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{{pp-move-indef}}
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{{Short description|Islamic descendants of Rajputs}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2015}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Muslim Rajputs
| native_name =
| image =
| caption =
| population =
| popplace =
| region1 = {{Flag|India}}
| pop1 =
| ref1 =
| region2 = {{Flag|Pakistan}}
| pop2 =
| ref2 =
| langs = {{hlist| |[[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] |
[[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] |[[Urdu]] |
[[Hindi language|Hindi]] |[[Indo-Aryan languages]]}}
| religions = [[Islam]]
| related = [[Rajputs]]
}}
'''Muslim Rajputs''' are the descendants of [[Rajputs]] of Northern regions of the [[Indian subcontinent]] who are followers of [[Islam]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/pdfid/4b6fe2403.pdf |title=UNHCR Refugee Review Tribunal. IND32856, 6 February 2008}}</ref> They converted from [[Hinduism]] to Islam from the [[medieval India|medieval period in India]] onwards, retaining historically [[Hindus|Hindu]] surnames such as [[Rana (name)|Rana]] and [[Chauhan]].<ref name="Singhal1972">{{cite book |last1=Singhal |first1=Damodar P. |title=Pakistan |date=1972 |publisher=[[Prentice Hall]] |isbn=978-0-13-648477-6 |page=17 |language=en |quote=Large communities converted to Islam from among Hindus carried with them Hindu customs and usages, and often passed them on to other Muslims. Many Rajput converts even retained their family names, such as Chauhan and Rajput.}}</ref><ref name="Singh1973">{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Yogendra |title=Modernization of Indian Tradition |date=1973 |publisher=Oriental Press |page=74 |language=en |quote=The next in status are a few higher caste Hindu converts to Islam, particularly the Rajputs}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Cambridge South Asian Studies, Issue 16 |date=1965 |isbn=978-0-521-20432-3 |page=24 |language=en |quote=The latter may be subdivided into three distinct groups: converts from Hindu high castes such as Muslim Rajputs, converts from clean occupational castes such as Julahas and Qassabs, and converts from unclean occupational castes such as Bhangis and Chamars.}}</ref> Today, Muslim Rajputs can be found in present-day Northern [[India]] and [[Pakistan]].<ref name=EB/> They are further divided into different clans.

==History==
[[File:Sumneus Khan, Ranghur Mahomedans, Formerly Rajpoots, Hissar (NYPL b13409080-1125417).tiff|thumb|Sumneus Khan of Ranghur Mahomedans(formerly Rajpoots) background from Hissar.]]
The term ''Rajput'' is traditionally applied to the original [[Suryavansha|Suryavanshi]], [[Chandravanshi]] and [[Agnivanshi]] clans, who claimed to be [[Kshatriya]] in the Hindu [[Varna (Hinduism)|varna]] system.
===Conversion to Islam and ethos===
There are recorded instances of recent conversions of Rajputs to Islam in Western [[Uttar Pradesh]], Khurja tahsil of [[Bulandshahr]].<ref>''Muslim Women'' by Zakia A. Siddiqi, Anwar Jahan Zuberi, Aligarh Muslim University, India University Grants, M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd., 1993, p93</ref>

Upon their conversion from [[Hinduism]] to Islam,<ref name="Singhal1972"/> the Rajputs maintained many of their Hindu customs.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Kumar Suresh |title=People of India, Volume 25 |date=2003 |publisher=Anthropological Survey of India |isbn=978-81-7304-118-1 |page=xxiii |language=en |quote= In early stages the converted Rajputs continued with preconversion practices.}}</ref>

Despite the difference in faith, where the question has arisen of common Rajput honour, there have been instances where both Muslim and Hindu Rajputs have united together against threats from external ethnic groups.<ref>''Self and sovereignty: Individual and Community in South Asian Islam Since 1850'' by Ayesha Jalal, Routledge 2000, p480, p481</ref>{{Weasel inline|date=May 2021}}

