Nadar (caste) - Revision history

MarcyThompson89: add structure per standard format and cleaned formatting for clarity

2025-09-22T19:27:53Z

add structure per standard format and cleaned formatting for clarity

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:57, 23 September 2025
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	{{Use dmy dates\|date=December 2021}}		{{Use dmy dates\|date=December 2021}}
	{{Use Indian English\|date=January 2013}}		{{Use Indian English\|date=January 2013}}
	{{Infobox ethnic group		{{Infobox ethnic group
	\|group = Nadar		\| group = Nadar
	\|image =		\| image =
	\|poptime =		\| poptime =
	\|population =		\| population =
	\|popplace = [[Chennai]], [[Kanyakumari]], [[Kollam]], [[Madurai]], [[Thanjavur]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Thoothukudi]], [[Tiruchendur]], [[Tirunelveli]], [[Virudhunagar]]		\| popplace = [[Chennai]], [[Kanyakumari]], [[Kollam]], [[Madurai]], [[Thanjavur]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Thoothukudi]], [[Tiruchendur]], [[Tirunelveli]], [[Virudhunagar]], [[Tenkasi]], [[Sivakasi]], [[Rajapalayam]], [[Sankarankovil]], [[Nagercoil]]
	\|languages = [[Tamil language\|Tamil]], [[Malayalam]]		\| languages = [[Tamil language\|Tamil]], [[Malayalam]]
	\|religions = [[Hinduism]], [[Christianity]], [[Ayyavazhi]]		\| religions = [[Hinduism]], [[Christianity]], [[Ayyavazhi]]
	\|related = [[Tamil people]]		\| related = [[Tamil people]]
	}}'''Nadar''' (also referred to as ''Nadan'', ''Shanar'' and ''Shanan'') is a [[Tamil people\|Tamil]] [[caste]] of [[India]]. Nadars are predominant in the districts of [[Kanyakumari]], [[Thoothukudi]], [[Tirunelveli]] and [[Virudhunagar]].		}}
			'''Nadar''' (also referred to as ''Nadan'', ''Shanar'' and ''Shanan'') is a [[Tamil people\|Tamil]] [[caste]] of [[India]]. Nadars are predominant in the [[Tamil Nadu]] districts of [[Kanyakumari]], [[Thoothukudi]], [[Tirunelveli]], [[Tenkasi]] and [[Virudhunagar]].

	The Nadar community was not a single caste, but developed from an assortment of related subcastes, which in course of time came under the single banner Nadar. [[Nadar climber]]s were the largest subsect of today's Nadar community. A few subsects of the Nadar community, such as the [[Nadan (Nadar subcaste)\|Nelamaikkarar]]s, were traditionally wealthy landlords and money lenders. Historically, most Nadars were cultivators of [[Borassus\|palmyra trees]] and [[jaggery]] and a few were also involved in the [[Palm wine\|toddy]] trade. Nadar climbers had faced discrimination from major upper castes in some regions. The martial art of [[Varma Kalai]] was historically practiced by the Nadars.		The Nadar community was not a single caste, but developed from an assortment of related subcastes, which in course of time came under the single banner Nadar. [[Nadar climber]]s were the largest subsect of today's Nadar community. A few subsects of the Nadar community, such as the [[Nadan (Nadar subcaste)\|Nelamaikkarar]]s, were traditionally wealthy landlords and money lenders. Historically, most Nadars were cultivators of [[Borassus\|palmyra trees]] and [[jaggery]] and a few were also involved in the [[Palm wine\|toddy]] trade. Nadar climbers had faced discrimination from major upper castes in some regions. The martial art of [[Varma Kalai]] was historically practiced by the Nadars.
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	==Etymology==		==Etymology==
	The community was previously known as ''Shanar''<ref>{{cite book \| title=Mission and Tamil Society: Social and Religious Change in South India (1840–1900)\| first=Henriette \|last=Bugge\| year=1994\| pages=86\| publisher=Curzon Press Ltd\| isbn=0-7007-0292-X \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_YhcGxvZvNEC&pg=PA86}}</ref> but legally changed their name to ''Nadar'' in 1921.<ref>{{cite journal \| title=Avatars of Indian Research\| author=Richard G. Fox\| journal=Comparative Studies in Society and History\| date=Jan 1970\| volume=12 \| issue = 1\| pages=70\| jstor=178151\| doi=10.1017/s0010417500005624\| s2cid=144433845}}</ref> The title ''Nadar'' is believed to be derived from the Nelamaikkarars, the aristocrats of the Shanar community who had previously used it exclusively. Nadars claim that the original name of the community was ''Shantror'' or ''Shandrar'' (noble one) which, in course of time, was corrupted to Shanar. [[Channar (surname)\|Channar]] is a title used by the [[Ezhava]] community of [[Kerala]].<ref name="Hardgrave1">{{Harvnb\|Hardgrave\|1969\|pp=20}}</ref> However, there is no evidence to support these claims.<ref name="Thoothukudi Gazetteer"/><ref name="Hardgrave2">{{Harvnb\|Hardgrave\|1969\|pp=80–90}}</ref>		The community was previously known as ''Shanar''<ref>{{cite book \| title=Mission and Tamil Society: Social and Religious Change in South India (1840–1900)\| first=Henriette \|last=Bugge\| year=1994\| pages=86\| publisher=Curzon Press Ltd\| isbn=0-7007-0292-X \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_YhcGxvZvNEC&pg=PA86}}</ref> but legally changed their name to ''Nadar'' in 1921.<ref>{{cite journal \| title=Avatars of Indian Research\| author=Richard G. Fox\| journal=Comparative Studies in Society and History\| date=Jan 1970\| volume=12 \| issue = 1\| pages=70\| jstor=178151\| doi=10.1017/s0010417500005624\| s2cid=144433845 \|issn = 0010-4175}}</ref> The title ''Nadar'' is believed to be derived from the Nelamaikkarars, the aristocrats of the Shanar community who had previously used it exclusively. Nadars claim that the original name of the community was ''Shantror'' or ''Shandrar'' (noble one) which, in course of time, was corrupted to Shanar. [[Channar (surname)\|Channar]] is a title used by the [[Ezhava]] community of [[Kerala]].<ref name="Hardgrave1">{{Harvnb\|Hardgrave\|1969\|pp=20}}</ref> However, there is no evidence to support these claims.<ref name="Thoothukudi Gazetteer"/><ref name="Hardgrave2">{{Harvnb\|Hardgrave\|1969\|pp=80–90}}</ref>

	==History==		==History==
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	===Sri Lanka===		===Sri Lanka===
	Some Nadars emigrated from South India to Sri Lanka during the British colonial era.<ref>{{cite web\|url=~~http~~://~~www~~.sundayobserver.lk/2011/05/01/imp06.asp\|title=Sri Lankan Nadars born with business flair\|date=1 May 2011\|access-date=4 September 2014\|archive-date=4 September 2014\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140904154301/http://www.sundayobserver.lk/2011/05/01/imp06.asp\|url-status=~~dead~~}}</ref><ref>{{cite book\|title=The Plantation Tamils of Ceylon\|page=6\|last=Peebles\|first=Patrick\|publisher=Continuum}}</ref><ref>"Seventeenth century Tamilaham as gleaned from Jesuit letters", by M. Arumairaj, p. 200, original from = University of California</ref>		Some Nadars emigrated from South India to Sri Lanka during the British colonial era.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://archives.sundayobserver.lk/2011/05/01/imp06.asp\|title=Sri Lankan Nadars born with business flair\|date=1 May 2011\|access-date=4 September 2014\|archive-date=4 September 2014\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140904154301/http://www.sundayobserver.lk/2011/05/01/imp06.asp\|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book\|title=The Plantation Tamils of Ceylon\|page=6\|last=Peebles\|first=Patrick\|publisher=Continuum}}</ref><ref>"Seventeenth century Tamilaham as gleaned from Jesuit letters", by M. Arumairaj, p. 200, original from = University of California</ref>

