Muslim United Front - Revision history

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	In response to these issues was formed the MUF, which attracted support from separatists, youth and the pro-Pakistan [[Jamaat-e-Islami Kashmir\|Jamaat-e-Islami]].{{sfn\|Johnson, A Region in Turmoil\|2005\|p=100–}} MUF's election manifesto stressed the need to solve all outstanding issues according to the [[Simla Agreement]], work for Islamic unity and against political interference from the centre. Their slogan in public rallies was wanting the law of the Quran in the Assembly.{{sfn\|Schofield, Kashmir in Conflict\|2003\|p=137}}		In response to these issues was formed the MUF, which attracted support from separatists, youth and the pro-Pakistan [[Jamaat-e-Islami Kashmir\|Jamaat-e-Islami]].{{sfn\|Johnson, A Region in Turmoil\|2005\|p=100–}} MUF's election manifesto stressed the need to solve all outstanding issues according to the [[Simla Agreement]], work for Islamic unity and against political interference from the centre. Their slogan in public rallies was wanting the law of the Quran in the Assembly.{{sfn\|Schofield, Kashmir in Conflict\|2003\|p=137}}

	The Islamic political coalition mobilized support on the basis of [[Kashmiriyat]].<ref name="Thomas1992">{{cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xrPtAAAAMAAJ\|title=Perspectives on Kashmir: the roots of conflict in South Asia\|date=1992\|publisher=Westview Press\|isbn=978-0-8133-8343-9\|editor=Raju G. C. Thomas}}</ref>{{full citation needed\|date=May 2017}}<ref>{{cite journal\|last1=Varshney\|first1=Ashutosh\|title=India, Pakistan, and Kashmir: Antinomies of Nationalism\|journal=Asian Survey\|date=November 1991\|volume=31\|issue=11\|page=1015\|doi=10.~~1525~~/~~as.1991.31.11.00p01057~~ \|quote=In the elections that followed in 1987, Kashmiriat was mobilized by a coalition of Islamic groups, known as the Muslim United Front (MUF).}}</ref> The movement's grassroots campaign was said to be 'enthusiastically energetic', attracting youth activists who had been born in the 1960s. A Pandit activist recorded in her memoirs that there had been a 'wave' in favour of the MUF in early 1987 in the Valley.{{sfn\|Bose, Transforming India\|2013\|p=275}}		The Islamic political coalition mobilized support on the basis of [[Kashmiriyat]].<ref name="Thomas1992">{{cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xrPtAAAAMAAJ\|title=Perspectives on Kashmir: the roots of conflict in South Asia\|date=1992\|publisher=Westview Press\|isbn=978-0-8133-8343-9\|editor=Raju G. C. Thomas}}</ref>{{full citation needed\|date=May 2017}}<ref>{{cite journal\|last1=Varshney\|first1=Ashutosh\|title=India, Pakistan, and Kashmir: Antinomies of Nationalism\|journal=Asian Survey\|date=November 1991\|volume=31\|issue=11\|page=1015\|doi=10.2307/2645304 \|jstor=2645304 \|quote=In the elections that followed in 1987, Kashmiriat was mobilized by a coalition of Islamic groups, known as the Muslim United Front (MUF).}}</ref> The movement's grassroots campaign was said to be 'enthusiastically energetic', attracting youth activists who had been born in the 1960s. A Pandit activist recorded in her memoirs that there had been a 'wave' in favour of the MUF in early 1987 in the Valley.{{sfn\|Bose, Transforming India\|2013\|p=275}}

	== 1987 election and rigging ==		== 1987 election and rigging ==
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	Many younger supporters of MUF started to support the militant organisations which had up till the election seen a wane in their support and numerical strength.{{sfn\|Johnson, A Region in Turmoil\|2005\|p=100–}} According to Maulana Abbas Ansari, a member of the Muslim United Front, the youth would have not picked up the gun nor have known of Nehru's promise of a plebiscite to the people of Kashmir had the election not been rigged.<ref name="Brass1994" />		Many younger supporters of MUF started to support the militant organisations which had up till the election seen a wane in their support and numerical strength.{{sfn\|Johnson, A Region in Turmoil\|2005\|p=100–}} According to Maulana Abbas Ansari, a member of the Muslim United Front, the youth would have not picked up the gun nor have known of Nehru's promise of a plebiscite to the people of Kashmir had the election not been rigged.<ref name="Brass1994" />

