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			{{Short description\|Dharmaśāstra text from ancient India}}
	[[File:1407 CE, Naradasmriti Hindu law manuscript, Sanskrit, Bhujimol script, Malla kingdom.jpg\|thumb\|upright=1.25\|1407 CE manuscript of the ''Naradasmriti'' in Sanskrit, Bhujimol script from the Himalayan [[Khasa kingdom\|Malla kingdom]]. It was the ''dharmasastra'' used in this medieval era kingdom.]]		[[File:1407 CE, Naradasmriti Hindu law manuscript, Sanskrit, Bhujimol script, Malla kingdom.jpg\|thumb\|upright=1.25\|1407 CE manuscript of the ''Naradasmriti'' in Sanskrit, Bhujimol script from the Himalayan [[Khasa kingdom\|Malla kingdom]]. It was the ''dharmasastra'' used in this medieval era kingdom.]]
	{{Hindu scriptures and texts}}		{{Hindu scriptures and texts}}
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	==External links==		==External links==
	* [https://archive.org/stream/naradiyadharmasa021669mbp#page/n27/mode/2up Naradasmriti], English ~~Translation~~		* [https://archive.org/stream/naradiyadharmasa021669mbp#page/n27/mode/2up Naradasmriti], English translation by Julius Jolly (1876)
	* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304025102/http://is1.mum.edu/vedicreserve/smriti/upasmriti/narada_smriti.pdf Naradasmriti], One of the three known distinct versions of the Law Book (in Sanskrit)		* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304025102/http://is1.mum.edu/vedicreserve/smriti/upasmriti/narada_smriti.pdf Naradasmriti], One of the three known distinct versions of the Law Book (in Sanskrit)
	* [~~http~~://sarit.indology.info/~~nyayamanjari~~.xml?view=~~page~~ Nāradasmṛti: IAST-Translit], A SARIT Initiative, The British Association for South Asian Studies and The British Academy		* [https://sarit.indology.info/sarit-pm/works/naradasmrti.xml?view=div Nāradasmṛti: IAST-Translit], A SARIT Initiative, The British Association for South Asian Studies and The British Academy

	{{wikisource\|Index:Sacred Books of the East - Volume 33.djvu\|Translation by Julius Jolly, 1889}}		{{wikisource\|Index:Sacred Books of the East - Volume 33.djvu\|Translation by Julius Jolly, 1889}}
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	[[Category:Hindu law]]		[[Category:Hindu law]]
	[[Category:Ancient Indian literature]]		[[Category:Ancient Indian literature]]
	[[Category:~~Dharma Śāstra~~]]		[[Category:Dharmaśāstra]]

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[[File:1407 CE, Naradasmriti Hindu law manuscript, Sanskrit, Bhujimol script, Malla kingdom.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|1407 CE manuscript of the ''Naradasmriti'' in Sanskrit, Bhujimol script from the Himalayan [[Khasa kingdom|Malla kingdom]]. It was the ''dharmasastra'' used in this medieval era kingdom.]]
{{Hindu scriptures and texts}}
'''{{IAST|Nāradasmṛti}}''' is a part of the [[Dharmaśāstras]], an Indian literary tradition that serves as a collection of [[legal maxim]]s relating to the topic of [[dharma]].<ref name="Sundeep">{{cite web|last=Prakashan|first=Sundeep|year=2007|work=sundeepbooks.com|title=The Naradasmrti By Richard W. Lariviere (tr.)|publisher=sundeepbooks.com|access-date=11 December 2008|url=http://www.sundeepbooks.com/servlet/sugetbiblio?bno=050262}}</ref> This text is purely juridical in character in that it focuses solely on [[Procedural law|procedural]] and [[substantive law]].<ref name="Sundeep"/> Known as the "juridical text par excellence," the {{IAST|Nāradasmṛti}} is the only [[Dharmaśāstra]] text to not cover areas such as righteous conduct and penance.<ref name="Lariviereix">Lariviere 1989: ix</ref> Its focused nature has made the text highly valued by rulers and their governments, in Indian subcontinent and southeast Asia, likely as an aid of carrying out their [[dharma]] of justly ruling the country.<ref name="Lariviereix"/><ref name=coedes/>

==Recensions==
Today there exist three recognized versions of Naradasmriti, also called Naradiya Dharmasastra.<ref>Max Muller (1907), [https://books.google.com/books?id=93UeAgAAQBAJ&pg=PR11#v=onepage&q&f=false Introduction to Narada] The [[Sacred Books of the East]], Vol 33, London</ref> First, there is the “minor” recension, consisting of 879 verses and referred to by the siglum D. Next comes the recension known by the siglum P and consisting originally of 550 verses. Jolly later edited the text to contain verses from the “minor” recension as well, bringing the total to 1028 verses. The third version comes from the Newārī manuscripts and the {{IAST|Nāradīyamanusaṃhitā}} and goes by the siglum NMS, containing 870 verses. Each recension is unique not only in length, but content as well. For example, in P, an entire chapter is found of which no other manuscript makes mention.<ref>Lariviere 1989: xiv</ref> One of the most thoroughly studied differences is that of the variation in naming of Ordeals. The NMS, seen as the oldest of the three texts, lists only two ordeals in the standard chapter on “Nonpayment of Debt” but contains an addendum which lists five more ordeals. The Vulgate also lists five ordeals but manuscript P adds two more, bringing the total to seven.<ref>Lariviere 1989: xvi</ref>