	==Nadars of the 20th century==		==Nadars of the 20th century==
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	==Some Notable Nadars==		==Some Notable Nadars==
	<!-- NOTE: Do not add any names to this list without providing a reliably published source that confirms the claim. Any content added without proper sourcing is subject to immediate removal.-->		<!-- NOTE: Do not add any names to this list without providing a reliably published source that confirms the claim. Any content added without proper sourcing is subject to immediate removal.-->
	* [[H. Vasanthakumar]], Former [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha\|Member of Parliament of the Republic of India]] and Founder of [[Vasanth & Co]]		* [[K. Kamaraj]], Former [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]]<ref>{{cite book\|editor1-last=P. Kandaswamy \|author2=\|title=The Political Career of K. Kamaraj: A Study in the Politics of Tamilnadu, 1920-1975
	* [[K. Kamaraj]], Former [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]]<ref name="Hardgrave21"/>		\|volume= \|publisher=Concept Publishing Company \|year=2001\|page=20\|isbn=\|quote=\| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IsluAAAAMAAJ }}</ref>
			* [[Tamilisai Soundararajan]], [[Governor of Telangana]] and [[Lieutenant Governor of Puducherry]]<ref>{{cite book\|editor1-last= \|author2=\|title=Social Sciences Research Journal
			\|volume= 22\|publisher=Panjab University \|year=2014\|page=277\|isbn=\|quote=\| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5x2mtRHUDakC }}</ref>
			* [[H. Vasanthakumar]], Former [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha\|Member of Parliament of the Republic of India]] and Founder of [[Vasanth & Co]]
	* [[Marshal Nesamony]], politician<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite book \|title=Liberation of the Oppressed: A Continuous Struggle\| first1=Ivy \|last1=Peter \|first2=D. \|last2=Peter\|year=2009\|publisher=Kanniyakumari Institute of Development Studies\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p_nHft2p3moC}}</ref>		* [[Marshal Nesamony]], politician<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite book \|title=Liberation of the Oppressed: A Continuous Struggle\| first1=Ivy \|last1=Peter \|first2=D. \|last2=Peter\|year=2009\|publisher=Kanniyakumari Institute of Development Studies\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p_nHft2p3moC}}</ref>
	* [[Shiv Nadar]], Founder of [[HCL Technologies]] and [[Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering]]<ref>{{cite book \| title=India Inc: how India's top ten entrepreneurs are winning globally\| last=Pota\| first=Vikas\| date=7 January 2010\| pages=179\| publisher=Nicholas Brealey Publishing, 2009\| isbn=978-1-85788-524-8}}</ref>		* [[Shiv Nadar]], Founder of [[HCL Technologies]] and [[Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering]]<ref>{{cite book \| title=India Inc: how India's top ten entrepreneurs are winning globally\| last=Pota\| first=Vikas\| date=7 January 2010\| pages=179\| publisher=Nicholas Brealey Publishing, 2009\| isbn=978-1-85788-524-8}}</ref>
	* [[Tamilisai Soundararajan]], [[Governor of Telangana]] and [[Lieutenant Governor of Puducherry]]
	* [[V. Radhika Selvi]], Former [[Minister of State]] for [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)\|Home Affairs of the Republic of India]].		* [[V. Radhika Selvi]], Former [[Minister of State]] for [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)\|Home Affairs of the Republic of India]].
	* [[V. V. Ramasamy Nadar]], Self Respect movement<ref>{{cite book \| title=The Nadars of Tamil Nadu\| last=Hardgrave\| first=Robert\| pages=247\| publisher=University of California Press}}</ref>		* [[V. V. Ramasamy Nadar]], Self Respect movement<ref>{{cite book \| title=The Nadars of Tamil Nadu\| last=Hardgrave\| first=Robert\| pages=247\| publisher=University of California Press}}</ref>
	* [[Vijay Vasanth\|Vijayakumar (Alias) Vijay Vasanth]], Indian actor and [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha\|Member of Parliament of the Republic of India]].		* [[Vijay Vasanth\|Vijayakumar (Alias) Vijay Vasanth]], Indian actor and [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha\|Member of Parliament of the Republic of India]].

	==~~Notes~~==		==References==
	{{reflist}}		{{reflist}}

	==~~References~~==		===Bibliography===
	{{refbegin}}		{{refbegin}}
	* {{cite book \| first=Robert\| last=Hardgrave \|year= 1969\| title= The Nadars of Tamilnad: the political culture of a community in change\| publisher=University of California Press\| location=Berkeley \|url=https://archive.org/details/nadarsoftamilnad0000hard \| url-access=registration\|isbn= 81-7304-701-4}}		* {{cite book \| first=Robert\| last=Hardgrave \|year= 1969\| title= The Nadars of Tamilnad: the political culture of a community in change\| publisher=University of California Press\| location=Berkeley \|url=https://archive.org/details/nadarsoftamilnad0000hard \| url-access=registration\|isbn= 81-7304-701-4}}
	* {{cite book \| first=David Goodman\| last=Mandelbaum\| year= 1970\| title= Society in India, Volumes 1–2\| publisher=University of California Press}}		* {{cite book \| first=David Goodman\| last=Mandelbaum\| year= 1970\| title= Society in India, Volumes 1–2\| publisher=University of California Press}}

	~~==Further reading==~~
	* {{cite book \| first=Dennis \| last=Templeman\| year= 1996\| title= The Northern Nadars of Tamil Nadu: An Indian Caste in the Process of Change\| publisher=Oxford University Press \| isbn=9780195637885 \| url =https://books.google.com/books?id=yhJuAAAAMAAJ}}		* {{cite book \| first=Dennis \| last=Templeman\| year= 1996\| title= The Northern Nadars of Tamil Nadu: An Indian Caste in the Process of Change\| publisher=Oxford University Press \| isbn=9780195637885 \| url =https://books.google.com/books?id=yhJuAAAAMAAJ}}
	*{{cite book \|first=A. R. \|last=Venkatachalapathy \|chapter="More Kshatriya than thou!" Debating caste and ritual ranking in colonial Tamilnadu \|title=Ritual, Caste and Religion in Colonial South India \|editor1-first=Michael \|editor1-last=Bergunder \|editor2-first=Heiko \|editor2-last=Frese \|editor3-first=Ulrike \|editor3-last=Schröder \|publisher=Primus Books \|year=2011 \|isbn=9789380607214 \|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OcEM2IsnA1AC&pg=PA275}}		*{{cite book \|first=A. R. \|last=Venkatachalapathy \|chapter="More Kshatriya than thou!" Debating caste and ritual ranking in colonial Tamilnadu \|title=Ritual, Caste and Religion in Colonial South India \|editor1-first=Michael \|editor1-last=Bergunder \|editor2-first=Heiko \|editor2-last=Frese \|editor3-first=Ulrike \|editor3-last=Schröder \|publisher=Primus Books \|year=2011 \|isbn=9789380607214 \|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OcEM2IsnA1AC&pg=PA275}}
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	[[Category:Indian castes]]		[[Category:Indian castes]]
	[[Category:Social groups of Tamil Nadu]]		[[Category:Social groups of Tamil Nadu]]
	[[Category:Indian ~~surnames]]~~		[[Category:Surnames of Indian origin]]
	~~[[Category:Social groups of India~~]]
	[[Category:Merchant castes]]		[[Category:Merchant castes]]
	[[Category:Brewing and distilling castes]]		[[Category:Brewing and distilling castes]]
			[[Category:South Indian communities]]
			[[Category:Other Backward Classes]]

Ajay Kumar: Included a reliable source for verification.

