imported>BD2412: Missing space after ref tag., replaced: /ref>A → /ref> A

2021-08-28T05:41:40Z

Missing space after ref tag., replaced: /ref>A → /ref> A

New page

{{other uses|Kuttichathan (disambiguation)}}
{{EngvarB|date=November 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| name = My Dear Kuttichathan
| image = My Dear Kuttichathan.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Promotional poster
| director = [[Jijo Punnoose]]
| producer = [[Navodaya Appachan]] Jose Punnoose
| writer = [[Raghunath Paleri]] '''(Malayalam dialogue)''' [[Ikram Akhtar]] '''(Hindi dialogue)'''
| starring = [[Kottarakkara Sreedharan Nair]] 
[[Dalip Tahil]] [[Sonia (actress)|Sonia]] Master Aravind Master Mukesh Surya Kiran [[Rajan P. Dev]] [[Jagathi Sreekumar]] [[Jagadish]] [[Nedumudi Venu]]
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]] '''(Malayalam/Tamil versions)''' [[Anu Malik]] [[Anand-Milind]] [[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]] '''(Hindi version)'''
| cinematography = [[Ashok Kumar (cinematographer)|Ashok Kumar]]
| editing = T. R. Sekar
| studio = [[Navodaya Appachan|Navodaya Studios]]
| distributor = [[Navodaya Appachan|Navodaya Release]]
| released = {{Film date|1984|8|24|[[India]]}}
| runtime = 97 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget = {{INRConvert|35|l}}<ref name="cost" />
| gross = {{INRConvert|2.5|c}}<ref name="hi" />
}}

'''''My Dear Kuttichathan''''' ({{trans|My dear little goblin}}) is a 1984 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[fantasy film]] directed by [[Jijo Punnoose]] and produced by his father [[Navodaya Appachan]] under [[Navodaya Studio]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/05/15/stories/2003051500260100.htm |title=Casting a Magic spell |date=15 May 2003 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=14 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031104184849/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/05/15/stories/2003051500260100.htm |archive-date=4 November 2003 |url-status=dead}}</ref> It was the first Indian film to be filmed in [[3D film|3D format]]. With screenplay by [[Raghunath Paleri]], the story revolves around a mystical indigenous Indian goblin called "[[Kuttichathan]]" who is under the spell of an evil sorcerer, however it gets released by three children and then befriends them. The film's soundtrack was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]], while cinematography and editing was done by [[Ashok Kumar (cinematographer)|Ashok Kumar]] and T. R. Shekhar, respectively. It was the debut of actors [[P. V. Jagadish Kumar|Jagadish]] and [[A. C. Zainuddin|Zainuddin]].

The film was well received and grossed over {{INR}}2.5 [[crore]] from the box office.<ref name="hi" /> Originally filmed in Malayalam, a re-edited version was re-released in 1997, which makes it the first DTS movie in Malayalam. It was dubbed in Hindi as ''Chhota Chetan'' in 1997, which was also a box office success grossing {{INR}}1.30 crore.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.livemint.com/Consumer/djhr8pnc7PcV5dguS98WXJ/Ten-memorable-Bollywood-childrens-films.html |title=Children's Day: 10 memorable Bollywood films |last=Jha |first=Lata |date=14 November 2016 |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |access-date=17 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181117193232/https://www.livemint.com/Consumer/djhr8pnc7PcV5dguS98WXJ/Ten-memorable-Bollywood-childrens-films.html |archive-date=17 November 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> Scenes with [[Urmila Matondkar]] were later added. In 2010, further scenes were added in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] with [[Prakash Raj]] and [[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]] and was released as ''Chutti Chathan''. A new re-mastered version with additional footage released on 25 August 2011.

== Plot ==
The character "[[Kuttichathan]]" is formed on the basis of the specialties of a deity popularly known as "Chathan" who is being worshiped mainly in the south Indian state, Kerala. There are cruel magicians everywhere in the world. One of them is Karimbhootham (black magician), who enslaved an invisible spirit with his magic spells, whom he calls "Kuttichathan" ("Little Ghost" in English and "Chhota Chetan" in Hindi). Two boys and a girl befriend Kuttichathan by accident and release him from the grip of the magician.

