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{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox book
| name = Nātyakalpadrumam
| title_orig = നാട്യകല്‍‌പദ്രുമം
| image = Nātyakalpadrumam.jpg
| author = [[Māni Mādhava Chākyār]]
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]]
| cover_artist =
| series =
| genre = [[Theatrical Study]]
| publisher = [[Kerala Kalamandalam]], Vallathol Nagar<br> (with financial assistance of [[Sangeet Natak Academi]], [[New Delhi]]) <br> National Book Stall, [[Kottayam]]- (distributors)
| release_date = 1975, January
| media_type = Print ([[Hardbound]])
| pages = 240pps
}}

'''''Nātyakalpadrumam''''' (നാട്യകല്‍‌പദ്രുമം in [[Malayalam]], नाट्यकल्पद्रुमम् in [[Devanagari]]) is a book written by (late) ''Nātyāchārya Vidūshakaratnam [[Padma Shri]] Guru'' '''[[Māni Mādhava Chākyār]]'''<ref>{{cite book|title=Nāṭyakalpadrumam|oclc = 44811805}}</ref> (who was the ultimate exponent of [[Koodiyattam]] and [[acting|Abhinaya]])<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060416/spectrum/main2.htm|title=Spectrum |publisher=The Sunday Tribune}}</ref> about all aspects of ancient [[Sanskrit]] drama theatre tradition of [[Kerala]]- [[Kutiyattam]]. It was first published in [[Malayalam]] (1975) by [[Kerala Kalamandalam]], with financial assistance of [[Sangeet Natak Academi]], [[New Delhi]].<ref>Natyakalpadrumam http://www.antiqbook.com/boox/bbn/99816.shtml {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070330051038/http://www.antiqbook.com/boox/bbn/99816.shtml/ |date=2007-03-30 }}</ref> This monumental work serves as the reference to scholars and students. The entire book is written in the old [[Sanskrit]] text style closely following [[Nātyaśāstra]]. Both structure and content of the book illustrates the excellence of the author in both Sanskrit and Nātyaśāstra. It has received the prestigious '''[[Kerala Sahitya Academy]] Award''' for the year 1975.<ref>see section ''Miscellaneous'' {{cite web |url=http://www.dcbooks.com/Kerala.htm |title=Archived copy |access-date=2007-01-19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070203082115/http://www.dcbooks.com/Kerala.htm |archive-date=2007-02-03 }}</ref> The book has been translated and published in [[Hindi]] by Sangeet Natak Akademi, New Delhi.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.accu.or.jp/ich/en/links/O_IND4-more.html|title=Books and films |publisher=[[Sangeet Natak Akademi]], [[New Delhi]]}}</ref>

==Contents==

''Natyakalpadruma''- theatrical study written by Mani Madhava Chakiar the great Guru of Koodiyattam the traditional Sanskrit theatre, is divided into eight chapters. The cover photo shows the famous ''Pakarnnaatta-Abhinaya'' (male character enacting female character) of the maestro in Koodiyattam. Preface of the book is written by renowned scholar Shri Kunjunni Raja.<ref>[http://locana.blogspot.com/2005/05/k-kunjunni-raja.html Kunjunni Raja]</ref> The book contains [[Navarasa]] photos of the maestro along with many of his rare Koodiyattam photos.

===Introduction===
The author begins his work with an introduction and a few benedictory and introductory versus written in Sanskrit language. Here he salutes Gods, Goddesses and his great Gurus like ''Panditaratnam'' '''Pannisseri Sankaran Nampoothiripad''' and ''[[His Highness]] Darsanakalanidhi'' '''Rama Varma Parikshith Thampuran'''. Then he summarises the beginning of ''[[Natya|Nātya]]'' and ''Nātyaveda'' as told by the great sage [[Bharata Muni|Bharata]] in his monumental work [[Nātyaśāstra]] and salutes the sage. Then in one stanza the author narrates his horoscope (Jataka) which depicts his scholarship in [[Jyotisha]]. Then again he prays for the blessings of sage Bharatha the propagator of ''Nātya'' on the earth.