2023-07-23T15:02:40Z

Included a reliable source for verification.

Show changes

2401:4900:4DE9:C:6AC5:5108:EC85:334D at 10:21, 9 September 2022

2022-09-09T10:21:35Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:51, 9 September 2022
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	==History==		==History==
	The origin of Nadars as a social group is uncertain. Hardgrave stated that the Teri palmyra forests around today's [[Thiruchendur\|Tiruchendur]] must have been their original abode.<ref name=autogenerated2>{{Harvnb\|Hardgrave\|1969\|pp=19–21}}</ref> In the late 19th century, some Nadar activists<ref>{{cite book\|last1= L. Hardgrave \|first1= Robert \|title= The Nadars of Tamilnadu: The Political Culture of a Community in Change \|date=1969\|pages=71–94\|publisher= University of California, Berkeley. Center for South and Southeast Asia Studies \|location=web\|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=KZ9mqiLgkdEC&q=Samuel+Sargunar%2C+B.A.&pg=PA82 \|access-date=16 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite book\|last1= Bergunder\|first1= Michael \|title= Ritual, Caste, and Religion in Colonial South India \|date=2010\|publisher= University of Heidelberg \|location=web\|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=OcEM2IsnA1AC&q=nadars+samuel+sargunar&pg=PA153 \|access-date=16 June 2017\|isbn= 9789380607214 }}</ref> started claiming that the Nadars are the descendants of those who ruled the [[Pandyan Dynasty\|Pandyan]] kingdom and that when [[Madurai Nayak Dynasty\|Nayak rulers]] captured the Pandya country, it was divided into several ''Palayams'' (divisions) for each of which [[Palaiyakkarar\|Palaiyakkars]] were appointed as rulers. They also claimed that the Nayak rulers of Tamil Nadu imposed ''Deshaprashtam'' (ostracism) on the ancient Nadars to ensure that they would not rise.<ref name="Hardgrave1"/><ref name="Thoothukudi Gazetteer">{{cite book \| title=Tamil Nadu State:Thoothukudi District, Volume 1\| author=Sinnakani\| pages=233–242\| publisher=Government of Tamil Nadu, Commissioner of archives and Historical Research}}</ref> According to Hardgrave these claims were not completely baseless. The traditions followed by the Nelamaikkarars and the existence of the ruins beneath the Teri palmrya forests of Tiruchendur and the Pandyan capital city of [[Korkai]], where the Nadar population is predominant, suggest they could very well be the heirs of the [[Early Pandyan Kingdom\|~~Early~~ Pandyas]].<ref name="Hardgrave3">{{Harvnb\|Hardgrave\|1969\|pp=87}}</ref><ref name="Kothari">{{cite book \| title=Caste in Indian Politics\| last=Kothari\| first=Rajni\|author-link=Rajni Kothari\| year=1995\| pages=103–104\| publisher=Orient Longman}}</ref> <ref name="Kothari"/> <ref name="Hardgrave4">{{Harvnb\|Hardgrave\|1969\|pp=14}}</ref> This belief, that the Nadars had been the kings of Tamil Nadu, became the [[dogma]] of the Nadar community in the 19th century.<ref name="Hardgrave3"/> According to legendary accounts, some of the Nadars had migrated to Sri Lanka, but they had to return to India as they didn't receive proper treatment in Sri Lanka.<ref>{{cite book\|title=Society and Circulation: Mobile People and Itinerant Cultures in South Asia, 1750-1950\|page=62\|year=2006\|publisher=Anthem Press}}</ref>		The origin of Nadars as a social group is uncertain. Hardgrave stated that the Teri palmyra forests around today's [[Thiruchendur\|Tiruchendur]] must have been their original abode.<ref name=autogenerated2>{{Harvnb\|Hardgrave\|1969\|pp=19–21}}</ref> In the late 19th century, some Nadar activists<ref>{{cite book\|last1= L. Hardgrave \|first1= Robert \|title= The Nadars of Tamilnadu: The Political Culture of a Community in Change \|date=1969\|pages=71–94\|publisher= University of California, Berkeley. Center for South and Southeast Asia Studies \|location=web\|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=KZ9mqiLgkdEC&q=Samuel+Sargunar%2C+B.A.&pg=PA82 \|access-date=16 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite book\|last1= Bergunder\|first1= Michael \|title= Ritual, Caste, and Religion in Colonial South India \|date=2010\|publisher= University of Heidelberg \|location=web\|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=OcEM2IsnA1AC&q=nadars+samuel+sargunar&pg=PA153 \|access-date=16 June 2017\|isbn= 9789380607214 }}</ref> started claiming that the Nadars are the descendants of those who ruled the [[Pandyan Dynasty\|Pandyan]] kingdom and that when [[Madurai Nayak Dynasty\|Nayak rulers]] captured the Pandya country, it was divided into several ''Palayams'' (divisions) for each of which [[Palaiyakkarar\|Palaiyakkars]] were appointed as rulers. They also claimed that the Nayak rulers of Tamil Nadu imposed ''Deshaprashtam'' (ostracism) on the ancient Nadars to ensure that they would not rise.<ref name="Hardgrave1"/><ref name="Thoothukudi Gazetteer">{{cite book \| title=Tamil Nadu State:Thoothukudi District, Volume 1\| author=Sinnakani\| pages=233–242\| publisher=Government of Tamil Nadu, Commissioner of archives and Historical Research}}</ref> According to Hardgrave these claims were not completely baseless. The traditions followed by the Nelamaikkarars and the existence of the ruins beneath the Teri palmrya forests of Tiruchendur and the Pandyan capital city of [[Korkai]], where the Nadar population is predominant, suggest they could very well be the heirs of the [[Early Pandyan Kingdom\|Pandyas]].<ref name="Hardgrave3">{{Harvnb\|Hardgrave\|1969\|pp=87}}</ref><ref name="Kothari">{{cite book \| title=Caste in Indian Politics\| last=Kothari\| first=Rajni\|author-link=Rajni Kothari\| year=1995\| pages=103–104\| publisher=Orient Longman}}</ref> <ref name="Kothari"/> <ref name="Hardgrave4">{{Harvnb\|Hardgrave\|1969\|pp=14}}</ref> This belief, that the Nadars had been the kings of Tamil Nadu, became the [[dogma]] of the Nadar community in the 19th century.<ref name="Hardgrave3"/> According to legendary accounts, some of the Nadars had migrated to Sri Lanka, but they had to return to India as they didn't receive proper treatment in Sri Lanka.<ref>{{cite book\|title=Society and Circulation: Mobile People and Itinerant Cultures in South Asia, 1750-1950\|page=62\|year=2006\|publisher=Anthem Press}}</ref>