===Medieval Muslim Rajput dynasties===

====Kharagpur Raj====
{{Main|Kharagpur Raj}}
The Kharagpur Raj was a Muslim [[Kinwar|Kindwar]] Rajput chieftaincy in modern-day [[Munger district]] of [[Bihar]].<ref name="Ansari2019">{{cite book|author=Tahir Hussain Ansari|title=Mughal Administration and the Zamindars of Bihar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kUueDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT22|date=20 June 2019|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-00-065152-2|pages=22–28}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | title=Agrarian Reforms in "Sarkar" Munger under Raja Bahrox Singh (1631-76) Of Kharagpur | author= Yogendra P. Roy | journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume = 60| year=1999 | pages= 287–292|jstor = 44144095}}</ref> Raja Sangram Singh led a rebellion against the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] authorities and was subsequently defeated and executed. His son, Toral Mal, was made to convert to Islam and renamed as ''Roz Afzun''. Roz Afzun was a loyal Commander to the Emperors [[Jahangir]] and [[Shah Jahan]] and Jahangir referred to him as his "favourite" commander in the empire.<ref>{{cite journal | title=Raja Roz Afzun of Kharagpur (AD 1601 - 31 | author= Yogendra P. Roy | journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume = 54| year=1993 | pages= 357–358|jstor = 44142975}}</ref> Another prominent chieftain of this dynasty was Tahawar Singh who played an active role in the Mughal expedition against the nearby [[Chero dynasty|Chero]]s of [[Palamu district|Palamu]].<ref>{{cite journal | title=Tahawar Singh-A Muslim Raja of Kharagpur Raj (1676 - 1727) | author= Yogendra P. Roy | journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume = 53| year=1992 | pages= 333–334|jstor = 44142804}}</ref>

====Gujarat Sultanate====
{{Main|Muzaffarid dynasty of Gujarat|Gujarat Sultanate}}
The Gujarat Sultanate was an independent Muslim [[Rajput]] kingdom established in the early 15th century by the [[Muzaffarids (Gujarat)|Muzaffarid dynasty]] in [[Gujarat]]. The Muzaffarids were descended from Hindu Tanka Rajputs with origins in [[Thanesar]] in modern-day [[Haryana]].<ref name="Kapadia2018">{{cite book|author=Aparna Kapadia|title=Gujarat: The Long Fifteenth Century and the Making of a Region|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qrxsDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA183|date=16 May 2018|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-15331-8|pages=183–185}}</ref> Under the dynasty, trade, culture, and [[Indo-Islamic architecture]] flourished. The city of [[Ahmedabad, Gujarat|Ahmedabad]] was founded by the dynasty.

====Khanzada Dynasty====
{{Main|Khanzadas of Mewat}}
[[File:Raja Hasan Khan Mewati.jpg|thumb|Raja [[Hasan Khan Mewati]].]]
[[Mewat State|Mewat]] was a kingdom in [[Rajputana]] with its capital at [[Alwar]] ruled by a [[Khanzada Rajput|Khanzada]] [[Rajput kingdoms|Mewati Rajput dynasty]] during the period of the [[Delhi Sultanate]] in [[India]]. [[Hasan Khan Mewati|Raja Hassan Khan Mewati]] was represented the [[Meo (ethnic group)|Meo community]] in [[Battles of Kawanakajima|Battle of khawana]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=tareekh-e-miyo chhatri |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/tareekh-e-miyo-chhatri-hakeem-abdush-shakoor-ebooks |access-date=2022-05-23 |website=Rekhta |language=en}}</ref>.Mewat was covered over a wide area, it included [[Hathin]] tehsil, [[Nuh district]], [[Tijara]], [[Gurgaon]], [[Kishangarh]] Bas, Ramgarh, Laxmangarh Tehsils [[Aravalli Range]] in [[Alwar]] district and Pahari, Nagar, Kaman tehsils in [[Bharatpur, India|Bharatpur]] district of [[Rajasthan]] and also some part of [[Mathura]] district of Uttar Pradesh. The last ruler of Mewat, [[Hasan Khan Mewati]] was killed in the [[battle of Khanwa]] against the Mughal emperor Babur. The [[Khanzada Rajputs|Khanzadas]] were descended from Hindu [[Yadu]] Rajputs.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bharadwaj |first1=Suraj |title=State Formation in Mewat Relationship of the Khanzadas with the Delhi Sultanate, the Mughal State, and Other Regional Potentates |date=2016 |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=11 |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199462797.001.0001 |isbn=978-0-19-946279-7 |url=https://www.oxfordscholarship.com/mobile/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199462797.001.0001/acprof-9780199462797-chapter-2 |access-date=24 October 2019}}</ref>