In the last stanza he compares his work to the '''[[Kalpadruma]]'''- the heavenly tree which gives everything requested. Nātyakalpadruma also gives all details about '''Nātya''' that is Koodiyattam and so the name of the work '''Nātyakalpadruma''' is meaningful in all senses.

===Chapters===

The eight chapters included in this work are

* ''Samjnāprakarana''
* ''Paribhāshāprakarana''
* ''Mudra-Taalaprakarana''
* ''Swaraprakarana''
* ''Rasaprakarana''
* ''Abhyasaprakarana''
* ''Drishtāntaprakarana''
* ''Vaisheshikaprakarana''.

The first chapter '''Samjnaprakarana''' gives the names of costumes and other materials used in Koodiyattam. A detailed description of different names etc. used in Koodiyattam for different steps, actions etc. are also given in this chapter.[[File:Mani Madhava Chakyar as Ravana.jpg|''Satwikābhinaya''- Guru Maani Madhava Chakkiyar as ''[[Ravana]] (kathi vesham)'' in Kutiyattam|thumb|left|200px]]

The second chapter '''Paribhashapakarana''' gives the names and descriptions of different types of narration, enacting, characters, their languages, characteristic features etc. This chapter also narrates different types of [[acting]] which are included in koodiyattam on special occasions. For example, how to act on stage without dialogue such things like capital city, mountain, trees, garden, hermitage, seasons, heaven etc. are given presicely. Famous ''Abhinaya''s (acting) such as '''Kailasoddhārana''' (lifting of [[Kailasa]]), '''Pārvatī Viraha''' (separation of Pārvatī) etc. are also included in this chapter. Details of wearing different [[costumes]] and different types of ''abhinaya'' are also given here.

The third chapter '''Mudra-Taalaprakarana''' gives elaborate narration of ''[[Mudra]]s'' (movements of hands and fingers), their names and their usage in Abhinaya. Different ''[[Tala (music)|Taala]]s'' used in Koodiyattam are also described here. The usage of different ''Taalas'' according to different ''[[Swara]]s'' ([[Rāga]]s) and different contexts is the next point discussed in this chapter.

The fourth chapter, '''Swaraprakarana''' deals with different Swaras (Ragas) used in Koodiyattam they are 20 in number which are called ''Muddan, Shreekantthi, Thondu, Aarthan, Indalam, Muralindalam, Veladhuli, Danam, Veeratarkan, Tarkan, Korakkurunji, Paurali, Poraneeru, Dukkhagandharam, Chetipanchamam, Bhinnapanchamam, Shreekamaram, Kaishiki, Ghattanthari and Anthari''. Details of their usage in abhinaya according to Rasas, Characters, Contexts etc. are also narrated with suitable examples.

The fifth chapter which is called '''Rasaprakarana''' deals with '''Satwika-Abhinaya''' (''Satwikābhinaya'')- the most important one among the four types of ''Abhinayas''. Topics such as Nātya, Nritya, Nritta, [[Rasa (aesthetics)|Rasa]], Bhava, Vibhava, Anubhāva, Satwikabhāva, Vyabhicharibhāva, their enacting, movements of eyes for different Rasas and [[Bhava]]s etc. are also discussed here . Some examples of '''Rasābhinaya''' (Rasa-Abhinaya) are also given. Thus this chapter gives a clear picture of the theory and practice regarding Rasābhinaya. The minute details of '''Netrābhinaya'''- enacting with eyes, eyes only are given here by the greatest master of Netrābhinaya.
[[File:Mani Madhava Chakyar-Sringara-new.jpg|''[[Sringāra]]'' Rasa by Guru [[Māni Mādhava Chākyār]]|thumb|right|200px]]

The sixth chapter '''Abhyāsaprakarana''' deals with practical training in Koodiyattam. Here the author gives twenty one types of eye movement which are to be practiced by a Koodiyattam artist who specialises in Rasābhinaya. These are very important for Koodiyattam artist as well as artists from other classical art forms. Special duties of [[Chakyar|Chakiar]]s (actors), [[Nangiaramma]]s (actresses) and [[Nambiar (Ambalavasi)|Nambiar]]s (drummers who play [[Mizhavu]]) are also narrated here in detail .

