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{{Short description|Sultan of Gujarat from 1511 to 1526}}
{{For|other people of the same name|Muzaffar Shah (disambiguation){{!}}Muzaffar Shah}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Muzaffar Shah II
| succession = 8th [[Gujarat Sultanate|Sultan of Gujarat]]
| image = Islamic Sultanates. Gujarat. Shams al-Din Muzaffar Shah II. 1511-1525.jpg
| caption = Coinage of Shams al-Din Muzaffar Shah II (1511-1525).
| reign1 = 23 November 1511 – 5 April 1526
| reign2 =
| coronation =
| full name = Shams-ud-Dīn Muzaffar Shah II
| predecessor1 = [[Mahmud Begada]]
| successor1 = [[Sikandar Shah of Gujarat|Sikandar Shah]]
| spouse = Bibi Rani <ref name=":34">{{Cite book|url=https://www.google.com.pk/books/edition/The_Samma_Kingdom_of_Sindh/g_dtAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0&bsq=samma%20kingdom%20of%20sindh |title= The Samma Kingdom of Sindh|pages=60|date=2006|publisher=University of Jamshoro|isbn=9789694050782 |language=en}}</ref> Rani Rajbai<ref>{{cite book|last=Commissariat |first=M. S. |title=A History of Gujarat, including a survey of its chief architectural monuments and inscriptions |year=1938 |publisher=Longmans, Green & Co. |location=Bombay|page=236|quote=Daughter of Rana Mahipat|url=https://archive.org/details/history-of-gujarat-1-sultanate-period-m.-s.-commissariat/page/236/mode/2up}}</ref>
| spouse-type = Queen
| issue = [[Sikandar Shah of Gujarat|Sikandar Khan]] [[Bahadur Shah of Gujarat|Bahadur Khan]] Latif Khan Chand Khan Ibrahim Khan{{sfn|Commissariat|1938|p=314}} Nasir Khan 2 more sons{{sfn|Commissariat|1938|p=290}} Ayesha Bibi Ruqayya Bibi<ref name="Panhwar929">{{Cite book |author=M. H. Panhwar |url=https://archive.org/details/ChronologicalDictionaryOfSindh/page/379/mode/2up |title=Chronological Dictionary of Sindh |pages=379 |quote=Daughter of one of the Rajput wives of Muzaffar Shah II.}}</ref>
| royal house =
| dynasty = [[Muzaffarid dynasty of Gujarat|Muzaffarid]]
| father = [[Mahmud Begada]]
| mother = Hirabai
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date = 5 April 1526
| death_place = [[Ahmedabad]]
| burial_date =
| burial_place = [[Sarkhej Roza]]
| religion = [[Islam]]
}}
{{Gujarat Sultanate}}
'''Shams-ud-Din Muzaffar Shah II''' or '''Muzafar II''', born '''Khalil Khan''', was a [[Sultan]] of the [[Muzaffarids (Gujarat)|Muzaffarid dynasty]], who reigned over the [[Gujarat Sultanate]] from 1511 to 1526. He was the eldest son of Sultan [[Mahmud Begada]].
[[File:Gujarat Sultanate Flag.gif|thumb|Gujarat Sultanate Flag]]
He briefly subdued the [[princely state]] of [[Idar State|Idar]] but faced [[Rana Sanga#Campaign in Gujarat|a series of continuous defeats]] at the hands of [[Rana Sanga]] of [[Kingdom of Mewar|Mewar]] in which he [[Rana Sanga's invasion of Gujarat|lost northern part of Gujarat along with Idar]].

==Reign==
[[Mahmud Begada]] was a prominent ruler of the [[Muzaffarids (Gujarat)|Muzaffarid]] dynasty. He had four sons: Khalíl Khan, Muhammad Kala, Apa Khan, and Ahmed Khan. On ascending the throne at the age of twenty-seven, Khalíl adopted the title of Muzaffar Shah.<ref name="GBP">{{cite book|editor=James Macnabb Campbell|editor-link=James Macnabb Campbell|title=History of Gujarát|url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/54652/54652-h/54652-h.htm|series=Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency|volume=I. Part II.|year=1896|publisher=The Government Central Press|pages=251–254|chapter=II. ÁHMEDÁBÁD KINGS. (A. D. 1403–1573.)}}{{PD-notice}}</ref>[[File:Copper coin of Muzaffar Shah II.jpg|thumb|Copper coin of Muzaffar Shah II|alt=|left]]

For some time before his father’s death, Prince Khalíl Khan had been living at [[Baroda]] (now Vadodara), and shortly after his accession, he visited that neighborhood and founded a town named Daulatabad. In 1514, Rao Bhím, the son of Rao Bhan of [[Idar State]], defeated Ain-ul-Mulk, governor of [[Patan, Gujarat|Patan]], who was coming to [[Ahmedabad]] to pay his respects to the king. The officer had turned aside to punish Rao for some disturbance he had created, but failing in his purpose, was himself defeated. When Muzaffar Shah approached, Rao abandoned Idar and made peace by agreeing to pay a heavy tribute. Meanwhile, the king marched to [[Godhra]], and then to [[Malwa]] via [[Dahod]] and soon after went on to [[Dhar]].<ref name="GBP"/>