On the way Kuttichathan meets Ashish, a member of the police, who is after Karimbhootham.

They understand that this Chathan is friendly to kids and is a very good friend. Therefore, the girl promises to keep Kuttichathan in her house for two reasons: one, her father drinks too much, so she wants Chathan, who is a very good magician, to make him come to his senses, as after her mother died, there is no one to control him; second, Chathan, despite being a small boy, also drinks a lot. He could drink and finish off all that her father drinks, thereby changing her father's attitude.

At the same time, the cruel magician wants the Kuttichathan to lay his hands on a treasure. Even though the magician is the owner of the Kuttichathan, he is burnt and killed by the Chathan in the climax. Chathan then turns into a bat and flies away.

== Cast ==

{{colbegin}}
* M. P. Ramnath - Kuttichathan (voice of invisible Kuttichatan by [[Nedumudi Venu]])
* [[Kottarakkara Sreedharan Nair]] – The Cruel Magician
* [[Sonia (actress)|Sonia]] – Laxmi
* Master Suresh/Suryakiran— Vijay
* Arvind — Vinod
* [[Dalip Tahil]] – Laxmi's father
* [[Alummoodan]]
* P. A. Latheef
* Aman M. A.
* [[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]]
* [[Zainuddin (actor)|Sainuddin]] – Bartender
* [[Rajan P. Dev]] – School Teacher
* [[Jagadeesh]] – Cabaret Announcer
* [[Kalabhavan Mani]] as Dakshinenthya Manthravaadhi
* [[Kallapetti Singaram]] — Rickshaw driver
{{colend}}
;Hindi version
* [[Urmila Matondkar]] – Miss Hawa [[Hawaii]]
* [[Dalip Tahil]] – Laxmi's father
* [[Satish Kaushik]] – Professor Chashmish
* [[Shakti Kapoor]] – Baba Khondol, the cruel magician
* [[Ravi Baswani]] – Raja
* [[Harish Kumar (actor)|Harish Kumar]] – Mr. Anthony Gonsalves

;Tamil version
*[[Prakash Raj]] – The Cruel Magician
*[[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]] - Scientist

== Production ==
=== Development ===
''My Dear Kuttichathan'' was the first Indian film to be filmed in 3D.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/lf/2003/03/24/stories/2003032402160200.htm |title=3D fad back with a vengeance |date=24 March 2003 |access-date=20 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114162506/https://www.thehindu.com/lf/2003/03/24/stories/2003032402160200.htm |archive-date=14 November 2018 |work=[[The Hindu]] |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Jijo Punnoose]], son of Navodaya Appachan made his directorial debut with this film. After ''[[Padayottam]]'' (1982), Jijo decided to direct a 3D film after getting inspired by an article in "American Cinematographer" shown to him by cinematographer Ramachandra Babu.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/Cinematography-students-told-to-observe-life/article16251304.ece |title=Cinematography students told to observe life |date=10 June 2017 |work=The Hindu |access-date=20 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114162506/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/Cinematography-students-told-to-observe-life/article16251304.ece |archive-date=14 November 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="fc">{{Cite web |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/my-dear-kuttichathan-first-indian-3d-film-2.0-inception-chris-condon/ |title=My Dear Kuttichathan: The Unforgettable Story of India's First 3D Film |last=Menon |first=Vishal |date=12 November 2018 |website=[[Film Companion]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181113180625/https://www.filmcompanion.in/my-dear-kuttichathan-first-indian-3d-film-2.0-inception-chris-condon/ |archive-date=13 November 2018 |url-status=live |access-date=13 November 2018}}</ref>

==== Technology ====
To understand the technology, Jijo travelled multiple trips to Burbank, California and bought sample reels of 3D films and held a preview in his studio.<ref name="hi" /> Appachan who was thoroughly convinced decided to produce this film under the allocated budget of 40 lakhs.<ref name="fc" /> David Schmier worked as the film's stereographer along with the film's cinematographer to ensure multiple images converge for 3D effect.<ref name="fc" />

Jijo travelled to the US once again where he met Chris Condon, an expert in 3D technology. Jijo bought the special camera lens and after much discussion Chris agreed to assist Jijo in his film.<ref name="hi" /> The required equipment needed for the film had to be imported from the US and Jijo managed to do this with the help of his friend, Thomas J Easho.<ref name="hi" />