==Source and Authority==
One recension claims that “Manu Prajāpati originally composed a text in 100,000 verses and 1080 chapters, which was successively abridged by the sages [[Nārada]], Mārkandeya, and Sumati Bhārgava, down to a text of 4,000 verses.” <ref name="Lariviere 1989: xxiii">Lariviere 1989: xxiii</ref> {{IAST|Nāradasmṛti}}, according to this recension's claim, represent the ninth chapter, regarding legal procedure, of [[Manusmṛti|Manu]]’s original text. This connection may enhance the prestige of {{IAST|Nāradasmṛti}} because some traditional texts state Manu pronouncements on dharma is above challenge.<ref name="Lariviere 1989: xxiii"/> However, Lariviere notes that it is clear from the critical edition and examination of other ancient documents that this explanation of Nāradasmṛti's origin is a myth, and was added later.<ref>"Lariviere 2003: page 14, see note 61 and Kane's analysis of Medhathiti ({{ISBN|81-208-1804-0}})"</ref>

Naradasmriti was an authoritative document not only in Indian subcontinent, as well as when Hinduism flourished in southeast Asia. A 12th-century inscription in [[Champa]] empire of Jaya Harivarman, in what is now modern [[Vietnam]], declares that its court officials were "expert in all dharmasastras, especially Naradiya and Bhargaviya".<ref name=coedes>[[George Coedès]], The Indianized States of Southeast Asia, {{ISBN|978-0824803681}}, University of Hawaii Press, page 164-166</ref><ref>Lariviere 2003: page 14</ref>

The divine sage Nārada is known as the messenger of the gods, transmitting divine will to the people of the earth. Although not known for being an expert in [[dharma]], he has been portrayed as an instructor of law and politics.<ref name="Lariviere 1989: xxiii"/>

==Author==
Lariviere argues that there was “no single ‘author’ of this text" but rather, either an individual or a group who compiled all of the verses attributed by a particular community to the sage Nārada.<ref name="Lariviere 1989: xxiii"/> Examination of the scripts of the original manuscript determines that the {{IAST|Nāradīyamanusaṃhitā}} manuscripts were written in the South of India while the Newārī manuscript came from Nepal. The recensions D and P appear to have been found throughout the subcontinent but rarely in Nepal or Kerala.<ref>Lariviere 1989: xv–xvi</ref>

==Date==
Similar to all ancient Indian texts, specific dates for the authoring of the {{IAST|Nāradasmṛti}} continue to elude scholars. Varying arguments have been made and evidences cited but no decisive conclusions have been made. The best timeframe which can be provided is somewhere between 100BCE and 400CE.<ref>See Lariviere 1989: xix–xxiii or Olivelle “Literary History”: 24 for more information on the details of this debate.</ref>

In 1876 manuscript D of the {{IAST|Nāradasmṛti}} was translated by the German scholar, [[Julius Jolly (Indologist)|Julius Jolly]], making it available to legal scholars in Europe for the first time. The work was readily accepted in Europe due to its style, content, and structure which was similar enough to Roman legal texts of the time that the scholars felt comfortable dealing with it. Karl Marx even used this translation as a reference for his Asiatic Modes of Production.<ref>Lariviere 1989: xi</ref>

In 1879, Jolly translated manuscript P.

In 1989, Lariviere revisited the text and produced a critical translation which includes evidence from the NWS manuscripts, as well as D and P, which Jolly used.

==Structure==
The structure of the {{IAST|Nāradasmṛti}} is based on the eighteen titles of law, which are also mentioned in the [[Manusmṛti]] but with some variation in names.<ref>Lariviere 1989: xvii</ref> The text begins with a brief introduction into law and the courts before delving into these 18 titles, devoting a chapter to each. The way in which this text is written makes it clear that the author(s) was appealing to a community of practitioners, interested in directly applying the law to every day cases.<ref>Lariviere 1989: x</ref>

===Matrka (Prolegomena)===
#Vyavaharah
#Bhasa
#Sabha

===Vyavahārapada (18 Titles of Law)===
#{{IAST|Ŗṇādāna}}
#Nikşepa
#Sambhūyasamutthāna
#Dattāpradānika
#{{IAST|Abhyupetyāśuśrūṣā}}
#Vetanasyānapākarma
#Asvāmivikraya
#{{IAST|Vikrīyāsaṃpradāna}}
#Krītānuśaya
#Samayasyānapākarma
#{{IAST|Kṣetrajavivāda}}
#{{IAST|Strīpuṃsayoga}}
#Dāyabhāga
#Sāhasa
#{{IAST|Vākpāruṣya}}
#{{IAST|Daṇḍapāruṣya}}
#Dyūtasamāhvaya
#{{IAST|Prakīrṇaka}}

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* {{ cite book | author = Translation by Richard W. Lariviere| title = The {{IAST|Nāradasmr̥ti}}| publisher = University of Philadelphia | year = 1989}}
*Olivelle, Patrick. "Dharmasastra: A Literary History"
* {{ cite book | author = Translation by Julius Jolly| title = The Minor Law Books| url = https://archive.org/details/minorlawbooks01joll| publisher = Oxford: The Clarendon Press | year = 1889}}

==External links==
* [https://archive.org/stream/naradiyadharmasa021669mbp#page/n27/mode/2up Naradasmriti], English Translation
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304025102/http://is1.mum.edu/vedicreserve/smriti/upasmriti/narada_smriti.pdf Naradasmriti], One of the three known distinct versions of the Law Book (in Sanskrit)
* [http://sarit.indology.info/nyayamanjari.xml?view=page Nāradasmṛti: IAST-Translit], A SARIT Initiative, The British Association for South Asian Studies and The British Academy

{{wikisource|Index:Sacred Books of the East - Volume 33.djvu|Translation by Julius Jolly, 1889}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Naradasmrti}}
[[Category:Hindu law]]
[[Category:Ancient Indian literature]]
[[Category:Dharma Śāstra]]

Nāradasmṛti - Revision history

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