	==Nadars of the 19th century==		==Nadars of the 19th century==

2401:4900:4DE9:C:6AC5:5108:EC85:334D at 10:19, 9 September 2022

2022-09-09T10:19:58Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:49, 9 September 2022
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	==Etymology==		==Etymology==
	The community was previously known as ''Shanar''<ref>{{cite book \| title=Mission and Tamil Society: Social and Religious Change in South India (1840–1900)\| first=Henriette \|last=Bugge\| year=1994\| pages=86\| publisher=Curzon Press Ltd\| isbn=0-7007-0292-X \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_YhcGxvZvNEC&pg=PA86}}</ref> but legally changed their name to ''Nadar'' in 1921.<ref>{{cite journal \| title=Avatars of Indian Research\| author=Richard G. Fox\| journal=Comparative Studies in Society and History\| date=Jan 1970\| volume=12 \| issue = 1\| pages=70\| jstor=178151\| doi=10.1017/s0010417500005624}}</ref> The title ''Nadar'' is believed to be derived from the Nelamaikkarars, the aristocrats of the Shanar community who had previously used it exclusively. Nadars claim that the original name of the community was ''Shantror'' or ''Shandrar'' (noble one) which, in course of time, was corrupted to Shanar. [[Channar (surname)\|Channar]] is a title used by the [[Ezhava]] community of [[Kerala]].<ref name="Hardgrave1">{{Harvnb\|Hardgrave\|1969\|pp=20}}</ref> However, there is no evidence to support these claims.<ref name="Thoothukudi Gazetteer"/><ref name="Hardgrave2">{{Harvnb\|Hardgrave\|1969\|pp=80–90}}</ref>		The community was previously known as ''Shanar''<ref>{{cite book \| title=Mission and Tamil Society: Social and Religious Change in South India (1840–1900)\| first=Henriette \|last=Bugge\| year=1994\| pages=86\| publisher=Curzon Press Ltd\| isbn=0-7007-0292-X \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_YhcGxvZvNEC&pg=PA86}}</ref> but legally changed their name to ''Nadar'' in 1921.<ref>{{cite journal \| title=Avatars of Indian Research\| author=Richard G. Fox\| journal=Comparative Studies in Society and History\| date=Jan 1970\| volume=12 \| issue = 1\| pages=70\| jstor=178151\| doi=10.1017/s0010417500005624}}</ref> The title ''Nadar'' is believed to be derived from the Nelamaikkarars, the aristocrats of the Shanar community who had previously used it exclusively. Nadars claim that the original name of the community was ''Shantror'' or ''Shandrar'' (noble one) which, in course of time, was corrupted to Shanar.

	==History==		==History==
	The origin of Nadars as a social group is uncertain. Hardgrave stated that the Teri palmyra forests around today's [[Thiruchendur\|Tiruchendur]] must have been their original abode.<ref name=autogenerated2>{{Harvnb\|Hardgrave\|1969\|pp=19–21}}</ref> In the late 19th century, some Nadar activists<ref>{{cite book\|last1= L. Hardgrave \|first1= Robert \|title= The Nadars of Tamilnadu: The Political Culture of a Community in Change \|date=1969\|pages=71–94\|publisher= University of California, Berkeley. Center for South and Southeast Asia Studies \|location=web\|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=KZ9mqiLgkdEC&q=Samuel+Sargunar%2C+B.A.&pg=PA82 \|access-date=16 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite book\|last1= Bergunder\|first1= Michael \|title= Ritual, Caste, and Religion in Colonial South India \|date=2010\|publisher= University of Heidelberg \|location=web\|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=OcEM2IsnA1AC&q=nadars+samuel+sargunar&pg=PA153 \|access-date=16 June 2017\|isbn= 9789380607214 }}</ref> started claiming that the Nadars are the descendants of those who ruled the [[Pandyan Dynasty\|Pandyan]] kingdom and that when [[Madurai Nayak Dynasty\|Nayak rulers]] captured the Pandya country, it was divided into several ''Palayams'' (divisions) for each of which [[Palaiyakkarar\|Palaiyakkars]] were appointed as rulers. They also claimed that the Nayak rulers of Tamil Nadu imposed ''Deshaprashtam'' (ostracism) on the ancient Nadars to ensure that they would not rise.<ref name="Hardgrave1"/><ref name="Thoothukudi Gazetteer">{{cite book \| title=Tamil Nadu State:Thoothukudi District, Volume 1\| author=Sinnakani\| pages=233–242\| publisher=Government of Tamil Nadu, Commissioner of archives and Historical Research}}</ref> According to Hardgrave these claims were not completely baseless. The traditions followed by the Nelamaikkarars and the existence of the ruins beneath the Teri palmrya forests of Tiruchendur and the Pandyan capital city of [[Korkai]], where the Nadar population is predominant, suggest they could very well be the heirs of the [[Early Pandyan Kingdom\|Early Pandyas]].<ref name="Hardgrave3">{{Harvnb\|Hardgrave\|1969\|pp=87}}</ref><ref name="Kothari">{{cite book \| title=Caste in Indian Politics\| last=Kothari\| first=Rajni\|author-link=Rajni Kothari\| year=1995\| pages=103–104\| publisher=Orient Longman}}</ref> <ref name="Kothari"/> <ref name="Hardgrave4">{{Harvnb\|Hardgrave\|1969\|pp=14}}</ref> This belief, that the Nadars had been the kings of Tamil Nadu, became the [[dogma]] of the Nadar community in the 19th century.<ref name="Hardgrave3"/> According to legendary accounts, some of the Nadars had migrated to Sri Lanka, but they had to return to India as they didn't receive proper treatment in Sri Lanka.<ref>{{cite book\|title=Society and Circulation: Mobile People and Itinerant Cultures in South Asia, 1750-1950\|page=62\|year=2006\|publisher=Anthem Press}}</ref>		The origin of Nadars as a social group is uncertain. Hardgrave stated that the Teri palmyra forests around today's [[Thiruchendur\|Tiruchendur]] must have been their original abode.<ref name=autogenerated2>{{Harvnb\|Hardgrave\|1969\|pp=19–21}}</ref> In the late 19th century, some Nadar activists<ref>{{cite book\|last1= L. Hardgrave \|first1= Robert \|title= The Nadars of Tamilnadu: The Political Culture of a Community in Change \|date=1969\|pages=71–94\|publisher= University of California, Berkeley. Center for South and Southeast Asia Studies \|location=web\|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=KZ9mqiLgkdEC&q=Samuel+Sargunar%2C+B.A.&pg=PA82 \|access-date=16 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite book\|last1= Bergunder\|first1= Michael \|title= Ritual, Caste, and Religion in Colonial South India \|date=2010\|publisher= University of Heidelberg \|location=web\|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=OcEM2IsnA1AC&q=nadars+samuel+sargunar&pg=PA153 \|access-date=16 June 2017\|isbn= 9789380607214 }}</ref> started claiming that the Nadars are the descendants of those who ruled the [[Pandyan Dynasty\|Pandyan]] kingdom and that when [[Madurai Nayak Dynasty\|Nayak rulers]] captured the Pandya country, it was divided into several ''Palayams'' (divisions) for each of which [[Palaiyakkarar\|Palaiyakkars]] were appointed as rulers. They also claimed that the Nayak rulers of Tamil Nadu imposed ''Deshaprashtam'' (ostracism) on the ancient Nadars to ensure that they would not rise.<ref name="Hardgrave1"/><ref name="Thoothukudi Gazetteer">{{cite book \| title=Tamil Nadu State:Thoothukudi District, Volume 1\| author=Sinnakani\| pages=233–242\| publisher=Government of Tamil Nadu, Commissioner of archives and Historical Research}}</ref> According to Hardgrave these claims were not completely baseless. The traditions followed by the Nelamaikkarars and the existence of the ruins beneath the Teri palmrya forests of Tiruchendur and the Pandyan capital city of [[Korkai]], where the Nadar population is predominant, suggest they could very well be the heirs of the [[Early Pandyan Kingdom\|Early Pandyas]].<ref name="Hardgrave3">{{Harvnb\|Hardgrave\|1969\|pp=87}}</ref><ref name="Kothari">{{cite book \| title=Caste in Indian Politics\| last=Kothari\| first=Rajni\|author-link=Rajni Kothari\| year=1995\| pages=103–104\| publisher=Orient Longman}}</ref> <ref name="Kothari"/> <ref name="Hardgrave4">{{Harvnb\|Hardgrave\|1969\|pp=14}}</ref> This belief, that the Nadars had been the kings of Tamil Nadu, became the [[dogma]] of the Nadar community in the 19th century.<ref name="Hardgrave3"/> According to legendary accounts, some of the Nadars had migrated to Sri Lanka, but they had to return to India as they didn't receive proper treatment in Sri Lanka.<ref>{{cite book\|title=Society and Circulation: Mobile People and Itinerant Cultures in South Asia, 1750-1950\|page=62\|year=2006\|publisher=Anthem Press}}</ref>

