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2021-01-19T06:24:58Z

Task 18 (cosmetic): eval 12 templates: hyphenate params (8×);

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{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
'''Naga nationalism''' is an ideology that supports the [[self-determination]] of the [[Naga people]] in [[India]] (mainly in [[Nagaland]] and neighboring regions) and [[Myanmar]], and the furtherance of Naga culture.<ref name='laishram'>{{cite news |first=Bidhan |last= Laishram |title= Naga Nationalism: The Inward Turn Of A Conflict |publisher= Manipur Online | url =http://www.ipcs.org/article/terrorism-in-northeast/naga-nationalism-the-inward-turn-of-a-conflict-1577.html | work =Institute of Peace & Conflict Studies | access-date = 2013-05-06 | date = 2004-12-04}}</ref>

== Formation of the nationalist identity ==
[[File:Monolith at Makhel (Mao, Manipur).jpg|thumb|right|Menhir at Makhel commemorating the parting of ways of the ancestors of the Nagas]]
Some [[List of Naga tribes|Naga groups]] share a common belief of their [[ethnogenesis]] as a distinct people: these groups include [[Angami Naga|Angami]], [[Sema Naga|Sema]], [[Rengma people|Rengma]], [[Lotha Naga|Lotha]], [[Zeme Naga|Zeme]], [[Liangmei Naga|Liangmei]] and [[Rongmei Naga|Rongmei]].<ref name="Arkotong2010">{{cite book | author=Arkotong Longkumer | title=Reform, Identity and Narratives of Belonging: The Heraka Movement in Northeast India | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E6HR3bjokSUC&pg=PA2 | access-date=5 June 2013 | date=4 May 2010 | publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group | isbn=978-0-8264-3970-3 | pages = 2–3 }}</ref> According to this belief, the ancestors of the Nagas lived in harmony together at a place called Mahkel (identified with the present-day [[Mao Naga|Mao]] village of Makhel in [[Manipur]],<ref name="UAShimray2007">{{cite book | author=U. A. Shimray | title=Naga Population and Integration Movement: Documentation | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eBPRzDO-9KEC&pg=PA24 | access-date=5 June 2013 | year=2007 | publisher=Mittal Publications | isbn=978-81-8324-181-6 | pages=24–}}</ref> and, alternatively, believed to be near the [[Chindwin]] river in present-day Myanmar<ref name="Arkotong2010"/>). As their population grew, they decided to split and spread outside Makhel. According to the [[Heraka]] faith, the Naga peoples took an oath pledging that they would come together again and live as a kingdom.<ref name="Arkotong2010"/>

However, when the [[British Raj|British]] arrived in India, the various Naga tribes had no common national identity.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Prasenjit Biswas |author2=C. Joshua Thomas |title=Peace in India's North-East |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FkePAAAAMAAJ |year=2006 |publisher=Regency |isbn=978-81-89233-48-8 |page=371 |quote=As such the notion of common Naga identity is a colonial product and had no historical antecedents. It developed first in the British carved Naga Hills district... }}</ref> The term "Naga" was a vaguely-defined [[exonym]], which referred to the different tribes in present-day Nagaland and its surrounding area. The different tribes spoke mutually unintelligible languages and had distinct cultures but they are inextricably interrelated. Each Naga village was a sovereign state ruled by tribal elders.<ref name="Bendangjungshi2011">{{cite book | author=Bendangjungshi | title=Confessing Christ in the Naga Context: Towards a Liberating Ecclesiology | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ws8ssfxXo8EC&pg=PA29 | access-date=5 June 2013 | year=2011 | publisher=LIT Verlag Münster | isbn=978-3-643-90071-5 | pages=29–}}</ref>

Internecine feuds, wars and [[headhunting]] campaigns were common among the Naga tribes.<ref name="Chandrika2004">{{cite book | author=Chandrika Singh | title=Naga Politics: A Critical Account | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ETb0s3FO3vIC&pg=PA6 | access-date=5 June 2013 | year=2004 | publisher=Mittal Publications | isbn=978-81-7099-920-1 | pages=6–}}</ref> The British captured several Naga territories and consolidated them under the [[Naga Hills District, British India|Naga Hills District]] of Assam. During the British rule, missionaries such as [[Miles Bronson]] and [[Edwin W. Clark]] introduced Christianity to the area, greatly changing the social and political fabric of the local society. The common Christian identity led to peace and unity among the various Naga tribes.<ref name="Neivetso2005">{{cite book | author1=Neivetso Venuh | author2=Bonita Aleaz | title=British Colonization and Restructuring of Naga Polity | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9chnIiRdX1UC&pg=PA55 | access-date=5 June 2013 | year=2005 | publisher=Mittal Publications | isbn=978-81-7099-978-2 | pages=55–65}}</ref> [[Nagamese Creole|Nagamese]] developed as a link language for inter-tribe communication.