'''Drishtāntaprakarana''' the seventh chapter contains examples of different types of ''abhinaya'', narrations of different types of stories and conversations etc. used in Koodiyattams. Peculiarities of languages to be used in different contexts by different characters are also given here.

The last chapter '''Vaisheshikaprakarana''' gives ''[[Slokas]]'' used as benedictory verses in the beginning of different Koodiyattams with and without ''Abhinaya'', Slokas used in ''Nirvahana'', Slokas used at the time of elaborate special Abhinayas such as the beauty of heroine etc., [[Slokas]] used by ''Vidūshaka'' (Vidushaka) which are mostly in regional language [[Malayalam]] or ''[[Prakrit]]'', examples of stories used by Vidushaka etc. It also gives the details of special stage arrangements to be made for the performance of some rare scenes. Then the author gives the special rules and regulations to be observed by the Koodiyattam troop at the time of performance especially when it is done in a [[Koothampalam]] (traditional theatre) or in a traditional [[Hindu]] [[temple]] which are the real stages of this traditional, classical art form. Some special rights of traditional families of artists are also given. Details of special performance in some traditional Hindu temples in Kerala are also discussed in this chapter.

Thus the work as a whole contains all details regarding the traditional classical temple art. One can see the footsteps of the great scholar, great artist and great ''Achārya'' (teacher or Guru) who lived on the stage for about 80 golden years, in this commendable work. His skill in all aspects of Koodiyattam especially the unparalleled Netrābhinaya are world-famous.

==Translation==

This monumental work has been published in [[Hindi]] by [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]], [[New Delhi]] (1996). The translation was done by [[Chakyar Koothu]]- Koodiyattam artist and son of Guru Māni Mādhava Chākyār, PK Govindan Nambiar- and edited by Dr. [[Prem Lata Sharma]].
<ref>{{cite book|title=Nāṭyakalpadruma : Kerala kī Kūṭiyāṭṭam nāṭyakalā kī rūparekhā(Hindi)|oclc = 44811805}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://catalog.lib.washington.edu:2082/search?/aChakyar,+Mani+Madhava/achakyar+mani+madhava/-3%2C-1%2C0%2CB/frameset&FF=achakyar+mani+madhava&3%2C%2C3
|title = Natyakalpadruma (Hindi)
|publisher = [[University of Washington]]
}}{{dead link|date=February 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==See also==

* [[Māni Mādhava Chākyār]]
* [[Natyashastra]]
* [[Abhinaya]]
* [[Navarasa]]
* [[Chakyar Koothu]]
* [[Koodiyattam]]
* [[Sanskrit Theatre]]
* [[Mani Damodara Chakyar]]
* [[Kathakali]]
* [[Mohiniyattam]]
* [[Thulall]]

==Notes==
<div class="notes-small"><references/></div>

==External links ==
{{Contains special characters|Indic}}
* [https://openlibrary.org/b/OL160228M ''Natyakalpadrumam'' at open library]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070330051038/http://www.antiqbook.com/boox/bbn/99816.shtml/ order ''Natyakalpadrumam'']
* [http://www.accu.or.jp/ich/en/links/O_IND4-more.html Books and films at Sangeet Natak Akademy]
* [http://catalog.lib.washington.edu:2082/search?/aChakyar,+Mani+Madhava/achakyar+mani+madhava/-3%2C-1%2C0%2CB/frameset&FF=achakyar+mani+madhava&2%2C%2C3 ''Natyakalpadrumam'', Washington]{{Dead link|date=April 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080215085741/http://www.kerala.gov.in/dept_culture/books.htm Publications of Department of Cultural Aaffairs, Govt. of Kerala]

{{Malayalam Literature |state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Natyakalpadrumam}}
[[Category:Indian literature]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language books]]
[[Category:Sanskrit texts]]
[[Category:Hindu texts]]
[[Category:Koodiyattam]]

Nātyakalpadrumam - Revision history

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