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{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox former country
|conventional_long_name= Musunuri dynasty
|common_name= Musunuri dynasty
|capital= Warangal
|year_start= {{circa|1325}}
|year_end= 1368
|p1 = Kakatiya dynasty
|p2 = Delhi Sultanate
|s1 = Recherla Nayaks
|s2 = Bahmani Sultanate
|government_type= Monarchy
}}
{{APhistory}}

The '''Musunuri Nayakas''' were warrior kings of 14th-century [[South India]] who were briefly significant in the region of [[Telangana]] and [[Andhra Pradesh]]. Musunuri Kapaya Nayaka is said to have taken a leadership role among the Andhra chieftains and driven out the [[Delhi Sultanate]] from Warangal. But his rise was soon challenged by the [[Bahmani Sultanate]] and he was defeated. The [[Recherla Nayakas]] wrested power from him in 1368.{{sfnp|Talbot|2001|pp=177-182}}

==Origins==
Little is known of the Musunuri family; they are often described as "obscure".{{sfnp|Talbot|2001|p=177}}{{sfnp|Eaton|2005|pp=26-28}} The founding ruler of the family, Musunuri Prolaya Nayaka, suddenly appears as a new ruler at Rekapalle, near [[Bhadrachalam]], around 1330, claiming heritage from the Kakatiyas.{{sfnp|Rama Rao|1947|pp=295–296}}

Andhra historians often state that Musunuri Nayaks belonged to the [[Kamma (caste)|Kamma]] caste group.<ref>
{{Cite book|last1=Rao|first1=B. S. L. Hanumantha|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GkNuAAAAMAAJ|title=Socio-cultural history of ancient and medieval Andhra|last2=India)|first2=Telugu University (Hyderabad|date=1995|publisher=Telugu University|pages=157|isbn=9788186073087|language=en|quote="The Nayakas of Musunuru who are said to have been Kammas . . ."}}
</ref><ref>
{{Cite book|last=Pramila|first=Kasturi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xOrsAAAAMAAJ|title=Economic and social conditions of Āndhra Deśa, A.D. 1000 to 1323 A.D.|date=2002-01-01|publisher=Bharatiay Kala Prakashan|pages=162|isbn=9788186050927|language=en|quote=Prolayanayaka of the Musunuri family who is considered to belong to the Kamma caste established an independent kingdom at Rekapalli.}}
</ref> However, the modern castes of Andhra region did not originate until the late stages of the [[Vijayanagara Empire]].{{sfnp|Talbot|2001|p=86}}

==Opposition to Muslim Invasion==
After the fall of the Kakatiyas, their empire was annexed by the Delhi Sultanate. Ulugh Khan (also known as [[Muhammad bin Tughluq]]), the general that conquered Warangal, renamed it "Sultanpur" and remained as the governor of the region for a short period. In 1324, he was recalled to Delhi to succeed the Khaljis as [[Muhammad bin Tughluq]]. A former Kakatiya commander, Nagaya Ganna Vibhudu, now renamed [[Malik Maqbul]], was appointed as the governor of the region.{{sfnp|Wagoner|Rice|2001|p=78}} However, the Tughluq hold over the erstwhile Kakatiya empire was tenuous and a number of local chieftains seized effective power.{{sfnp|Eaton|2005|pp=26-27}}

==Prolaya Nayaka==
{{OSM Location map
| coord = {{coord|17.3|N|81|E}} 
| float = right
| zoom = 7
| width = 350 
| height = 300
| caption = <center>Musunuri Nayakas locations</center>
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| mark-coord1 = {{coord|17.562973|N|81.310166|E}}
| mark1 = Red pog.svg
| mark-size1 = 8
| label1 = Rekapalle
| label-size1 = 10
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| mark-title1 = Rekapalle
| mark-description1 = The first base of Musunuri Nayakas

| mark-coord2 = {{coord|16.8272604|80.9346458}}
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| mark-size2 = 6
| label2 = Musunuru
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| mark-title2 = Musurunu
| mark-description2 = The presumed origin of the Musunuri family

| mark-coord3 = {{coord|17.9899747|N|79.6043994|E}}
| mark3 = Red pog.svg
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| label3 = Warangal
| label-size3 = 10
| label-color3 = red
| label-pos3 = top
| mark-title3 = [[Warangal]]
| mark-description3 = The former Kakatiya capital

