Yashpaul0: corrected section for accuracy and improved wording

2025-12-11T18:09:04Z

corrected section for accuracy and improved wording

Ajay Kumar: Created a new article

2023-08-30T20:03:20Z

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{{short description|Flowering plants in the family Brassicaceae used for mustard}}
{{About||the prepared condiment|Mustard (condiment)|other uses of the term "mustard"|Mustard (disambiguation)}}

[[File:Mustard plant flower.jpg|thumb|Flower of mustard plant]]

The '''mustard plant''' is any one of several plant species in the genera ''[[Brassica]]'' and ''[[Sinapis]]'' in the family [[Brassicaceae]] (the mustard family). [[Mustard seed]] is used as a spice. Grinding and mixing the seeds with water, vinegar, or other liquids creates the yellow condiment known as [[Mustard (condiment)|prepared mustard]]. The seeds can also be pressed to make [[mustard oil]], and the edible leaves can be eaten as [[Brassica juncea|mustard greens]]. Many vegetables are cultivated varieties of mustard plants; domestication may have begun 6,000 years ago.

==History==
[[File:Mustard Plant and Butterflies.jpg|thumb|''Mustard Plant and Butterflies'', early or middle [[Ming dynasty]] c. 1368–1550|left]]

Although some varieties of mustard plants were well-established crops in [[Hellenistic]] and [[Roman Empire|Roman]] times, [[Daniel Zohary|Zohary]] and Hopf note, "There are almost no [[Archaeology|archeological]] records available for any of these crops." Wild forms of mustard and its relatives, the [[radish]] and [[turnip]], can be found over West Asia and Europe, suggesting their [[domestication]] took place somewhere in that area. However, Zohary and Hopf conclude: "Suggestions as to the origins of these plants are necessarily based on [[linguistics|linguistic]] considerations."<ref>{{cite book |first1=Daniel |last1=Zohary |first2= Maria |last2=Hopf |first3= Ehud |last3=Weiss|title=Domestication of Plants in the Old World: The Origin and Spread of Domesticated Plants in Southwest Asia, Europe, and the Mediterranean Basin |edition= Fourth |publisher=Oxford: University Press |year=2012 |page=139}}</ref> The ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'' states that mustard was grown by the [[Indus Valley civilisation|Indus Civilization]] of 2500–1700 BC.<ref>"Indus civilization". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2016. Web. 16 March 2016
<https://www.britannica.com/topic/Indus-civilization>.</ref> According to the Saskatchewan Mustard Development Commission, "Some of the earliest known documentation of mustard's use dates back to Sumerian and Sanskrit texts from 3000 BC".<ref>"What is Mustard?". Saskatchewan Mustard Development Commission. Mustard Consumer Website. SMDC 2011. Web. 16 March 2016 <{{cite web |url=http://www.saskmustard.com/consumer/mustard/index.html |title=The Mustard Site | What is Mustard? |access-date=2016-03-16 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325032401/http://www.saskmustard.com/consumer/mustard/index.html |archive-date=2016-03-25 }}>.</ref>

A wide-ranging genetic study of ''B. rapa'' announced in 2021 concluded that the species may have been domesticated as long as 6,000 years ago in [[Central Asia]], and that turnips or oilseeds may have been the first product. The results also suggested that a taxonomic re-evaluation of the species might be needed.<ref>
Alex C McAlvay, Aaron P Ragsdale, Makenzie E Mabry, Xinshuai Qi, Kevin A Bird, Pablo Velasco, Hong An, J Chris Pires, Eve Emshwiller, [https://academic.oup.com/mbe/advance-article/doi/10.1093/molbev/msab108/6261082 ''Brassica rapa'' Domestication: Untangling Wild and Feral Forms and Convergence of Crop Morphotypes], ''Molecular Biology and Evolution'', msab108, https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msab108, 30 April 2021.</ref>

