Nālaṭiyār - Revision history

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	==Didactic nature==		==Didactic nature==
	''Nālaṭiyār'' was composed by [[Jain monasticism\|Jain monks]].{{sfn\|Sheldon Pollock\|2003\|p=293}} It is divided into three sections, the first section focusing on the importance of virtuous life, second section on the governance and management of wealth, and the third smaller section on the pleasures.		''Nālaṭiyār'' was composed by [[Jain monasticism\|Jain monks]].{{sfn\|Sheldon Pollock\|2003\|p=293}} It is an anthology in the [[Venba\|venba]] [[poetic metre\|metre]] and is pessimistic in its outlook.{{sfn\|Chatterjee, 2021\|p=77}} It is divided into three sections, the first section focusing on the importance of virtuous life, second section on the governance and management of wealth, and the third smaller section on the pleasures.

	''Nālaṭiyār'' is unique in the employment of similes, which help to teach the moral codes using simple examples from daily life. For example, one of the poems states that just like a calf placed in front of a vast herd of cows seeks out its mother unerringly and attaches itself, the deeds of the past home in on the doer and exact their price unfailingly.		''Nālaṭiyār'' is unique in the employment of similes, which help to teach the moral codes using simple examples from daily life. For example, one of the poems states that just like a calf placed in front of a vast herd of cows seeks out its mother unerringly and attaches itself, the deeds of the past home in on the doer and exact their price unfailingly.
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	\| first =		\| first =
	\| date = n.d.		\| date = n.d.
	\| website = ~~Russian State University for the Humanities (http://~~tamil.ivka.rggu.ru~~/section.html?id=6733)~~		\| website = tamil.ivka.rggu.ru
	\| publisher = Russian State University for the Humanities		\| publisher = Russian State University for the Humanities
	\| access-date = 24 June 2021		\| access-date = 24 June 2021
	\| quote = }}</ref>		\| quote = }}</ref>

			Naladiyar was translated into Urdu by H. K. Ghazi, an Indian civil servant.<ref>{{cite web\|title=naladiyar\|url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebook-detail/naladiyar-ebooks\|access-date=September 5, 2021}}</ref>

	==Reception==		==Reception==
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	:Literal translation: "Banyan and neem maintain oral health; Four and Two maintain moral health."		:Literal translation: "Banyan and neem maintain oral health; Four and Two maintain moral health."
	:(Here "Four" and "Two" refer to the quatrains and couplets of Nālaṭiyār and Tirukkuṛaḷ, respectively.)		:(Here "Four" and "Two" refer to the quatrains and couplets of Nālaṭiyār and Tirukkuṛaḷ, respectively.)

			Naladiyar is often referred to as ''Vellalar Vēdham'' (the sacred scripture of the [[Vellalar]])<ref>{{cite book\|title=Studies in South Indian Jainism: South Indian Jainism\|author=M. S. Ramaswami Ayyangar, B. Seshagiri Rao\|publisher=Sri Satguru Publications\|page=57}}</ref>

	==See also==		==See also==
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	==References==		==References==
			{{refbegin}}
	* {{citation \|editor=Sheldon Pollock \|editor-link=Sheldon Pollock \|title=Literary Cultures in History: Reconstructions from South Asia \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ak9csfpY2WoC \|publisher=[[University of California Press]] \|date=2003 \|isbn=0-520-22821-9 }}		* {{citation \|editor=Sheldon Pollock \|editor-link=Sheldon Pollock \|title=Literary Cultures in History: Reconstructions from South Asia \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ak9csfpY2WoC \|publisher=[[University of California Press]] \|date=2003 \|isbn=0-520-22821-9 }}
	* {{cite book \|author= M. G. Kovaimani and P. V. Nagarajan \|title= Tirukkural Aaivumaalai [Tirukkural Research Papers] \|year= 2013 \|edition= 1\|publisher=Tamil University \| location= Tanjavur \|language=ta\|ref={{sfnRef\|Kovaimani and Nagarajan, 2013}}}}		* {{cite book \|author= M. G. Kovaimani and P. V. Nagarajan \|title= Tirukkural Aaivumaalai [Tirukkural Research Papers] \|year= 2013 \|edition= 1\|publisher=Tamil University \| location= Tanjavur \|language=ta\|ref={{sfnRef\|Kovaimani and Nagarajan, 2013}}}}
			* {{cite book \|editor= Roma Chatterjee \| title = India: Society, Religion and Literature in Ancient and Medieval Periods \| publisher = Government of India, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting \| series = \| volume = \| edition = 1st\| date = 2021 \| location = New Delhi\| language = \|isbn = 978-93-5409-122-3 \| ref={{sfnRef\|Chatterjee, 2021}}}}
	* Mudaliyar, Singaravelu A., Apithana Cintamani, An encyclopaedia of Tamil Literature, (1931) - Reprinted by Asian Educational Services, New Delhi (1983)		* Mudaliyar, Singaravelu A., Apithana Cintamani, An encyclopaedia of Tamil Literature, (1931) - Reprinted by Asian Educational Services, New Delhi (1983)
			{{refend}}

			==External links==
	* [http://www.tamilnation.org/literature]		* [http://www.tamilnation.org/literature]
	* [http://www.tamilvu.org/library/l2800/html/l2800ind.htm]		* [http://www.tamilvu.org/library/l2800/html/l2800ind.htm]
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			[[Category:Tamil Jain literature]]