| mark-coord4 = {{coord|17.67|N|80.88|E}}
| mark4 = Red pog.svg
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| label4 = Bhadrachalam
| label-size4 = 10
| label-color4 = red
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| mark-title4 = [[Bhadrachalam]]
| mark-description4 = Bhadrachalam

| mark-coord5 = {{coord|17.1133426|N|82.2543331|E}}
| mark5 = Red pog.svg
| mark-size5 = 8
| label5 = Pithapuram
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| mark-title5 = [[Pithapuram]]
| mark-description5 = The site of ''Vilasa'' grant

| mark-coord6 = {{coord|16.9840432|N|81.7839579|E}}
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| label6 = Rajahmundry
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| mark-title6 = [[Rajahmundry]]
| mark-description6 = Possibly ruled by Reddis or Musunuris

| mark-coord7 = {{coord|16.2558|N|80.2529|E}}
| mark7 = Blue pog.svg
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| label7 = Kondavidu
| label-size7 = 10
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| mark-title7 = [[Kondavidu fort]]
| mark-description7 = The base of [[Prolaya Vema Reddi]]

| mark-coord8 = {{coord|15.8110|79.9738}}
| mark8 = Blue pog.svg
| mark-size8 = 8
| label8 = Addanki
| label-size8 = 10
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| mark-title8 = [[Addanki]]
| mark-description8 = The original capital of [[Prolaya Vema Reddi]]

| mark-coord10 = {{coord|17.2954|N|81.6618|E}}
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| label10 = Godavari R.
| label-size10 = 10
| label-color10 = blue
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| mark-title10 = [[Godavari river]]
| mark-description10 = Godavari river

| mark-coord11 = {{coord|16.5985|N|80.3307|E}}
| mark11 = AS-rzeka-icon.svg
| mark-size11 = 10
| label11 = Krishna R.
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| mark-title11 = [[Krishna river]]
| mark-description11 = Krishna river
}}

According to the ''Vilasa grant,'' Prolaya Nayaka ruled from Rekapalle. Located at the edge of the [[Papikondalu]] hills (part of the [[Eastern Ghats]]), Rekapalle could control the narrow Sabari river valley lying between the Bhadrachalam forest and the Papikondalu forest. [[Konda Reddis]], who populate the hill forests would have facilitated Prolaya Nayaka's rebellion against the Sultanate.{{sfnp|Rama Rao|1947|pp=295–296}}{{sfnp|Hemingway|1915|pp=4, 66–67}} Rekapalle is also a strategic location to control or obstruct communications on the Godavari river passing through the hills.

[[Prolaya Vema Reddi]] of the Panta Reddi clan, who seems to have established his own independent rule in [[Addanki]] by 1325, is believed to have taken control of the region between the Krishna and Godavari rivers, perhaps up to [[Rajahmundry]].{{sfnp|Somasekhara Sarma|1946|pp=76–77}}{{sfnp|Rama Rao|1947|pp=296–297}} Historian M. Rama Rao states that Vema Reddi and Prolaya Nayaka must have made a 'joint effort' to drive the Muslim rule out from the area.{{sfnp|Rama Rao|1947|pp=296–297}}

In 1330, Prolaya Nayaka published the ''Vilasa grant'', a copper-plate grant near [[Pithapuram]], in which he bemoaned the devastation of the [[Telugu people|Telugu country]] brought about by northern Muslim armies and attempted to legitimise himself as the rightful restorer of order.<ref>{{harvp|Talbot|2001|p=178}}; {{harvp|Eaton|2005|pp=26–27}}; {{harvp|Chattopadhyaya|1998|pp=57–59}}</ref> Prolaya Nayaka left no children and was succeeded by a cousin, Kapaya Nayaka, who governed until 1368 and attempted to further expand his rule.{{citation needed|date=May 2019}}