In early 1514, the [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] general, [[Afonso de Albuquerque]], sent ambassadors to Muzaffar Shah II to seek permission to build a fort on [[Diu Island]]. Although this mission returned without any agreement, [[diplomatic gift]]s were exchanged, including an Indian rhinoceros named Genda.<ref>Bedini, p. 112</ref> Alfonso further passed on Genda along with its Indian keeper to King [[Manuel I of Portugal]].<ref name="lambe">[http://www.artebr.com/lambelambe/historia.html História do famoso rhinocerus de Albrecht Dürer] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090218155010/http://www.artebr.com/lambelambe/historia.html |date=18 February 2009 }}, Projecto Lambe-Lambe {{in lang|pt}}.</ref> This gift caused quite a sensation in King Manuel's kingdom as nobody had seen a living rhinoceros in Europe. In late 1515, Manuel further sent Genda as a gift to [[Pope Leo X]] in [[Rome]], but the ship carrying the animal capsized. The memory of the rhino lived on due to the works of the artist [[Albrecht Dürer]].

===Idar===
{{see also|Battles of Idar}}
After a short stay in Malwa, seeking to take advantage of the distracted condition of Mahmúd of Malwa, who was at war with his nobles, Muzaffar returned to Muhammadabad ([[Champaner]]). At this time, Raimal, nephew of the late Rao Bhím of Ídar, expelled the Rao’s son Bharmal with the aid of his father-in-law, [[Rana Sanga]] of Chittor and succeeded to the chieftainship of Ídar.

The king was displeased at the interference of the Rana, and directed Nizam Khan, the governor of Ahmednagar (now [[Himatnagar]]), to expel Raimal and reinstate Bharmal. Nizam Khan took Ídar and gave it to Bharmal. Raimal betook himself to the hills where Nizam Khan, incautiously pursuing and engaging him, lost many men.

The Sultan visited Ídar. Shortly after, Nizam Khan, the governor of Ahmednagar, fell sick and was called to court. He left Ídar in charge of Zahír-ul-Mulk at the head of a hundred horse. Raimal made a sudden raid on Ídar and killed Zahír-ul-Mulk and twenty-seven of his men. On hearing this, Muzaffar Shah II ordered Nizam Khan to destroy [[Bijapur]].<ref name="GBP" />

===Malwa===
{{see also|Battle of Gagron|Rana Sanga's invasion of Gujarat}}
In 1517, the nobles of Malwa sought Muzaffar Shah's interference, alleging that the minister [[Medini Rai]] was planning to depose the Malwa Sultan, Mahmud Khilji II, and usurp the throne. Muzaffar Shah promised to come to their help, and shortly after, Sultan Mahmúd Khilji, escaping from the surveillance of Medani Rai, himself sought the aid of the Gujarat monarch.

In 1518, Muzaffar Shah marched by Godhra into Malwa, and on his arrival at Dhar, that town was evacuated by Medani Rai. The king besieged Mandu, and Medani Rai summoned the Chittor Rana to his aid. When the Rana reached [[Sarangpur, Madhya Pradesh|Sarangpur]], Muzaffar Shah detached a force caused the Rana to retire, while the Khan's soldiers exerted themselves so strenuously that they captured Mandu, recovering the girdle which Qutb-ud-dín [[Ahmad Shah II]] had lost at the battle of [[Kapadvanj]]. This conquest virtually placed Malwa in Muzaffar’s power, but he honourably restored the kingdom to Sultan Mahmúd Khilji, and, withdrew from Gujarat, proceeded to Muhammadabad.

In 1519, news was received of the defeat and capture of Sultan Mahmúd Khilji by the Rana of Chittor. Muzaffar Shah sent a force to protect Mandu. But, the Rana, who distinguished himself by releasing the Sultan of Malwa and keeping his son in his stead as a hostage, enjoyed continued good fortune. Sometime before these events, a bard in the presence of Nizam Khan, the governor of Ídar, boasted that the Rana of Chittor would never fail to help Rana Raimal of Ídar. The angry governor explained, "Whose dog is Rana Sanga to help Raimal while we are here?" Nizam Khan chained that bard in the fort and dared the Rana to carry him away. His successes enabled Sanga to answer the challenge.

In consequence of dissensions at headquarters, Nizam Khan withdrew to Ahmednagar and left a small garrison in Ídar. When Rana Sanga appeared before Ídar, the garrison resisted but were slain. The Rana advanced to Ahmednagar and severely defeated Nizam Khan who withdrew to [[Ahmedabad]], while the Rana plundered Vishalnagar (now [[Visnagar]]).