==== Script ====
For the 3D film, the makers wanted a universal theme in order to appeal children. Jijo carried the idea of a friendly ghost for years, he sought the opinion of people such as Anant Pai and Padmarajan for the film's writing. Raghunath Paleri came on board as the film's writer, took all the inputs from the experts and created the plot of three kids and a ghost. Paleri cited he wrote the script in such a way "that would have worked even if it was 2D".<ref name="fc" />

=== Casting ===
S. L. Puram Anand, who worked as an production executive for this film revealed that Jijo wanted to do this film with an entirely new cast. Anand suggested Dalip Tahil for the supporting role.<ref name="hi">{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/jijo-and-his-3d-dream-that-resulted-in-my-dear-kuttichathan/article23415321.ece |title=Jijo and his 3D dream that resulted in 'My Dear Kuttichathan' |last=Chelangad |first=Saju |date=2 April 2018 |work=The Hindu |access-date=14 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114163829/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/jijo-and-his-3d-dream-that-resulted-in-my-dear-kuttichathan/article23415321.ece |archive-date=14 November 2018 |url-status=live |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Sonia Bose and MD Ramnoth were cast as child artists.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/200518/childrens-day-out-with-cast-of-kuttichathan.html |title=Children's day out with cast of Kuttichathan |date=20 May 2018 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |access-date=14 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180618135041/https://deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/200518/childrens-day-out-with-cast-of-kuttichathan.html |archive-date=18 June 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> The latter portrayed the titular character.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/my-dear-kuttichathan-leads-a-quiet-life-now/articleshow/61561782.cms |title='My dear Kuttichathan' leads a quiet life now |last=Prakash |first=Asha |date=8 November 2017 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=14 November 2018 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20181114094524/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/my-dear-kuttichathan-leads-a-quiet-life-now/articleshow/61561782.cms |archive-date=14 November 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Ashok Kumar handled cinematography for the film, thus making him the first cinematographer in India to have shot a 3D film.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://in.rediff.com/movies/1999/mar/25asho.htm |title='Alas, realistic movies are dead' |last=Warrier |first=Shobha |date=25 March 1999 |website=Rediff.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129044927/http://in.rediff.com/movies/1999/mar/25asho.htm |archive-date=29 November 2014 |url-status=live |access-date=20 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/he-created-magic-with-movie-camera/article6529512.ece |title=He created magic with movie camera |date=20 October 2017 |work=The Hindu |access-date=14 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129065245/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/he-created-magic-with-movie-camera/article6529512.ece |archive-date=29 November 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> T. K. Rajeev Kumar, who went on to become a famous director, started his career as an assistant director with this film.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2000/may/12raj.htm |title='I had no plans to direct a Hindi film' |last=Warrier |first=Shobha |date=12 May 2000 |website=Rediff.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020135327/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2000/may/12raj.htm |archive-date=20 October 2017 |url-status=live |access-date=20 October 2017}}</ref>

In the Hindi version shot in 1997, [[Shakti Kapoor]] plays the part of a magician (originally played by Alummoodan) who tries to catch Chetan, but gets trapped in a mirror. [[Prakash Raj]] did this role in its re-released Tamil version released in 2010. [[Satish Kaushik]] plays the part of [[Jagathi Sreekumar]] as a scientist who also tries to catch Chetan, but gets destroyed. This character was played as [[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]] in 2010 version.

=== Filming ===
Despite proper planning, the filming took around 90 days to complete, three times the schedule of a normal film.<ref name="fc" /> The budget for the lighting was higher than a 2D film. The filming was held at Navodaya Studios and places around the Kakkanad area.<ref name="hi" /> For the infamous scene of walking on the wall, Paleri suggested the sequence to be converted into a song.<ref name="fc" /> The song "Aalipazham Perukka" took 14 days to be completed.<ref name="fc" />