	Scholars see that the rise in the organisation's support caused the Congress-National Conference alliance to rig the [[1987 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election\|1987 election]].{{sfn\|Amin, The Kashmir Question\|2016\|p=362}}<ref>{{cite journal\|last1=Varshney\|first1=Ashutosh\|title=India, Pakistan, and Kashmir: Antinomies of Nationalism\|journal=Asian Survey\|date=November 1991\|volume=31\|issue=11\|page=1016\|doi=10.~~1525~~/~~as.1991.31.11.00p01057~~ \|quote=Watching the surge in MUF support, the Conference-Congress alliance rigged the 1987 elections}}</ref>		Scholars see that the rise in the organisation's support caused the Congress-National Conference alliance to rig the [[1987 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election\|1987 election]].{{sfn\|Amin, The Kashmir Question\|2016\|p=362}}<ref>{{cite journal\|last1=Varshney\|first1=Ashutosh\|title=India, Pakistan, and Kashmir: Antinomies of Nationalism\|journal=Asian Survey\|date=November 1991\|volume=31\|issue=11\|page=1016\|doi=10.2307/2645304 \|jstor=2645304 \|quote=Watching the surge in MUF support, the Conference-Congress alliance rigged the 1987 elections}}</ref>

	== Notes ==		== Notes ==
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	* {{cite book \|editor1-first=Verinder \|editor1-last=Grover \|editor2-first=Ranjana \|editor2-last=Arora \|title=Encyclopaedia of India and Her States: Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir and Punjab \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aPVtAAAAMAAJ \|year=1996 \|publisher=Deep & Deep \|isbn=978-81-7100-723-3 \|ref={{sfnref\|Grover & Arora, Encyclopaedia of India and Her States\|1996}}}}		* {{cite book \|editor1-first=Verinder \|editor1-last=Grover \|editor2-first=Ranjana \|editor2-last=Arora \|title=Encyclopaedia of India and Her States: Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir and Punjab \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aPVtAAAAMAAJ \|year=1996 \|publisher=Deep & Deep \|isbn=978-81-7100-723-3 \|ref={{sfnref\|Grover & Arora, Encyclopaedia of India and Her States\|1996}}}}
	* {{citation \|last=Schofield \|first=Victoria \|author-link=Victoria Schofield \|title=Kashmir in Conflict \|publisher=I. B. Taurus & Co \|location=London and New York \|year=2003 \|orig-year=First published in 2000 \|isbn=1860648983 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rkTetMfI6QkC \|ref={{sfnref\|Schofield, Kashmir in Conflict\|2003}}}}		* {{citation \|last=Schofield \|first=Victoria \|author-link=Victoria Schofield \|title=Kashmir in Conflict \|publisher=I. B. Taurus & Co \|location=London and New York \|year=2003 \|orig-year=First published in 2000 \|isbn=1860648983 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rkTetMfI6QkC \|ref={{sfnref\|Schofield, Kashmir in Conflict\|2003}}}}
	* {{citation \|first=Sten \|last=Widmalm \|title=The Rise and Fall of Democracy in Jammu and Kashmir \|journal=Asian Survey \|volume=37 \|number=11 \|date= November 1997 \|pages=1005–1030 \|jstor=2645738 \|ref={{sfnref\|Widmalm, The Rise and Fall of Democracy in Jammu and Kashmir\|1997}} \|doi=10.~~1525~~/~~as.1997.37.11.01p02937~~}}		* {{citation \|first=Sten \|last=Widmalm \|title=The Rise and Fall of Democracy in Jammu and Kashmir \|journal=Asian Survey \|volume=37 \|number=11 \|date= November 1997 \|pages=1005–1030 \|jstor=2645738 \|ref={{sfnref\|Widmalm, The Rise and Fall of Democracy in Jammu and Kashmir\|1997}} \|doi=10.2307/2645738}}
	* {{citation \|last=Widmalm \|first=Sten \|title=Kashmir in Comparative Perspective: Democracy and Violent Separatism in India \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RfhQAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA67 \|date=2014 \|orig-year=first published 2002 \|publisher=Routledge \|isbn=978-1-136-86694-4 \|ref={{sfnref\|Widmalm, Kashmir in Comparative Perspective\|2014}}}}		* {{citation \|last=Widmalm \|first=Sten \|title=Kashmir in Comparative Perspective: Democracy and Violent Separatism in India \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RfhQAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA67 \|date=2014 \|orig-year=first published 2002 \|publisher=Routledge \|isbn=978-1-136-86694-4 \|ref={{sfnref\|Widmalm, Kashmir in Comparative Perspective\|2014}}}}

->Kautilya3: /* Background */ Copyedit (minor)

2022-01-06T02:59:44Z

Background: Copyedit (minor)

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{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}