In 1521, Malik Ayyaz Sultani, the governor of [[Sorath prant|Sorath]], was sent with a large and carefully equipped force to revenge this inroad. Dissensions between Malik Ayyaz and the nobles of Gujarat prevented this expedition. Muzaffar Shah, greatly displeased with the result, prepared to march against Chittor, when he was dissuaded by a submissive embassy from that chief, who sent his son to Ahmedabad with valuable presents for the king.<ref name="GBP" /><ref>Bayley's Gujarat, p. 264.</ref>

===Siege of Mandsaur and Conflict with Rana Sanga===
{{Main|Siege of Mandsaur}}

In January 1521, Muzaffar Shah II dispatched an army of 100,000 horsemen and 100 elephants, led by Malik Ayaz, the governor of Sorath, to punish the Rana for his incursion into [[Gujarat]]. The towns of Bakor, Galiakot, [[Dungarpur]], Sagwara, and [[Banswara]] were pillaged and left in ruins. In Banswara, a sizable Hindu force hiding in ambush was attacked and driven off after sustaining casualties. Following this, Malik Ayaz advanced to [[Mandsaur]] and laid siege to the town. Rana Sangrama moved to relieve [[Mandsaur]], but kept a distance of twenty miles from the Muslim camp. He sent emissaries to Malik Ayaz, offering tribute to Muzaffar Shah II in exchange for lifting the siege, but his plea was disregarded. Mahmud Khalji II later joined forces with Malik Ayaz, and [[Mandsaur]] might have been captured and Sangrama defeated.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Haig |first=Wolseley |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dZMrzgEACAAJ |title=The Cambridge History of India: Turks and Afghans |date=1958 |publisher=S. Chand & Company |pages=320 |language=en}}</ref> However, a misunderstanding arose, causing apprehension that Malik Dawam-ul-Mulk, an amir of Gujarat, might unjustly claim all credit for the anticipated victory over [[Rana Sanga]]. Consequently, despite resistance from the other amirs who harbored grievances against Malik Ayaz, when [[Rana Sanga]] dispatched a messenger offering vassalage to the Sultan, he willingly acquiesced to the terms of peace proposed by the Rajput ruler.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mathew |first=Kuzhippalli Skaria |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1dRmvGS5MYcC&q=But+there+arose+some+misunderstanding+and+he+feared+that+the+entire+credit+of+the+victory+over+Rana+Sanga+would+be+claimed+by+Malik+Dawam-+ul-Mulk%2C+one+of+the+amirs+of+Gujarat.+So%2C+when+Rana+Sanga+sent+a+messenger+announcing+that+he+would+be+a+vassal+of+the+Sultan%2C+he+readily+accepted+the+terms+of+peace+proposed+by+the+Rajput+ruler%2C+even+against+the+general+feeling+of+the+other+amirs%2C+who+grieved+in+their+hearts+against+Malik+Ayaz. |title=Portuguese and the Sultanate of Gujarat, 1500-1573 |date=1986 |publisher=Mittal Publications |pages=36 |language=en}}</ref>
Shortly afterwards, on the death of Malik Ayaz, Muzaffar Shah II confirmed his elder son Malik Is-hak in his father’s rank and possessions. Malik Is-hak remained in Sorath, which was confirmed as his ''jagir''. In the following year, the Sultan went about his dominions strengthening his frontier posts, especially the fort of [[Modasa]], which he rebuilt.<ref name="GBP" />

==Death and succession==
[[File:Sarkhej.JPG|thumb|The shrine of Sheikh Ahmed Khattu at [[Sarkhej Roza]] where Muzaffar Shah II was buried.]]
Muzaffar Shah II, after formally appointing his son [[Sikandar Shah of Gujarat|Sikandar Khan]] his heir, died at Ahmedabad on 5 April 1526 at the age of 51, after a reign of fourteen years and nine months. Before his death, he traveled from Champaner to Baroda and then to Ahmedabad and lived at the palace at [[Kankaria Lake|Kankaria lake]]. He left eight sons and two daughters.{{sfn|Commissariat|1938|p=290}}

Muzaffar Shah was buried in the shrine of Sheikh Ahmed Khattu at [[Sarkhej Roza]] near his father’s grave.<ref name="GBP" /><ref name="m5">Majumdar, R.C. (2006). ''The Delhi Sultanate'', Mumbai: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, pp. 167-9</ref>{{sfn|Commissariat|1938|p=281}} After Sikandar Shah had been in power for a few months, he was murdered by Imad-ul-Mulk Khush Kadam, who seated a younger brother of Sikandar’s, named Nasir Khan, on the throne with the title of Mahmúd Shah II and governed on his behalf.

The singular event of Sikandar’s reign was the destruction of an army sent against his brother Latíf Khan who was helped by Rana Bhím of Munga (now [[Chhota Udaipur]]). The nobles deserted Imad-ul-Mulk’s cause, and prince Bahadur Khan, returning to Gujarat, was joined by many supporters such as Taj Khan, the proprietor of [[Dhandhuka]]. Bahadur Khan marched to Champaner, captured and executed Imad-ul-Mulk, poisoned Nasir Khan, and ascended the throne in 1527 with the title of [[Bahadur Shah of Gujarat|Bahadur Shah]].<ref name="GBP" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Muzaffar Shah II}}
[[Category:Gujarat sultans]]
[[Category:1526 deaths]]
[[Category:16th-century Indian monarchs]]

Muzaffar Shah II - Revision history

Shenna87P79423: Made entry