==Kapaya Nayaka==
===Rebellion===
[[File:Kaapaneedu.jpg|200px|right|thumb|Musunuri Kapaya Nayaka]]
Musunuri Kapaya Nayaka (r. 1333–1368) led a larger rebellion against the Tughluq rule, driving it out of Warangal in 1336. According to the ''Kaluvacheru grant'' of Anithalli, a female member of the [[Reddy dynasty|Panta Reddi]] clan in 1423, Kapaya Nayaka was assisted by 75 Nayakas. The grant also states that Prolaya Vema Reddi was one among these 75 Nayakas, but this is doubtful.{{sfnp|Prasad|1988|p=173}}{{efn|The Kaluvacheru grant states that Prolaya Vema Reddi became independent after the death of Kapaya Nayaka in 1368. However, it is known that Vema Reddi was already independent by 1325. M. Somasekhara Sarma recognises the mistake in the record, but nevertheless believes that Vema Reddi acted as a subordinate of the Musunuri Nayakas, while M. Rama Rao states that they bore no relation to each other.<ref>{{harvp|Somasekhara Sarma|1946|p=81}}: "How this discrepancy arose and why such a wrong account was given in the Kaluvaceru grant is a mystery which is yet to be unravelled."</ref><ref>{{harvp|Rama Rao|1947|p=295}}: "It is thus impossible that Prolaya Vema could at any time have been a subordinate of the Musunuri chiefs."</ref>}}

Muhammad bin Tughluq, who became the Sultan of Delhi in 1324, witnessed numerous rebellions starting in 1330, first in the immediate vicinity in the Ganga-Yamuna doab, which caused a famine in Delhi, and rebellions within ranks in Ma'bar ([[Madurai Sultanate|Madurai]]) and Bengal. It is possible that Kapaya Nayaka advanced in the direction of Warangal in this period, acquiring some of its territory. Consequently, Telangana was also counted among the rebellious territories.{{sfnp|Jackson, The Delhi Sultanate|2003|p=267}} In 1334–35, the Sultan marched on Deccan in an attempt to quell the rebellions, but his army was struck by some kind of epidemic and the Sultan himself fell gravely ill. He was forced to retreat to Delhi via Daulatabad. It is said that about a third of his army perished due to the epidemic.{{sfnp|Jackson, The Delhi Sultanate|2003|p=268–269}}

[[Ferishta]] narrates that, around this time, Kapaya Nayaka approached the [[Hoysala Empire|Hoysala]] ruler [[Veera Ballala III]] for assistance in evicting the Sultanate from Warangal. After consideration, assistance was offered.
{{quote|text=Bilal Dew [Ballala], convened a meeting of his kinsmen and resolved, first, to secure the forts of his own country. and then to remove his seat of government among the mountains. Krishn Naig [Kapaya Nayak] promised, on his part also, that when their plans were ripe for execution, to raise all the Hindoos of Wurungole and Telingana and put himself at their head.... He (Bilal Dew) then raised an army and put part of it under the command of Krishn Naig, who reduced Wurungole and compelled Imad-ool-Moolk, the governor, to retreat to Dowlatabad [Daulatabad].
|author=[[Ferishta]]
|source=''Tarikh-i-farishti'' ({{circa|1600}})<ref name="Ferishta">{{citation |first=M. |last=Somasekhara Sarma |title=Kapaya Nayaka |journal=Journal of the Andhra Historical Research Society |volume=5 |number=4 |date=April 1931 |pages=227–228 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.55409/page/n239}}</ref>
}}
Historian [[R. C. Majumdar]] characterises it as a 'national revolt' backed up by a regular army. Governor [[Malik Maqbul]] found himself unable to withstand the rebellion and fled to Delhi.{{sfnp|Majumdar, The Delhi Sultanate—Muhammad Bin Tughluq|1967|p=76}}{{sfnp|Jackson, The Delhi Sultanate|2003|p=268}} Ferishta states that Kapaya Nayaka and Ballala III then jointly marched on the newly declared [[Madurai Sultanate]] and divested it of its outlying territories, in particular [[Tondaimandalam]].<ref name="Ferishta"/>{{sfnp|Majumdar, The Delhi Sultanate—Muhammad Bin Tughluq|1967|p=76}}

===Rule===
Kapaya Nayaka took control of Warangal from Malik Maqbul in 1336 and thus also of a wider swathe of eastern Telangana that was governed from there. He also tried to support other rebels in the surrounding areas, although in the case of aid given to [[Ala-ud-Din Bahman Shah|Alauddin Bahman Shah]], the outcome was that his fellow rebel turned on him. Several military engagements with Bahaman Shah followed over a period of years, during which Kapaya Nayaka had to cede various forts and territories, including [[Golconda]] (near the modern Hyderabad). His weakened position was exploited by the [[Reddi Kingdom|Reddis of Kondavidu]] and the [[Recherla Nayakas]], the latter of whom killed him in battle at [[Bhimavaram]] in 1368.{{sfnp|Talbot|2001|pp=177-182}}{{sfnp|Somasekhara Sarma|1946|p=22}}{{sfnp|Prasad|1988|pp=168-172}}