K. Shekar and Jijo decided on a rectangular-shaped rotating room to suit the wider, landscape-like nature of the 3D frame. Jijo then entrusted SILK (Steel Industrial Kerala) with the task of constructing a steel structure on the room, made of timber. The octagonal structure, weighing 25 tonnes, was completed in a month's time. Six men on either side would rotate it to create the illusion that the kids were walking 360 degrees around the room.<ref name="fc" /> The original Malayalam film was made at a cost of {{INR}}35 [[lakh]].<ref name="cost">{{cite news|last=Pillai|first=Sreedhar|title=Producer Appachen creates Indian motion picture history with My Dear Kuttichathen|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/films/story/19850228-producer-appachen-creates-indian-motion-picture-history-with-my-dear-kuttichathen-769824-2013-11-27|access-date=23 July 2019|work=[[India Today]]|date=28 February 1985|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190822160945/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/films/story/19850228-producer-appachen-creates-indian-motion-picture-history-with-my-dear-kuttichathen-769824-2013-11-27|archive-date=22 August 2019}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = My Dear Kuttichathan [Malayalam]
| type = [[Soundtrack]]
| artist = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 1984
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label =JS Audio
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

{{Track listing

| extra_column = Artist(s)

| headline = My Dear Kuttichathan [Malayalam]
| all_lyrics = [[Bichu Thirumala]]
| all_music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]

| title1 = Aalippazham Perukkaan<ref>https://aalippazham.in</ref>
| extra1 = [[S. Janaki]], [[S. P. Sailaja]]

| title2 = Minnaaminungum
| extra2 = [[K. J. Yesudas]], [[Choir]]

| title3 = Thrilokam vilangum
| extra3 = [[K. S. Chithra]]

}}

{{Infobox album
| name = Chhota Chetan [Hindi]
| type = [[Soundtrack]]
| artist = [[Anu Malik]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 1998
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label =
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

{{Track listing

| extra_column = Artist(s)

| headline = Chhota Chetan [Hindi]
| all_music = [[Anu Malik]]

| title1 = Chhota Chetan
| extra1 = [[K. S. Chithra]]

| title2 = Ek Jaadu Hone Wala Hai
| extra2 = [[Shankar Mahadevan]]

| title3 = Jo Tum Kaho
| extra3 = [[Anuradha Sriram]], [[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]]

| title4 = Jo Tum Kaho (II)
| extra4 = [[Aditya Narayan]], [[Anmol Malik]], [[Dominique Cerejo]]

| title5 = Ringa Ringa Ro
| extra5 = Shankar Mahadevan

| title6 = Parody Song
| extra6 = [[Shabbir Kumar]], [[Anuradha Paudwal]]

| title7 = Billi Boli Miyaoon
| extra7 = Shabbir Kumar, Anuradha Paudwal

| title8 = Bombai Ban Gayi Mumbai
| extra8 = Aditya Narayan

}}

{{Infobox album
| name = Chutti Chathan [Tamil]
| type = [[Soundtrack]]
| artist = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2010
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label =
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}
;1984 version
{{Track listing

| extra_column = Artist(s)

| headline = Chutti Chathan [Tamil]
| all_music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]

| title1 = Chinnakuzhandhaigale
| extra1 = [[Vani Jayaram]], [[Sujatha Mohan]]

| title2 = Poovaadai Kaatru
| extra2 = [[K. J. Yesudas]], [[Choir]]

}}
;2010 version
This version had new songs composed by [[Sharreth]] including re-created version of "Chinna Kuzhandhaigale" (Aalipazham Perukka). The lyrics was written by Madhan Karky.
*Kuttichathan Vanthenda - [[K. S. Chithra]]
*Andhara Tharagai - Sajjla
*Boom Boom Chathan - Sharreth & Chorus
*Ulagame Odidaathe - [[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]]

== Release ==
The film was released in 1984 along with dubbed versions in Tamil, Telugu and Hindi.<ref name="hi" /> The Telugu and Hindi versions were titled ''Chinnari Chethana'' and ''Chhota Chetan'' respectively. All the versions proved to be successful.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/2000/05/08/stories/09080222.htm |title='Chota' dose of fun |date=8 May 2000 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=14 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114162506/https://www.thehindu.com/2000/05/08/stories/09080222.htm |archive-date=14 November 2018 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodlife.com/movies/my-dear-kuttichathan/ |title=My Dear Kuttichathan |date=12 December 1997 |website=Bollywood Life |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171203193113/http://www.bollywoodlife.com/movies/my-dear-kuttichathan/ |archive-date=3 December 2017 |url-status=live |access-date=14 November 2018}}</ref> For the watching experience, special lenses had to be attached to the projectors in theatres.<ref name="fc" />