The '''Muslim United Front''' ('''MUF''') was a 'polyglot coalition' of [[Political Islam|Islamic]] [[Kashmiris|Kashmiri]] political parties that contested the [[1987 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] in the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir.{{sfn|Bose, Kashmir: Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace|2003|p=48}}<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e1651?_hi=0&_pos=5705|title=Muslim United Front|work=The Oxford Dictionary of Islam|publisher=Oxford University Press|quote=An alliance of Islamic parties organized to contest the 1987 state elections in Indian-controlled Kashmir. The alliance won only three seats, allegedly due to massive electoral fraud. The group's poor showing in 1987 inspired a new phase of armed resistance to Indian rule in Kashmir that continues today.}}</ref> The [[Jamaat-e-Islami Kashmir|Jamaat-e-Islami]] of Jammu and Kashmir was a key constituent party of the coalition.{{sfn|Schofield, Kashmir in Conflict|2003|p=136}} The MUF won four Assembly seats in the 1987 election.<ref name=Nabi>{{cite web | first=Daanish | last=Bin Nabi | url=http://www.jammu-kashmir.com/archives/archives2015/kashmir20150805d.html | title=The 23rd March 1987, The Day That Changed Kashmir As Never Before | publisher=Rising Kashmir | date=5 August 2015 | access-date=6 May 2019 }}</ref><ref name=Bhat>Saima Bhat, [http://www.kashmirlife.net/battleground-amira-kadal-issue-01-vol-08-100167/Battleground Battleground Amira Kadal], Kashmir Life, 24 March 2016.</ref> However, widespread rigging of the election by the ruling [[Jammu and Kashmir National Conference|National Conference]] party was reported. In the absence of such rigging, commentators believe that it could have won fifteen to twenty seats,<ref>Praveen Donthi, [http://www.caravanmagazine.in/vantage/mufti-mohammad-sayeed-shaped-1987-kashmir-elections How Mufti Mohammad Sayeed Shaped The 1987 Elections In Kashmir], The Caravan, 23 March 2016.
</ref> a contention admitted by the National Conference leader [[Farooq Abdullah]].<ref name="Brass1994">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dtKe6XV8z7wC&pg=PA222|title=The Politics of India Since Independence|date=1994|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-45970-9|pages=222–|author=Paul R. Brass}}</ref>

The disaffection caused by the election gave rise to the [[Kashmir insurgency]], which continues to this day.{{sfn|Bose, Kashmir: Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace|2003|pp=47-49}}

The present day [[Hurriyat Conference]] is largely inspired by the former MUF coalition.{{sfn|Bose, Kashmir: Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace|2003|p=52}}

== Background ==
In 1986 the ruling National Conference, widely accused of corruption, came to an accord with Indian National Congress Party which threatened to erode what remained of Kashmir's autonomy.{{sfn|Johnson, A Region in Turmoil|2005|p=100–}} Moreover, the growing emphasis on secularism led to a backlash with Islamic parties becoming more popular. The key players among these parties were the [[Jamaat-e-Islami Kashmir]] and its student wing, ''Islami Jamiat-i Tulaba''.<ref>{{citation |last1=Amin |first1=Tahir |author-link1=Tahir Amin |last2=Schofield |first2=Victoria |author-link2=Victoria Schofield |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0433?_hi=3&_pos=48 |title=Kashmir |encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World |publisher=Oxford University Press}} "Culturally, a growing emphasis on secularism generated a backlash, contributing to the popularity of Islamic political parties, especially the Jamāʿat-iIslāmī (established in 1953) and the Islāmī Jamʿīyat-i Tulabā, its allied student body."</ref>

== Formation of Muslim United Front ==
{{expand section|date=May 2017}}

In response to these issues was formed the MUF, which attracted support from separatists, youth and the pro-Pakistan [[Jamaat-e-Islami Kashmir|Jamaat-e-Islami]].{{sfn|Johnson, A Region in Turmoil|2005|p=100–}} MUF's election manifesto stressed the need to solve all outstanding issues according to the [[Simla Agreement]], work for Islamic unity and against political interference from the centre. Their slogan in public rallies was wanting the law of the Quran in the Assembly.{{sfn|Schofield, Kashmir in Conflict|2003|p=137}}

