The World's Great Wildlife Reserves.'' Princeton University Press, 2005. {{ISBN|0-691-12219-9}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.ecoinfoindia.org/lldb_rajivgandhi_np.php|title=ecoinfoindia.org|publisher=ecoinfoindia.org|access-date=1 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120714065321/http://www.ecoinfoindia.org/lldb_rajivgandhi_np.php|archive-date=14 July 2012|url-status=dead}}
*Kazmierczak, K. 2000. A field guide to the birds of India, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh and the Maldives. OM Book Service, New Delhi, India. 352 pp.
*Menon, V. 2003. A field guide to Indian mammals. DK (India) Pvt Ltd and Penguin Book India (P) Ltd. 201 pp.

==External links==
* {{Commonscatinline}}
* {{Wikivoyage-inline}}
* [http://www.1perdiem.com/hello-world/ Wild Attractions of Nagarhole National Park]
* [http://www.falconsmania.blogspot.in/2014/12/nagarhole-tiger-reserve-karnataka.html Nagarhole tiger reserve blog]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070517222250/http://www.wildlifetimes.com/forums/viewtopic.php?t=190 Wildlife Times: Article on Predators of Nagarahole]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060624220145/http://www.wildlifetimes.com/forums/viewtopic.php?t=61 Wildlife Times: The Annual Elephant Symposium]
* [http://www.wildlifetimes.com Wildlifetimes.com Wildlife Photography]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060624220145/http://www.wildlifetimes.com/forums/viewtopic.php?t=61 Wildlife Times: Elephant Migration to Kabini]
* [http://www.jungleinn.in Jungle Inn, Nagarahole. Accommodation at Nagarahole.]
* [https://otterscreek.in/blog/complete-guide-on-nagarhole-safari-2018/, . Safari at Nagarahole.]
{{Tiger Reserves Of India}}
{{National Parks of India}}
{{Protected areas of Karnataka}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Tiger reserves of India]]
[[Category:National parks in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Protected areas established in 1955]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Kodagu district]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Mysore district]]
[[Category:1955 establishments in Mysore State]]
[[Category:South Western Ghats moist deciduous forests]]
[[Category:Wildlife sanctuaries of the Western Ghats]]