==== Soomra dynasty period ====
{{Main|Soomra dynasty}} {{Unreferenced section|date=May 2022}}
When Sindh was under the [[Arab]] [[Umayyad]] [[Caliphate]], the Arab [[Habbari dynasty]] was in control. The Umayyads appointed [[Habbari dynasty|Aziz al Habbari]] as the governor of Sindh. Habbaris ruled Sindh until [[Mahmud of Ghazni|Sultan Mahmud Ghaznavi]] defeated the Habbaris in 1024. Sultan Mahmud Ghaznavi viewed the [[Abbasid Caliphate]] to be the caliphs thus he removed the remaining influence of the [[Umayyad Caliphate]] in the region and Sindh fell to Abbasid control following the defeat of the Habbaris. The Abbasid Caliphate then appointed [[Khafif|Al Khafif]] from [[Samarra]]; 'Soomro' means 'of Samarra' in Sindhi. The new governor of Sindh was to create a better, stronger and stable government. Once he became the governor, he allotted several key positions to his family and friends; thus Al-Khafif or Sardar Khafif Soomro formed the [[Soomro Dynasty]] in Sindh;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uok.edu.pk/faculties/sindhi/docs/soomroEng.pdf |title=Data |website=www.uok.edu.pk }}</ref> and became its first ruler. Until the [[Siege of Baghdad (1258)]] the Soomro dynasty was the Abbasid Caliphate's functionary in Sindh, but after that it became independent.

When the [[Soomro dynasty]] lost ties with the Abbasid Caliphate after the Siege of Baghdad (1258,) the Soomra ruler Dodo-I established their rule from the shores of the [[Arabian Sea]] to the [[Punjab region|Punjab]] in the north and in the east to [[Rajasthan]] and in the west to Pakistani [[Balochistan, Pakistan|Balochistan]]. The [[Soomro]]s were one of the first indigenous Muslim dynasties in Sindh of [[Parmar]] [[Rajput]] origin.{{Cn|date=May 2021}}

==== Samma Dynasty period ====
{{Main|Samma dynasty}}{{Unreferenced section|date=May 2021}}[[File:View of Makli by Usman Ghani.jpg|thumb|right|[[Makli Hill]] is one of the largest necropolises in the world.]]
In 1339 [[Jam Unar]] founded a Sindhi [[Muslim Rajput]] [[Samma Dynasty]] and challenged the [[Delhi Sultanate|Sultans of Delhi]]. He used the title of the ''Sultan of Sindh''. The [[Samma tribe]] reached its peak during the reign of [[Jam Nizamuddin II]] (also known by the nickname Jám Nindó). During his reign from 1461 to 1509, Nindó greatly expanded the new capital of [[Thatta]] and its [[Makli]] hills, which replaced [[Debal]]. He patronized Sindhi art, architecture and culture. The Samma had left behind a popular legacy especially in architecture, music and art. Important court figures included the poet Kazi Kadal, [[Sardar Darya Khan]], Moltus Khan, Makhdoom Bilawal and the [[theologian]] Kazi Kaadan. However, Thatta which was a port city unlike garrison towns, it could not mobilize large armies against the [[Arghun]] and Tarkhan [[Mongol]] invaders, who killed many regional Sindhi [[Mirs]] and [[Amir]]s loyal to the Samma. Some parts of Sindh still remained under the Sultans of Delhi and the ruthless Arghuns and the [[Tarkhan]]s sacked Thatta during the rule of [[Jam Feroz]]udin.