The Islamic political coalition mobilized support on the basis of [[Kashmiriyat]].<ref name="Thomas1992">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xrPtAAAAMAAJ|title=Perspectives on Kashmir: the roots of conflict in South Asia|date=1992|publisher=Westview Press|isbn=978-0-8133-8343-9|editor=Raju G. C. Thomas}}</ref>{{full citation needed|date=May 2017}}<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Varshney|first1=Ashutosh|title=India, Pakistan, and Kashmir: Antinomies of Nationalism|journal=Asian Survey|date=November 1991|volume=31|issue=11|page=1015|doi=10.1525/as.1991.31.11.00p01057 |quote=In the elections that followed in 1987, Kashmiriat was mobilized by a coalition of Islamic groups, known as the Muslim United Front (MUF).}}</ref> The movement's grassroots campaign was said to be 'enthusiastically energetic', attracting youth activists who had been born in the 1960s. A Pandit activist recorded in her memoirs that there had been a 'wave' in favour of the MUF in early 1987 in the Valley.{{sfn|Bose, Transforming India|2013|p=275}}

== 1987 election and rigging ==
{{Main|1987 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election}}

The 1987 election witnessed the highest record of voters participation, with eighty per cent of the people in the Valley having voted.{{sfn|Bose, Transforming India|2013|loc=p. 275 (PP245)}}

The election of 1987 were considered to be the most compromised in the history of Jammu and Kashmir.<ref name="Tankel2014">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Iu1wBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT48 |title=Storming the World Stage: The Story of Lashkar-e-Taiba |date=16 January 2014 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-023803-2 |pages=48– |author=Stephen Tankel}}</ref> Voting was held in the Valley on 23 March 1987 and a Delhi-based magazine reported that strong arms tactics and rigging were used all over the Valley and gangs took over the polling stations forcibly and ballot boxes were pre-stamped in favour of the National Conference.{{sfn|Bose, Transforming India|2013|p=275}}

The MUF won in only 4 of the 43 electoral constituencies it had contested, although it received a vote share of 31.9%.{{sfn|Grover & Arora, Encyclopaedia of India and Her States|1996|p=152}}{{refn|group=note|The Muslim United Front polled 470,580 votes by the official count,<ref>{{citation |last=Hussain |first=Masood |title=MUFfed |newspaper=Kashmir Life |date=23 March 2016 |url=http://kashmirlife.net/muffed-99889/ |access-date=17 February 2018}}</ref> out of 1,477,250 votes cast in the Valley,<ref name=EC>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReport_jk_87.pdf Statistical Report on the General Election, 1987], ''[[Election Commission of India]], New Delhi.''</ref> representing 31.9% vote share. Its share of votes in the whole state was 18.9%.{{sfn|Grover & Arora, Encyclopaedia of India and Her States|1996|p=152}}}} Scholar [[Victoria Schofield]] has stated that the MUF might have won four more seats if there was no electoral fraud.<ref>{{citation |author=Foreign Affairs Committee |title=South Asia: fourth report of session 2006-07, report, together with formal minutes, oral and written evidence |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2sgvqiIHjboC |date=2007 |publisher=The Stationery Office, Great Britain: Parliament: House of Commons |isbn=978-0-215-03378-9 |pages=28–29}}</ref> On the other hand, an anonymous source in the [[Intelligence Bureau (India)|Intelligence Bureau]] has advanced the estimate that the MUF may have lost approximately 13 seats due to electoral malpractice.{{sfn|Widmalm, The Rise and Fall of Democracy in Jammu and Kashmir|1997|p=1021}}

== Aftermath ==
Instead of punishing those responsible for the rigging the Government arrested and tortured the MUF activists.<ref name="Hogan2016">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mM_kDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA57 |title=Imagining Kashmir: Emplotment and Colonialism |date=2016 |publisher=U of Nebraska Press |isbn=978-0-8032-9489-9 |pages=57– |author=Patrick Colm Hogan}}</ref> According to Bose the number of activists arrested and tortured was in the hundreds and possibly thousands. Most of them were kept in custody until late 1987 or early 1988. Among those activists arrested was [[Yasin Malik]] and Mohammad Yusuf Shah.{{sfn|Bose, Transforming India|2013|loc=p. 275 (PP245)}}

Many younger supporters of MUF started to support the militant organisations which had up till the election seen a wane in their support and numerical strength.{{sfn|Johnson, A Region in Turmoil|2005|p=100–}} According to Maulana Abbas Ansari, a member of the Muslim United Front, the youth would have not picked up the gun nor have known of Nehru's promise of a plebiscite to the people of Kashmir had the election not been rigged.<ref name="Brass1994" />

Scholars see that the rise in the organisation's support caused the Congress-National Conference alliance to rig the [[1987 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1987 election]].{{sfn|Amin, The Kashmir Question|2016|p=362}}<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Varshney|first1=Ashutosh|title=India, Pakistan, and Kashmir: Antinomies of Nationalism|journal=Asian Survey|date=November 1991|volume=31|issue=11|page=1016|doi=10.1525/as.1991.31.11.00p01057 |quote=Watching the surge in MUF support, the Conference-Congress alliance rigged the 1987 elections}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=note}}