2401:4900:4DE9:C:6AC5:5108:EC85:334D at 10:17, 9 September 2022

2022-09-09T10:17:46Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:47, 9 September 2022
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	==History==		==History==
	The origin of Nadars as a social group is uncertain. Hardgrave stated that the Teri palmyra forests around today's [[Thiruchendur\|Tiruchendur]] must have been their original abode.<ref name=autogenerated2>{{Harvnb\|Hardgrave\|1969\|pp=19–21}}</ref> In the late 19th century, some Nadar activists<ref>{{cite book\|last1= L. Hardgrave \|first1= Robert \|title= The Nadars of Tamilnadu: The Political Culture of a Community in Change \|date=1969\|pages=71–94\|publisher= University of California, Berkeley. Center for South and Southeast Asia Studies \|location=web\|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=KZ9mqiLgkdEC&q=Samuel+Sargunar%2C+B.A.&pg=PA82 \|access-date=16 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite book\|last1= Bergunder\|first1= Michael \|title= Ritual, Caste, and Religion in Colonial South India \|date=2010\|publisher= University of Heidelberg \|location=web\|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=OcEM2IsnA1AC&q=nadars+samuel+sargunar&pg=PA153 \|access-date=16 June 2017\|isbn= 9789380607214 }}</ref> started claiming that the Nadars are the descendants of those who ruled the [[Pandyan Dynasty\|Pandyan]] kingdom and that when [[Madurai Nayak Dynasty\|Nayak rulers]] captured the Pandya country, it was divided into several ''Palayams'' (divisions) for each of which [[Palaiyakkarar\|Palaiyakkars]] were appointed as rulers. They also claimed that the Nayak rulers of Tamil Nadu imposed ''Deshaprashtam'' (ostracism) on the ancient Nadars to ensure that they would not rise.<ref name="Hardgrave1"/><ref name="Thoothukudi Gazetteer">{{cite book \| title=Tamil Nadu State:Thoothukudi District, Volume 1\| author=Sinnakani\| pages=233–242\| publisher=Government of Tamil Nadu, Commissioner of archives and Historical Research}}</ref> According to Hardgrave these claims were not completely baseless. The traditions followed by the Nelamaikkarars and the existence of the ruins beneath the Teri palmrya forests of Tiruchendur and the Pandyan capital city of [[Korkai]], where the Nadar population is predominant, suggest they could very well be the heirs of the [[Early Pandyan Kingdom\|Early Pandyas]].<ref name="Hardgrave3">{{Harvnb\|Hardgrave\|1969\|pp=87}}</ref><ref name="Kothari">{{cite book \| title=Caste in Indian Politics\| last=Kothari\| first=Rajni\|author-link=Rajni Kothari\| year=1995\| pages=103–104\| publisher=Orient Longman}}</ref> ~~However, there is little evidence to support the community's claim to be descendants of the later Pandya rulers.~~<ref name="Kothari"/> ~~The identity or caste of the Pandyan kings remains a mystery.~~<ref name="Hardgrave4">{{Harvnb\|Hardgrave\|1969\|pp=14}}</ref> This belief, that the Nadars had been the kings of Tamil Nadu, became the [[dogma]] of the Nadar community in the 19th century.<ref name="Hardgrave3"/> According to legendary accounts, some of the Nadars had migrated to Sri Lanka, but they had to return to India as they didn't receive proper treatment in Sri Lanka.<ref>{{cite book\|title=Society and Circulation: Mobile People and Itinerant Cultures in South Asia, 1750-1950\|page=62\|year=2006\|publisher=Anthem Press}}</ref>		The origin of Nadars as a social group is uncertain. Hardgrave stated that the Teri palmyra forests around today's [[Thiruchendur\|Tiruchendur]] must have been their original abode.<ref name=autogenerated2>{{Harvnb\|Hardgrave\|1969\|pp=19–21}}</ref> In the late 19th century, some Nadar activists<ref>{{cite book\|last1= L. Hardgrave \|first1= Robert \|title= The Nadars of Tamilnadu: The Political Culture of a Community in Change \|date=1969\|pages=71–94\|publisher= University of California, Berkeley. Center for South and Southeast Asia Studies \|location=web\|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=KZ9mqiLgkdEC&q=Samuel+Sargunar%2C+B.A.&pg=PA82 \|access-date=16 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite book\|last1= Bergunder\|first1= Michael \|title= Ritual, Caste, and Religion in Colonial South India \|date=2010\|publisher= University of Heidelberg \|location=web\|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=OcEM2IsnA1AC&q=nadars+samuel+sargunar&pg=PA153 \|access-date=16 June 2017\|isbn= 9789380607214 }}</ref> started claiming that the Nadars are the descendants of those who ruled the [[Pandyan Dynasty\|Pandyan]] kingdom and that when [[Madurai Nayak Dynasty\|Nayak rulers]] captured the Pandya country, it was divided into several ''Palayams'' (divisions) for each of which [[Palaiyakkarar\|Palaiyakkars]] were appointed as rulers. They also claimed that the Nayak rulers of Tamil Nadu imposed ''Deshaprashtam'' (ostracism) on the ancient Nadars to ensure that they would not rise.<ref name="Hardgrave1"/><ref name="Thoothukudi Gazetteer">{{cite book \| title=Tamil Nadu State:Thoothukudi District, Volume 1\| author=Sinnakani\| pages=233–242\| publisher=Government of Tamil Nadu, Commissioner of archives and Historical Research}}</ref> According to Hardgrave these claims were not completely baseless. The traditions followed by the Nelamaikkarars and the existence of the ruins beneath the Teri palmrya forests of Tiruchendur and the Pandyan capital city of [[Korkai]], where the Nadar population is predominant, suggest they could very well be the heirs of the [[Early Pandyan Kingdom\|Early Pandyas]].<ref name="Hardgrave3">{{Harvnb\|Hardgrave\|1969\|pp=87}}</ref><ref name="Kothari">{{cite book \| title=Caste in Indian Politics\| last=Kothari\| first=Rajni\|author-link=Rajni Kothari\| year=1995\| pages=103–104\| publisher=Orient Longman}}</ref> <ref name="Kothari"/> <ref name="Hardgrave4">{{Harvnb\|Hardgrave\|1969\|pp=14}}</ref> This belief, that the Nadars had been the kings of Tamil Nadu, became the [[dogma]] of the Nadar community in the 19th century.<ref name="Hardgrave3"/> According to legendary accounts, some of the Nadars had migrated to Sri Lanka, but they had to return to India as they didn't receive proper treatment in Sri Lanka.<ref>{{cite book\|title=Society and Circulation: Mobile People and Itinerant Cultures in South Asia, 1750-1950\|page=62\|year=2006\|publisher=Anthem Press}}</ref>