== Naga Club ==
During the Kuki revolt (1917–19) and the [[World War I]] (1914–18), the British Government recruited a number of labourers and porters from the Naga tribes. As part of the labour corps, around 2000 Nagas were sent to France, where, alienated from the other British Indian troops, they developed a sense of unity. They agreed that after returning to their homeland, they will work towards unity and friendship among the various Naga tribes. These Nagas, together with the British officials, formed the Naga Club in 1918.<ref name="Neivetso2005"/> It was led by Gaonburas, Dobashis, Teachers, government servants, pastors and educated people in addition to the Naga Labour Corps personnel.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sema |first1=Piketo |title=British Policy and Administration in Nagaland: 1881-1947 |date=1992 |publisher=Scholar Publishing House |location=Delhi |isbn=8171721923}}</ref> It had two branches, one at [[Kohima]] and the other at [[Mokokchung]].

This club provided the socio-political foundation for the Naga nationalist movement. In 1929, the Club submitted a memorandum to the [[Simon Commission]], requesting that the Nagas should be given a choice of self-determination after the British departure from India.<ref name="Neivetso2005"/>

== Heraka movement ==
[[Heraka]] was a religious movement led by [[Haipou Jadonang]] and his successor [[Rani Gaidinliu]], who sought to establish the legendary kingdom of the Naga people during 1929-33. The two aimed at creating a feeling of [[religious nationalism]] among the Nagas, mainly the [[Zeliangrong]] tribes (Zeme, Liangmei and Rongmei including Inpui-Kabui). They launched an independence struggle against the British, and sought to establish intertribal solidarity and unity.<ref name="Arkotong2010"/> However, the movement was not widespread outside of the three Zeliangrong tribes due to its antagonistic attitude towards Christian converts and the [[Kuki people|Kukis]]. The movement also developed into a political uprising against the British, which prompted the Government to clamp down on it.

== Naga National Council ==
In 1945, C. R. Pawsey, the deputy commissioner of the Naga Hills District, established the Naga Hills District Tribal Council as a forum of the various Naga groups.<ref name="SK_Chaube_Hill_Genesis">{{cite book | last = Chaube | first = Shibani Kinkar | title = Hill politics in Northeast India | publisher = Orient Longman | orig-year = 1973 | year = 1999 | oclc = 42913576 | isbn = 81-250-1695-3 | pages = 74–77 }}</ref> This body replaced the Naga Club, and a year later, developed into a political organization called the [[Naga National Council]] (NNC). The NNC initially demanded autonomy within the Indian Union and a separate electorate. However, later, under the leadership of [[Angami Zapu Phizo]], it adopted a secessionist outlook and campaigned for the creation for a sovereign Naga state. The NNC declined as differences developed between Phizo and other leaders, and Phizo got the NNC secretary T. Sakhrie murdered in January 1956.<ref name="SK_Chaube_Naga_Politics">{{cite book | last = Chaube | first = Shibani Kinkar | title = Hill politics in Northeast India | publisher = Orient Longman | orig-year = 1973 | year = 1999 | oclc = 42913576 | isbn = 81-250-1695-3 | pages = 153–161 }}</ref>

== Formation of Nagaland ==
After a series of armed conflicts and peace missions, the Government of India agreed to create the Naga Hills Tuensang Area (NHTA), a [[Union territory]] with a large degree of autonomy. After further protests, violence and diplomatic discussions, the Government recognised [[Nagaland]] as a full-fledged State within the Union of India.<ref>[http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/nagaland/documents/papers/nagaland_16point.htm The 16-point Agreement arrived at between the Government of India and the Naga People’s Convention, July, 1960]</ref> Since then, the Naga nationalism has co-existed with [[Indian nationalism]]. Nagaland recorded more than 87% voter turnout in [[2014 Indian general election]] which was highest voters turnout in India which Indian authorities consider as faith of [[Naga people]] in democracy of [[India]].<ref>{{cite news|title=State-Wise Voter Turnout in General Election 2014|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=105116|access-date=7 April 2015|work=Election Commission of India|agency=Press Information Bureau|publisher=Government of India|date=21 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Nagaland tops in Lok Sabha voter turnout|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/Nagaland-tops-in-Lok-Sabha-voter-turnout/articleshow/35482764.cms|access-date=10 April 2015|work=The Times of India|date=22 May 2014}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Nagaland]]
*[[Ethnic conflict in Nagaland]]
*[[Naga National Council]]
*[[Natwar Thakkar]]
*[[Tripuri nationalism]]
*[[Separatist movements of India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Nationalism in South Asia}}
{{Ethnic nationalism}}
{{Stateless nationalism in Asia}}

[[Category:Naga nationalism| ]]

Naga nationalism - Revision history

->Monkbot: Task 18 (cosmetic): eval 12 templates: hyphenate params (8×);