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{citation |last=Amin |first=Tahir |author-link=Tahir Amin |chapter=The Kashmir Question |editor1=Abdulrahim Ali |editor2=Iba Der Thiam |editor3=Yusof A. Talib |title=Islam in the World Today, Part 1 (The Different Aspects of Islamic Culture, Volume 6) |publisher=UNESCO Publishing |chapter-url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0024/002449/244974e.pdf |pages=349–368 |year=2016 |ref={{sfnref|Amin, The Kashmir Question|2016}}}}
* {{citation |first=Sumantra |last=Bose |author-link=Sumantra Bose |title=Kashmir: Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2003 |isbn=0-674-01173-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3ACMe9WBdNAC |ref={{sfnref|Bose, Kashmir: Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace|2003}}}}
* {{citation |last=Bose |first=Sumantra |author-link=Sumantra Bose |chapter=The Kashmir Question |title=Transforming India |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=reiwAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA225 |year=2013 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-72819-6 |pages=225– |ref={{sfnref|Bose, Transforming India|2013}}}}
* {{citation |last=Johnson |first=Rob |title=A Region in Turmoil: South Asian Conflicts Since 1947 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sub5yWzftqoC&pg=PA100 |year=2005 |publisher=Reaktion Books |isbn=978-1-86189-257-7 |ref={{sfnref|Johnson, A Region in Turmoil|2005}}}}
* {{cite book |editor1-first=Verinder |editor1-last=Grover |editor2-first=Ranjana |editor2-last=Arora |title=Encyclopaedia of India and Her States: Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir and Punjab |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aPVtAAAAMAAJ |year=1996 |publisher=Deep & Deep |isbn=978-81-7100-723-3 |ref={{sfnref|Grover & Arora, Encyclopaedia of India and Her States|1996}}}}
* {{citation |last=Schofield |first=Victoria |author-link=Victoria Schofield |title=Kashmir in Conflict |publisher=I. B. Taurus & Co |location=London and New York |year=2003 |orig-year=First published in 2000 |isbn=1860648983 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rkTetMfI6QkC |ref={{sfnref|Schofield, Kashmir in Conflict|2003}}}}
* {{citation |first=Sten |last=Widmalm |title=The Rise and Fall of Democracy in Jammu and Kashmir |journal=Asian Survey |volume=37 |number=11 |date= November 1997 |pages=1005–1030 |jstor=2645738 |ref={{sfnref|Widmalm, The Rise and Fall of Democracy in Jammu and Kashmir|1997}} |doi=10.1525/as.1997.37.11.01p02937}}
* {{citation |last=Widmalm |first=Sten |title=Kashmir in Comparative Perspective: Democracy and Violent Separatism in India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RfhQAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA67 |date=2014 |orig-year=first published 2002 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-86694-4 |ref={{sfnref|Widmalm, Kashmir in Comparative Perspective|2014}}}}

== Further reading ==
* {{citation |last=Hussain |first=Masood |title=MUFfed |newspaper=Kashmir Life |date=23 March 2016 |url=http://kashmirlife.net/muffed-99889/ |access-date=17 February 2018}}
* Saima Bhat, [http://www.kashmirlife.net/battleground-amira-kadal-issue-01-vol-08-100167/ Battleground Amira Kadal], Kashmir Life, 24 March 2016.
* [http://www.kashmirlife.net/abdul-razak-mir-bachru-issue-01-vol-08-100180/ Abdul Razak Mir (Bachru)], Kashmir Life, 24 March 2016.
* [http://www.kashmirlife.net/mohammad-ismail-bhat-issue-no-01-vol-08-100057/ Mohammad Ismail Bhat], Kashmir Life, 24 March 2016.
* [http://www.kashmirlife.net/the-big-jamaat-issue-no-01-vol-08-100038/ The Big Jama’at], Kashmir Life, 24 March 2016.
* {{cite web | url=http://www.kashmirlife.net/d-day-march-23-1987-issue-no-01-vol-08-100032/ | title= D-Day: March 23, 1987 | publisher=Kashmir Life | date=24 March 2016 | access-date=6 May 2019}}
* [http://www.kashmirlife.net/mufs-mind-issue-no-01-vol-08-100053/ MUF’s Mind], Kashmir Life, 24 March 2016.

[[Category:State political parties in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 1986]]
[[Category:Regionalist parties in India]]
[[Category:1986 establishments in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Kashmir separatist movement]]