	==Nadars of the 19th century==		==Nadars of the 19th century==
	In the early nineteenth century, the Nadars were a community mostly engaged in the palmyra industry, including the production of toddy.<ref name="Hardgrave01">{{Harvnb\|Hardgrave\|1969\|pp=24–29}}</ref> However, there were a few subsects comprising wealthy landlords and money lenders.<ref name="Hardgrave00"/><ref name="Bishop Stephen Neill: from Edinburgh to South India">[https://books.google.com/books?id=14_D50nU7R8C&pg=PA77 Bishop Stephen Neill: from Edinburgh to South India By Dyron B. Daughrity]</ref> At this time, the majority of Nadars lived south of the Thamirabarani River, and formed 80 – 90 per cent of the population between there and [[Cape Comorin]].<ref name="Hardgrave5">{{Harvnb\|Hardgrave\|1969\|pp=25}}</ref> Although numerically dominant in the area, the Nadars had a minimal interaction with other communities and they were themselves divided by their various endogamous subcastes, and thus lacked communal cohesion.<ref name="Hardgrave7">{{Harvnb\|Hardgrave\|1969\|pp=42}}</ref>		In the early nineteenth century, the Nadars were a community mostly engaged in the palmyra industry, including the production of toddy.<ref name="Hardgrave01">{{Harvnb\|Hardgrave\|1969\|pp=24–29}}</ref> However, there were a few subsects comprising wealthy landlords and money lenders.<ref name="Hardgrave00"/><ref name="Bishop Stephen Neill: from Edinburgh to South India">[https://books.google.com/books?id=14_D50nU7R8C&pg=PA77 Bishop Stephen Neill: from Edinburgh to South India By Dyron B. Daughrity]</ref> At this time, the majority of Nadars lived south of the Thamirabarani River, and formed 80 – 90 per cent of the population between there and [[Cape Comorin]].<ref name="Hardgrave5">{{Harvnb\|Hardgrave\|1969\|pp=25}}</ref> Although numerically dominant in the area, the Nadars had a minimal interaction with other communities and they were themselves divided by their various endogamous subcastes, and thus lacked communal cohesion.<ref name="Hardgrave7">{{Harvnb\|Hardgrave\|1969\|pp=42}}</ref>

2401:4900:4DE9:C:6AC5:5108:EC85:334D at 10:14, 9 September 2022

2022-09-09T10:14:58Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:44, 9 September 2022
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	==Nadars of the 19th century==		==Nadars of the 19th century==
	In the early nineteenth century, the Nadars were a community mostly engaged in the palmyra industry, including the production of toddy.<ref name="Hardgrave01">{{Harvnb\|Hardgrave\|1969\|pp=24–29}}</ref> However, there were a few subsects comprising wealthy landlords and money lenders.<ref name="Hardgrave00"/><ref name="Bishop Stephen Neill: from Edinburgh to South India">[https://books.google.com/books?id=14_D50nU7R8C&pg=PA77 Bishop Stephen Neill: from Edinburgh to South India By Dyron B. Daughrity]</ref> At this time, the majority of Nadars lived south of the Thamirabarani River, and formed 80 – 90 per cent of the population between there and [[Cape Comorin]].<ref name="Hardgrave5">{{Harvnb\|Hardgrave\|1969\|pp=25}}</ref> Although numerically dominant in the area, the Nadars had a minimal interaction with other communities and they were themselves divided by their various endogamous subcastes, and thus lacked communal cohesion.<ref name="Hardgrave7">{{Harvnb\|Hardgrave\|1969\|pp=42}}</ref>		In the early nineteenth century, the Nadars were a community mostly engaged in the palmyra industry, including the production of toddy.<ref name="Hardgrave01">{{Harvnb\|Hardgrave\|1969\|pp=24–29}}</ref> However, there were a few subsects comprising wealthy landlords and money lenders.<ref name="Hardgrave00"/><ref name="Bishop Stephen Neill: from Edinburgh to South India">[https://books.google.com/books?id=14_D50nU7R8C&pg=PA77 Bishop Stephen Neill: from Edinburgh to South India By Dyron B. Daughrity]</ref> At this time, the majority of Nadars lived south of the Thamirabarani River, and formed 80 – 90 per cent of the population between there and [[Cape Comorin]].<ref name="Hardgrave5">{{Harvnb\|Hardgrave\|1969\|pp=25}}</ref> Although numerically dominant in the area, the Nadars had a minimal interaction with other communities and they were themselves divided by their various endogamous subcastes, and thus lacked communal cohesion.<ref name="Hardgrave7">{{Harvnb\|Hardgrave\|1969\|pp=42}}</ref>
	While the majority of the Nadar population in the south of Thamirabarani river were ~~poor, landless~~ [[Nadar climber\|palmyra climbers]], there also existed a small endogamous sub group of aristocratic [[Nadan (Nadar subcaste)\|Nadars]], known as the Nelamaikarrars or Nadans, who owned vast tracts of land.<ref name="Hardgrave00">{{Harvnb\|Hardgrave\|1969\|pp=29–34}}</ref> These Nadans either held their position directly under Nayak rulers in the Tiruchendur area or as petty lords under the Palaiyakkarar. They commanded high respect among the population, including from groups such as the Nadar climbers, the minority [[Vellalar]]s and the [[Brahmin]]s. Nadan men rode horses and their women rode in covered [[Litter (vehicle)\|palanquins]].<ref name="Hardgrave6">{{Harvnb\|Hardgrave\|1969\|pp=24–31}}</ref>		While the majority of the Nadar population in the south of Thamirabarani river were [[Nadar climber\|palmyra climbers]], there also existed a small endogamous sub group of aristocratic [[Nadan (Nadar subcaste)\|Nadars]], known as the Nelamaikarrars or Nadans, who owned vast tracts of land.<ref name="Hardgrave00">{{Harvnb\|Hardgrave\|1969\|pp=29–34}}</ref> These Nadans either held their position directly under Nayak rulers in the Tiruchendur area or as petty lords under the Palaiyakkarar. They commanded high respect among the population, including from groups such as the Nadar climbers, the minority [[Vellalar]]s and the [[Brahmin]]s. Nadan men rode horses and their women rode in covered [[Litter (vehicle)\|palanquins]].<ref name="Hardgrave6">{{Harvnb\|Hardgrave\|1969\|pp=24–31}}</ref>