Despite his supposed opposition to the Dehlavi Sultans, Kapaya Nayaka continued using the [[Kush Mahal]] built by the Sultans in Warangal and adopted the Persianised title "Sultan of the Andhra country" (''Andhra Suratrana''). In 1361, he gifted to the Bahmani Sultan [[Mohammed Shah I]] the turquoise throne of Warangal, made during the Delhi rule, as part of a treaty agreement.{{sfnp|Eaton|2005|p=50}}

Ater the death of Kapaya Nayaka, his allied Nayakas are said to have returned to their own towns, and the period of Musunuri family ended. The Recherla Nayakas became the dominant power in the Telangana that lasted till 1435.{{sfnp|Talbot|2001|pp=177, 178}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}
'''Bibliography'''
{{refbegin}}
* {{citation |last=Chattopadhyaya |first=B. D. |title=Representing the Other? Sanskrit Sources and the Muslims |location=New Delhi |publisher=Manohar |year=1998 |isbn=978-8173042522}}
*{{citation |title=A Social History of the Deccan: 1300–1761 |first=Richard M. |last=Eaton |year=2005 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-52125-484-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DNNgdBWoYKoC |pages=15–16}}
* {{citation |last=Jackson |first=Peter |title=The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History |url=https://archive.org/details/TheDelhiSultanateAPoliticalAndMilitaryHistoryCambridgeStudiesInIslamicCivilization |year=2003 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-54329-3 |ref={{sfnref|Jackson, The Delhi Sultanate|2003}}}}
* {{citation |first=F. R. |last=Hemingway |title=Madras District Gazetters: Godavari |publisher=Government of Madras |year=1915 |url=https://ia801606.us.archive.org/2/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.1427/2015.1427.Madras-District-Gazetteers-Godavari-1915_text.pdf}}
* {{citation |last=Majumdar |first=R. C. |chapter=Muhammad Bin Tughluq |editor1=R. C. Majumdar |editor2=A. D. Pusalker |editor3=A. K. Majumdar|title=The Delhi Sultanate |edition=Second |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/delhisultanate00bhar/page/60 |year=1967 |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |pages=61–89 |ref={{sfnref|Majumdar, The Delhi Sultanate—Muhammad Bin Tughluq|1967}}}}
*{{citation |title=History of the Andhras up to 1565 AD |first=J. Durga |last=Prasad |publisher=P. G. Publishers |year=1988}}
* {{citation |first=M. |last=Rama Rao |title=The Fall of Warangal and After |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=10 |year=1947 |pages=292–297 |jstor=44137150}}
* {{citation |first=Mallampalli |last=Somasekhara Sarma |title=History of the Reddi Kingdoms (Circa. 1325 A.D., to circa. 144B A.D.) |publisher=Andhra University |location=Waltair |year=1946 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.32066}}
*{{citation |title=Pre-colonial India in Practice: Society, Region, and Identity in Medieval Andhra: Society, Region, and Identity in Medieval Andhra |first=Cynthia |last=Talbot |year=2001 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19803-123-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pfAKljlCJq0C&pg=PA177}}
*{{citation |first=Phillip B. |last1=Wagoner |first2=John Henry |last2=Rice |title=From Delhi to the Deccan: Newly Discovered Tughluq Monuments at Warangal-Sult̤ānpur and the Beginnings of Indo-Islamic Architecture in Southern India |journal=Artibus Asiae |volume=61 |pages=77–117 |number=1 |year=2001 |jstor=3249963|doi=10.2307/3249963 }}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
* {{citation |last=Devi |first=V. Yashoda |title=After the Kākatīyas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SuG1AAAAIAAJ |year=1975 |publisher=Andhra Pradesh Sahitya Akademi}}
* ''A history of South India from prehistoric times to the fall of Vijayanagar'', K. A. Nilakanta Sastri, Oxford Univ. Press, 1955.

{{Telangana}}

[[Category:States and territories established in the 13th century]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in the 14th century]]
[[Category:Dynasties of India]]
[[Category:Telugu monarchs]]

Musunuri Nayakas - Revision history

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imported>Sharkslayer87: Restored revision 1035058728 by Kautilya3 (talk): You cannot remove reliably sourced content without a proper justification