====Qaimkhanis of Fatehpur-Jhunjhunu====
The [[Qaimkhani]]s were a Muslim Rajput dynasty who were notable for ruling the [[Fatehpur, Rajasthan|Fatehpur]]-[[Jhunjhunu]] region in [[Rajasthan]] from the 1300s to the 1700s.<ref name=Budhwar1978>{{cite journal | title=The Qayamkhani Shaikhzada Family of Fatehpur-Jhunjhunu | author= Sunita Budhwar | journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume = 39| year=1978 | pages= 412–425|jstor = 44139379}}</ref><ref>Dr Dasharatha Sharma, Kyam Khan Raso, Ed. Dasharath Sharma, Agarchand Nahta, Rajsthan Puratatva Mandir, 1953, page-15</ref> They were descended from Hindu [[Chauhan]] Rajputs.

====Lalkhani Nawabs====
The [[Lalkhani]]s are a Muslim Rajput community and a sub-clan of the [[Bargujar]]s. They were the [[Nawab]]s of various estates in Western [[Uttar Pradesh]]. These included [[Chhatari]] and neighbouring regions including parts of [[Aligarh]] and [[Bulandshahr]].<ref name="Stokes1978">{{cite book|author=Eric Stokes|title=The Peasant and the Raj: Studies in Agrarian Society and Peasant Rebellion in Colonial India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9DU5AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA199|year=1978|publisher=CUP Archive|isbn=978-0-521-29770-7|pages=199–}}</ref>

====Mayi chiefs====
The [[Mayi clan]] were the chieftains of the Narhat-Samai (Hisua) chieftaincy in modern-day [[Nawada district]] in South [[Bihar]]. The founder of the Mayi clan was Nuraon Khan who arrived in Bihar in the 17th century. His descendants were Azmeri and Deyanut who were granted zamindari rights over six parganas by the Mughal authorities. Deyanut's son was Kamgar Khan who expanded his land by attacking and plundering neighbouring zamindars. Kamgar Khan also led numerous revolts against the Mughals and attempted to assert the Mayi's independence. His descendant was Iqbal Ali Khan who took part in the [[1781 revolt in Bihar]] against the British however his revolt failed and Mayi's lost much of their land.<ref name="Prakash2003">{{cite book|author=Gyan Prakash|title=Bonded Histories: Genealogies of Labor Servitude in Colonial India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MQFvks7lahoC|date=30 October 2003|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-52658-6|pages=87–89}}</ref>

===Notable people in Subcontinent===
*[[Dodo Bin Khafef Soomro III]]
*[[Jam Tamachi]] (Jam Khairuddin) (1367–1379 AD) or Jam Khairuddin bin Jam Unad, a famous sultan of the Samma dynasty
*[[Jam Nizamuddin II]] (866–914 AH, 1461–1508 AD), the most famous sultan of the Samma dynasty
*[[Jam Feroz]]udin (1508–1527) or Jam Feruz bin Jam Nizam, last ruler of the Samma dynasty 926 AH (1519 AD)
*[[Rai Ahmad Khan Kharal]],Freedom fighter from Punjab
*[[Hasan Khan Mewati|Raja Hasan Khan Mewati]], was the ruler of [[Mewat]]
*[[Tufail Ahmad Khan]], Pakistani politician affiliated with the Pakistan Muslim League
*[[Isa Khan]], was one of the [[Baro Bhuiyans]] (twelve landlords) of 16th century [[Bengal]].
*[[Rai Bular Bhatti]], he donated 18,750 acres of land to [[Guru Nanak]] Ji.
*[[Dulla Bhatti]], who rebel against [[Akbar]].
*[[Mahmud_Begada]]

==Beliefs and customs==
Muslim Rajputs often retain common social practices (such as [[purdah]] [seclusion of women], which is generally followed by Hindu and Muslim Rajputs).<ref name=EB>{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/490157/Rajput|title=Rajput|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=30 October 2014}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of Rajput dynasties]]
* [[Sindhi-Sipahi]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Indian Muslim}}

[[Category:Social groups of Bihar]]
[[Category:Social groups of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Sindhi tribes]]
[[Category:Social groups of India]]
[[Category:Islam in India]]
[[Category:Rajputs]]
[[Category:Muslim communities of India]]
[[Category:Muslim communities of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rajasthani people]]

Muslim Rajputs - Revision history

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