	Nadar climbers were also to be found in other regions of Tamil Nadu where a few palmyra trees grew. In areas where the Nadar climber population consisted of only a few families in a village, they faced discrimination from invaded castes.<ref name="Hardgrave8">{{Harvnb\|Hardgrave\|1969\|pp=24}}</ref> Due to their association with toddy, the Nadars were prohibited to enter temples by invaded castes.<ref name="Hardgrave9">{{Harvnb\|Hardgrave\|1969\|pp=22–23}}</ref> Although associated with toddy, the Nadars did not themselves consume it.<ref name="Hardgrave10">{{Harvnb\|Hardgrave\|1969\|pp=39–41}}</ref> The Nadars were schismatic about their position in the caste hierarchy and firmly claimed that they were wrongly placed in the caste system due to the Nayak invasion. They were also very caste conscious.<ref name="Hardgrave11">{{Harvnb\|Hardgrave\|1969\|pp=44&71–72}}</ref><ref name="The Modernity of Tradition 316">{{cite book \| title=The Modernity of Tradition: Political Development in India\| author=Lloyd I. Rudolph, Susanne Hoeber Rudolph\| year=1967\| pages=36–38 \| publisher=University of Chicago Press\| isbn=0-226-73137-5}}</ref>		Nadar climbers were also to be found in other regions of Tamil Nadu where a few palmyra trees grew. In areas where the Nadar climber population consisted of only a few families in a village, they faced discrimination from invaded castes.<ref name="Hardgrave8">{{Harvnb\|Hardgrave\|1969\|pp=24}}</ref> Due to their association with toddy, the Nadars were prohibited to enter temples by invaded castes.<ref name="Hardgrave9">{{Harvnb\|Hardgrave\|1969\|pp=22–23}}</ref> Although associated with toddy, the Nadars did not themselves consume it.<ref name="Hardgrave10">{{Harvnb\|Hardgrave\|1969\|pp=39–41}}</ref> The Nadars were schismatic about their position in the caste hierarchy and firmly claimed that they were wrongly placed in the caste system due to the Nayak invasion. They were also very caste conscious.<ref name="Hardgrave11">{{Harvnb\|Hardgrave\|1969\|pp=44&71–72}}</ref><ref name="The Modernity of Tradition 316">{{cite book \| title=The Modernity of Tradition: Political Development in India\| author=Lloyd I. Rudolph, Susanne Hoeber Rudolph\| year=1967\| pages=36–38 \| publisher=University of Chicago Press\| isbn=0-226-73137-5}}</ref>

2401:4900:4DE9:C:6AC5:5108:EC85:334D at 10:13, 9 September 2022

2022-09-09T10:13:58Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:43, 9 September 2022
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	While the majority of the Nadar population in the south of Thamirabarani river were poor, landless [[Nadar climber\|palmyra climbers]], there also existed a small endogamous sub group of aristocratic [[Nadan (Nadar subcaste)\|Nadars]], known as the Nelamaikarrars or Nadans, who owned vast tracts of land.<ref name="Hardgrave00">{{Harvnb\|Hardgrave\|1969\|pp=29–34}}</ref> These Nadans either held their position directly under Nayak rulers in the Tiruchendur area or as petty lords under the Palaiyakkarar. They commanded high respect among the population, including from groups such as the Nadar climbers, the minority [[Vellalar]]s and the [[Brahmin]]s. Nadan men rode horses and their women rode in covered [[Litter (vehicle)\|palanquins]].<ref name="Hardgrave6">{{Harvnb\|Hardgrave\|1969\|pp=24–31}}</ref>		While the majority of the Nadar population in the south of Thamirabarani river were poor, landless [[Nadar climber\|palmyra climbers]], there also existed a small endogamous sub group of aristocratic [[Nadan (Nadar subcaste)\|Nadars]], known as the Nelamaikarrars or Nadans, who owned vast tracts of land.<ref name="Hardgrave00">{{Harvnb\|Hardgrave\|1969\|pp=29–34}}</ref> These Nadans either held their position directly under Nayak rulers in the Tiruchendur area or as petty lords under the Palaiyakkarar. They commanded high respect among the population, including from groups such as the Nadar climbers, the minority [[Vellalar]]s and the [[Brahmin]]s. Nadan men rode horses and their women rode in covered [[Litter (vehicle)\|palanquins]].<ref name="Hardgrave6">{{Harvnb\|Hardgrave\|1969\|pp=24–31}}</ref>

	Nadar climbers were also to be found in other regions of Tamil Nadu where a few palmyra trees grew. In areas where the Nadar climber population consisted of only a few families in a village, they faced discrimination from ~~major upper~~ castes.<ref name="Hardgrave8">{{Harvnb\|Hardgrave\|1969\|pp=24}}</ref> Due to their association with toddy, the Nadars were prohibited to enter temples ~~built~~ by ~~higher ranked~~ castes.<ref name="Hardgrave9">{{Harvnb\|Hardgrave\|1969\|pp=22–23}}</ref> Although associated with toddy, the Nadars did not themselves consume it.<ref name="Hardgrave10">{{Harvnb\|Hardgrave\|1969\|pp=39–41}}</ref> The Nadars were schismatic about their position in the caste hierarchy and firmly claimed that they were wrongly placed in the caste system due to the Nayak invasion. They were also very caste conscious.<ref name="Hardgrave11">{{Harvnb\|Hardgrave\|1969\|pp=44&71–72}}</ref><ref name="The Modernity of Tradition 316">{{cite book \| title=The Modernity of Tradition: Political Development in India\| author=Lloyd I. Rudolph, Susanne Hoeber Rudolph\| year=1967\| pages=36–38 \| publisher=University of Chicago Press\| isbn=0-226-73137-5}}</ref>		Nadar climbers were also to be found in other regions of Tamil Nadu where a few palmyra trees grew. In areas where the Nadar climber population consisted of only a few families in a village, they faced discrimination from invaded castes.<ref name="Hardgrave8">{{Harvnb\|Hardgrave\|1969\|pp=24}}</ref> Due to their association with toddy, the Nadars were prohibited to enter temples by invaded castes.<ref name="Hardgrave9">{{Harvnb\|Hardgrave\|1969\|pp=22–23}}</ref> Although associated with toddy, the Nadars did not themselves consume it.<ref name="Hardgrave10">{{Harvnb\|Hardgrave\|1969\|pp=39–41}}</ref> The Nadars were schismatic about their position in the caste hierarchy and firmly claimed that they were wrongly placed in the caste system due to the Nayak invasion. They were also very caste conscious.<ref name="Hardgrave11">{{Harvnb\|Hardgrave\|1969\|pp=44&71–72}}</ref><ref name="The Modernity of Tradition 316">{{cite book \| title=The Modernity of Tradition: Political Development in India\| author=Lloyd I. Rudolph, Susanne Hoeber Rudolph\| year=1967\| pages=36–38 \| publisher=University of Chicago Press\| isbn=0-226-73137-5}}</ref>

	===Nadars of Travancore===		===Nadars of Travancore===

2401:4900:4DE9:C:6AC5:5108:EC85:334D at 10:10, 9 September 2022

2022-09-09T10:10:47Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:40, 9 September 2022
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	While the majority of the Nadar population in the south of Thamirabarani river were poor, landless [[Nadar climber\|palmyra climbers]], there also existed a small endogamous sub group of aristocratic [[Nadan (Nadar subcaste)\|Nadars]], known as the Nelamaikarrars or Nadans, who owned vast tracts of land.<ref name="Hardgrave00">{{Harvnb\|Hardgrave\|1969\|pp=29–34}}</ref> These Nadans either held their position directly under Nayak rulers in the Tiruchendur area or as petty lords under the Palaiyakkarar. They commanded high respect among the population, including from groups such as the Nadar climbers, the minority [[Vellalar]]s and the [[Brahmin]]s. Nadan men rode horses and their women rode in covered [[Litter (vehicle)\|palanquins]].<ref name="Hardgrave6">{{Harvnb\|Hardgrave\|1969\|pp=24–31}}</ref>		While the majority of the Nadar population in the south of Thamirabarani river were poor, landless [[Nadar climber\|palmyra climbers]], there also existed a small endogamous sub group of aristocratic [[Nadan (Nadar subcaste)\|Nadars]], known as the Nelamaikarrars or Nadans, who owned vast tracts of land.<ref name="Hardgrave00">{{Harvnb\|Hardgrave\|1969\|pp=29–34}}</ref> These Nadans either held their position directly under Nayak rulers in the Tiruchendur area or as petty lords under the Palaiyakkarar. They commanded high respect among the population, including from groups such as the Nadar climbers, the minority [[Vellalar]]s and the [[Brahmin]]s. Nadan men rode horses and their women rode in covered [[Litter (vehicle)\|palanquins]].<ref name="Hardgrave6">{{Harvnb\|Hardgrave\|1969\|pp=24–31}}</ref>