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{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox book
| italic title = 
| name = Naladiyar<br />{{lang|ta|நாலடியார்}}
| image =
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| author = Various poets
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| title_working = Naladiyar
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| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Old Tamil language|Old Tamil]]
| series = [[Patiṉeṇkīḻkaṇakku]]
| release_number =
| subject = [[Secular ethics]]
| genre = [[Poetry]]
| set_in =
| published = [[Palm-leaf manuscript]] of the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] [[Sangam period|Sangam]] era (dated variously between 300 BCE and 7th century CE)
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{{wikisourcelang|ta|நாலடியார்|Nālaṭiyār}}
{{Sangam literature}}
{{Jainism}}
The '''Nālaṭiyār''' ({{lang-ta|நாலடியார்}}) is a [[Tamil language|Tamil]] poetic work of [[didacticism|didactic]] nature belonging to the [[Eighteen Lesser Texts]] (''Patiṉeṇkīḻkaṇakku'') anthology of [[Tamil literature]]. This belongs to the post [[Sangam period|Sangam]] period corresponding to between 100 and 500 CE. ''Nālaṭiyār'' contains 400 poems, each containing four lines. Every poem deals with morals and ethics, extolling righteous behaviour.

==Etymology==

The term ''Naladiyar'' is derived from the Tamil terms ''Naalu'', a colloquial form of ''Naangu'' meaning “four”, ''adi'' meaning metrical feet or poetic metre, and ''aar'' referring to a honorific suffix. Thus ''Naladiyar'' refers to the work that contains four-lined verse. The work is also termed ''Naaladi Naanooru'', sometimes spelled ''Naladi Nannurru'', meaning "four hundred quatrains," since it has 400 verses in total.

==Didactic nature==
''Nālaṭiyār'' was composed by [[Jain monasticism|Jain monks]].{{sfn|Sheldon Pollock|2003|p=293}} It is divided into three sections, the first section focusing on the importance of virtuous life, second section on the governance and management of wealth, and the third smaller section on the pleasures.

''Nālaṭiyār'' is unique in the employment of similes, which help to teach the moral codes using simple examples from daily life. For example, one of the poems states that just like a calf placed in front of a vast herd of cows seeks out its mother unerringly and attaches itself, the deeds of the past home in on the doer and exact their price unfailingly.

==Commentaries and translations==
Naladiyar remains the highly praised ancient didactic text in Tamil next only to the [[Tirukkural]]. Several commentaries have appeared on the text, which includes three ancient commentaries. The three ancient commentaries were those by Padumanar, [[Dharumar]] (who has also written commentary on the Tirukkural), and an anonymous poet.<ref>{{cite book
| last = Aravindan
| first = M. V.
| title = உரையாசிரியர்கள் [Uraiaasiriyargal]
| publisher = Manivasagar Padhippagam
| edition = 8
| date = 2018
| location = Chennai
| pages = 332
| language = ta
}}</ref>

The Nalidiyar was translated into English by [[G. U. Pope]], [[F. J. Leeper]], and [[Gnanou Diagou]].<ref name="BnfDataFrench">{{cite web
| url = https://data.bnf.fr/en/14650616/tiruval_l_uvar_tirukkur_al_/
| title = Gnanou Diagou (1877-1959)
| date = n.d.
| website = data.bnf.fr
| publisher = BnF Data
}}</ref>

==Reception==
The Naladiyar is next only to the [[Tirukkural]] in fame among the Tamil literary works. Along with the Tirukkural, it is one of the first books published in Tamil, when it came to print from palm leaf manuscripts for the first time in 1812.{{sfn|Kovaimani and Nagarajan, 2013|p=184}} There is an old Tamil proverb praising the ''Nālaṭiyār'' that says "''Nālaṭiyār'' and the Tirukkural are very good in expressing human thoughts just as the twigs of the banyan and the neem trees are good in maintaining the teeth."

:ஆலும் வேலும் பல்லுக்குறுதி; நாலும் இரண்டும் சொல்லுக்குறுதி.
:(''Aalum vaelum pallukkuruthi; naalum irandum sollukkuruthi'')
:Literal translation: "Banyan and neem maintain oral health; Four and Two maintain moral health."
:(Here "Four" and "Two" refer to the quatrains and couplets of Nālaṭiyār and Tirukkuṛaḷ, respectively.)

==See also==
* [[Tamil Jain]]
* [[Tirukkural]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
* {{citation |editor=Sheldon Pollock |editor-link=Sheldon Pollock |title=Literary Cultures in History: Reconstructions from South Asia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ak9csfpY2WoC |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |date=2003 |isbn=0-520-22821-9 }}
* {{cite book |author= M. G. Kovaimani and P. V. Nagarajan |title= Tirukkural Aaivumaalai [Tirukkural Research Papers] |year= 2013 |edition= 1|publisher=Tamil University | location= Tanjavur |language=ta|ref={{sfnRef|Kovaimani and Nagarajan, 2013}}}}
* Mudaliyar, Singaravelu A., Apithana Cintamani, An encyclopaedia of Tamil Literature, (1931) - Reprinted by Asian Educational Services, New Delhi (1983)
* [http://www.tamilnation.org/literature]
* [http://www.tamilvu.org/library/l2800/html/l2800ind.htm]
* [http://snsriramadesikan.com/naaladiyar.html#Naaladiyar]

{{Jain Agamas}}
{{Jainism topics}}
{{Tamil language}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nalatiyar}}
[[Category:Sangam literature]]
[[Category:Jain texts]]

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