Navodaya distributed the film by themselves in Kerala. Popular director [[Kothanda Ramaiah|K. R.]] distributed the Tamil version of the film. The Tamil version also became successful, surpassing bigger films.<ref name="fc" /> The film's release also attracted rumours that the use of 3D glasses was spreading conjunctivitis, which was dubbed "Madras Eye". These rumours prompted the makers to add footage before the film began with prominent actors [[Prem Nazir]], [[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Jeetendra]], [[Rajinikanth]], [[Chiranjeevi]] and others explaining that the glasses were sterilised after each use.<ref name="fc" />

=== Box office ===
The film was commercial success and highest grossing Malayalam film at that time, which collected ₹ 2.5 crore from box office and it's hindi dubbed version Chota Chetan also collected ₹ 1.3 crore from box office.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.livemint.com/Consumer/djhr8pnc7PcV5dguS98WXJ/Ten-memorable-Bollywood-childrens-films.html |title=Children's Day: 10 memorable Bollywood films |last=Jha |first=Lata |date=14 November 2016 |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |access-date=17 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181117193232/https://www.livemint.com/Consumer/djhr8pnc7PcV5dguS98WXJ/Ten-memorable-Bollywood-childrens-films.html |archive-date=17 November 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> The film ran over 365 days in Kerala, 250 days in both Chennai and Mumbai and 150 days in both Bengaluru and Hyderabad box office.

=== Re-releases ===
The film was re-released in 1997 which was also highly successful at the box office; it had earned 60 times its initial investment.<ref name="hi" /><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.businesstoday.in/magazine/features/3d-format-rediscovered-by-hollywood-bollywood/story/17544.html |title=Cinema's born-again avatar |date=21 August 2011 |work=[[Business Today (India)|Business Today]] |access-date=14 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710133308/https://www.businesstoday.in/magazine/features/3d-format-rediscovered-by-hollywood-bollywood/story/17544.html |archive-date=10 July 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> The Hindi version was re-released by Nitin Manmohan in 1997, with additional scenes which involved Urmila Matondkar and other Hindi actors.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/2000/05/08/stories/09080222.htm |title='Chota' dose of fun |date=8 May 2000 |access-date=20 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114162506/https://www.thehindu.com/2000/05/08/stories/09080222.htm |archive-date=14 November 2018 |url-status=dead |work=[[The Hindu]] |df=dmy-all }}</ref> In 2010, [[Sri Thenandal Films]] re-released the Tamil version, titled ''Chutti Chathan'' in 2010, with added scenes starring Santhanam and Prakash Raj.

== Legacy ==
The film inspired similar kinds of films in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/magic-formula/603721/|title=Magic Formula|work=Indian Express|date=April 11, 2010}}</ref> The optical illusion house set used in the song "Aalipazham Perukkaan" was built in Kishkinta Theme Park.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/lf/2005/05/06/stories/2005050613800200.htm |title=Now defy gravity, visit Kishkinta |last=Ashok Kumar |first=S. R. |date=6 May 2005 |access-date=20 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114101041/https://www.thehindu.com/lf/2005/05/06/stories/2005050613800200.htm |archive-date=14 November 2018 |work=[[The Hindu]] |url-status=dead}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0280968}}
* [http://www.netmoviebank.com/gravityillusion.html Technical presentation by Jijo on Gravity Illusion used in the film]

{{National Film Award Best Children's Film}}

[[Category:1984 films]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:1980s children's fantasy films]]
[[Category:Indian films]]
[[Category:1980s Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:1984 3D films]]
[[Category:Indian children's fantasy films]]
[[Category:Indian 3D films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Films about magic and magicians]]
[[Category:Best Children's Film National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Films produced by Navodaya Appachan]]
[[Category:1984 directorial debut films]]

My Dear Kuttichathan - Revision history

BSHindia: Improved article clarity and structure

imported>BD2412: Missing space after ref tag., replaced: /ref>A → /ref> A