	Nadar climbers were also to be found in other regions of Tamil Nadu where a few palmyra trees grew. In areas where the Nadar climber population consisted of only a few families in a village, they faced discrimination from major upper castes.<ref name="Hardgrave8">{{Harvnb\|Hardgrave\|1969\|pp=24}}</ref> Due to their association with toddy, the Nadars were ~~considered lower than other middle castes, but relatively higher than the low castes, and were also~~ prohibited to enter temples built by higher ranked castes.<ref name="Hardgrave9">{{Harvnb\|Hardgrave\|1969\|pp=22–23}}</ref> Although associated with toddy, the Nadars did not themselves consume it.<ref name="Hardgrave10">{{Harvnb\|Hardgrave\|1969\|pp=39–41}}</ref> The Nadars were schismatic about their position in the caste hierarchy and firmly claimed that they were wrongly placed in the caste system due to the Nayak invasion. They were also very caste conscious.<ref name="Hardgrave11">{{Harvnb\|Hardgrave\|1969\|pp=44&71–72}}</ref><ref name="The Modernity of Tradition 316">{{cite book \| title=The Modernity of Tradition: Political Development in India\| author=Lloyd I. Rudolph, Susanne Hoeber Rudolph\| year=1967\| pages=36–38 \| publisher=University of Chicago Press\| isbn=0-226-73137-5}}</ref>		Nadar climbers were also to be found in other regions of Tamil Nadu where a few palmyra trees grew. In areas where the Nadar climber population consisted of only a few families in a village, they faced discrimination from major upper castes.<ref name="Hardgrave8">{{Harvnb\|Hardgrave\|1969\|pp=24}}</ref> Due to their association with toddy, the Nadars were prohibited to enter temples built by higher ranked castes.<ref name="Hardgrave9">{{Harvnb\|Hardgrave\|1969\|pp=22–23}}</ref> Although associated with toddy, the Nadars did not themselves consume it.<ref name="Hardgrave10">{{Harvnb\|Hardgrave\|1969\|pp=39–41}}</ref> The Nadars were schismatic about their position in the caste hierarchy and firmly claimed that they were wrongly placed in the caste system due to the Nayak invasion. They were also very caste conscious.<ref name="Hardgrave11">{{Harvnb\|Hardgrave\|1969\|pp=44&71–72}}</ref><ref name="The Modernity of Tradition 316">{{cite book \| title=The Modernity of Tradition: Political Development in India\| author=Lloyd I. Rudolph, Susanne Hoeber Rudolph\| year=1967\| pages=36–38 \| publisher=University of Chicago Press\| isbn=0-226-73137-5}}</ref>

	===Nadars of Travancore===		===Nadars of Travancore===
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	===Sri Lanka===		===Sri Lanka===
	Some Nadars emigrated from South India to Sri Lanka during the British colonial era.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.sundayobserver.lk/2011/05/01/imp06.asp\|title=Sri Lankan Nadars born with business flair\|date=1 May 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite book\|title=The Plantation Tamils of Ceylon\|page=6\|last=Peebles\|first=Patrick\|publisher=Continuum}}</ref><ref>"Seventeenth century Tamilaham as gleaned from Jesuit letters", by M. Arumairaj, p. 200, original from = University of California</ref>		Some Nadars emigrated from South India to Sri Lanka during the British colonial era.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.sundayobserver.lk/2011/05/01/imp06.asp\|title=Sri Lankan Nadars born with business flair\|date=1 May 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite book\|title=The Plantation Tamils of Ceylon\|page=6\|last=Peebles\|first=Patrick\|publisher=Continuum}}</ref><ref>"Seventeenth century Tamilaham as gleaned from Jesuit letters", by M. Arumairaj, p. 200, original from = University of California</ref>

	==Nadars of the 20th century==		==Nadars of the 20th century==
	[[File:Rattinasami Nadar.jpg\|thumb\|180px\|right\|[[Rao Bahadur T. Rattinasami Nadar]], founder of the Nadar Mahajana Sangam]]		[[File:Rattinasami Nadar.jpg\|thumb\|180px\|right\|[[Rao Bahadur T. Rattinasami Nadar]], founder of the Nadar Mahajana Sangam]]

2401:4900:4DE9:C:6AC5:5108:EC85:334D at 10:07, 9 September 2022

2022-09-09T10:07:22Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:37, 9 September 2022
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	}}'''Nadar''' (also referred to as ''Nadan'', ''Shanar'' and ''Shanan'') is a [[Tamil people\|Tamil]] [[caste]] of [[India]]. Nadars are predominant in the districts of [[Kanyakumari]], [[Thoothukudi]], [[Tirunelveli]] and [[Virudhunagar]].		}}'''Nadar''' (also referred to as ''Nadan'', ''Shanar'' and ''Shanan'') is a [[Tamil people\|Tamil]] [[caste]] of [[India]]. Nadars are predominant in the districts of [[Kanyakumari]], [[Thoothukudi]], [[Tirunelveli]] and [[Virudhunagar]].

	The Nadar community was not a single caste, but developed from an assortment of related subcastes, which in course of time came under the single banner Nadar. [[Nadar climber]]s were the largest subsect of today's Nadar community. A few subsects of the Nadar community, such as the [[Nadan (Nadar subcaste)\|Nelamaikkarar]]s, were traditionally wealthy landlords and money lenders. Historically, most Nadars were cultivators of [[Borassus\|palmyra trees]] and [[jaggery]] and a few were also involved in the [[Palm wine\|toddy]] trade. Nadar climbers had faced discrimination from ~~major upper~~ castes in some regions. The martial art of [[Varma Kalai]] was historically practiced by the Nadars.		The Nadar community was not a single caste, but developed from an assortment of related subcastes, which in course of time came under the single banner Nadar. [[Nadar climber]]s were the largest subsect of today's Nadar community. A few subsects of the Nadar community, such as the [[Nadan (Nadar subcaste)\|Nelamaikkarar]]s, were traditionally wealthy landlords and money lenders. Historically, most Nadars were cultivators of [[Borassus\|palmyra trees]] and [[jaggery]] and a few were also involved in the [[Palm wine\|toddy]] trade. Nadar climbers had faced discrimination from other castes in some regions. The martial art of [[Varma Kalai]] was historically practiced by the Nadars.

	The socio-economic development achieved by the Nadars in southern India has elicited academic interest.<ref name="NYtimes" /> Nadars are classified and listed as an [[Other Backward Class]] by the governments of both Tamil Nadu and India.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />		The socio-economic development achieved by the Nadars in southern India has elicited academic interest.<ref name="NYtimes" /> Nadars are classified and listed as an [[Other Backward Class]] by the governments of both Tamil Nadu and India.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

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2021-12-30T20:15:48Z

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