==Species==
[[File:WhiteMustard.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Wild white mustard (''Sinapis alba'')]]
[[White mustard]] (''Sinapis alba'') grows wild in [[North Africa]], [[West Asia]], and [[Mediterranean]] Europe, and has spread farther by long [[Plant cultivation|cultivation]]; brown mustard (''[[Brassica juncea]]''), originally from the foothills of the Himalayas, is grown commercially in India, Canada, the United Kingdom, Denmark, Bangladesh<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-01-21|title=Excellent mustard production likely in Rangpur region|url=https://archive.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/agriculture/2021/01/21/excellent-mustard-production-likely-in-rangpur-region|access-date=2023-02-07|website=Dhaka Tribune}}</ref> and the United States; black mustard (''[[Brassica nigra]]'') is grown in Argentina, Chile, the US, and some European countries. Canada and Nepal are the world's major producers of mustard seed, between them accounting for around 57% of world production in 2010.<ref>{{cite web | title=FAOSTAT Countries by Commodity | url=http://faostat.fao.org/site/339/default.aspx | publisher=UN Food and Agriculture Organization | access-date=2012-05-08}}</ref> White mustard is commonly used as a [[cover crop]] in Europe (between UK and Ukraine). Many varieties exist, e.g., in Germany<ref>https://www.bundessortenamt.de/internet30/file admin/Files/PDF/bsl_getreide_2015.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=March 2022}}</ref> and the Netherlands,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Brancheorganisatie Akkerbouw|url=https://www.kennisakker.nl/files/Kennisdocument/Rassenbulletin_groenbemesters_2014.pdf|access-date=2023-02-07|website=www.kennisakker.nl}}</ref> mainly differing in lateness of flowering and resistance against white beet-cyst nematode (''[[Heterodera schachtii]]''). Farmers prefer late-flowering varieties, which do not produce seeds; they may become weeds in the subsequent year. Early vigor is important to cover the soil quickly and suppress weeds and protect the soil against erosion. In rotations with [[sugar beets]], suppression of the white beet-cyst nematode is an important trait. Resistant white mustard varieties reduce nematode populations by 70–90%.{{citation needed|date = July 2021}}

Recent research has studied varieties of mustards with high oil contents for use in the production of [[biodiesel]], a renewable liquid fuel similar to [[diesel fuel]]. The biodiesel made from mustard oil has good [[Fluid dynamics|flow]] properties and [[cetane number|cetane ratings]]. The leftover meal after [[Ram press (food)|pressing out]] the oil has also been found to be an effective pesticide.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bioproducts-bioenergy.gov/pdfs/bcota/abstracts/19/z347.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041117161438/http://www.bioproducts-bioenergy.gov/pdfs/bcota/abstracts/19/z347.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 November 2004|title=Industrial mustard crops for biodiesel and biopesticides|date=17 November 2004}}</ref>

A genetic relationship between many species of mustard, along with [[turnip]]s, [[cabbage]], [[horseradish]], [[wasabi]] and their respective derivatives, has been observed and is described as the [[triangle of U]].

== Gallery ==
{{gallery|mode=packed|align=left|
Bangladeshi mustard plants.jpg|Mustard field|
Mustard plant Flower1.jpg|Flower|
Flower of Mustard Plant.jpg|Flower close-up|
Black-mustard-seeds.jpg|Close-up of black mustard seeds (each about 2–3 mm in diameter)|
Mustard plant bangladesh.jpg|[[Bangladesh]]i mustard plants
}}
{{clear}}

==See also==
* [[Green manure]]
* [[List of mustard brands]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Commons-inline}}

{{Brassica}}
{{Transient receptor potential channel modulators}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mustard Plant}}
[[Category:Brassica]]
[[Category:Edible nuts and seeds]]
[[Category:Leaf vegetables]]
[[Category:Medicinal plants]]
[[Category:Plant common names]]

Mustard plant - Revision history

Yashpaul0: corrected section for accuracy and improved wording

Ajay Kumar: Created a new article