imported>The Discoverer: /* External links */ corrections in external link entry

2021-08-28T11:43:08Z

External links: corrections in external link entry

New page

{{Short description|music}}
{{Indian music|expanded=Territory}}
'''Music of Goa''' refers to music from the state of [[Goa]], on the west coast of [[India]]. A wide variety of music genres are used in Goa ranging from Western art music to Indian classical music.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music: South Asia|publisher=Garland Publishing, Inc.|editor-last=Arnold|editor-first=Alison|volume=5|location=United States}}</ref> Konkani music is also popular across this tiny state. Being a [[Portuguese India|former territory]] of [[Portugal]], Goa has a dominant western musical scene with the use of instrument such as the [[violin]], [[Drum kit|drums]], [[guitar]], [[trumpet]] and [[piano]]. It has also produced a number of prominent musicians and singers for the world of [[Music of India|Indian music]]. Portuguese [[Fado]] also has significance in Goa.

[[Lorna Cordeiro]] is a popular singer and is referred to as the ''"nightingale of Goa".'' She sings in both English and Konkani. Some of her popular oldies are ''Pisso, [[Bebdo]], Red Rose, Tuzo mog'' and ''Noxibak Rodta.'' Other popular musicians and singers include [[Anthony Gonsalves]] (violinist), [[António Fortunato de Figueiredo]] (conductor and violinist), [[Chris Perry (musician)|Chris Perry]] (often called the king of Goan music), [[Hema Sardesai]] (playback singer), [[Ian D'Sa]], (former guitarist of Canadian band [[Billy Talent]], of Goan descent), [[Remo Fernandes]] (musician and playback singer), [[Kishori Amonkar]] (classical vocalist), [[Dinanath Mangeshkar]] (dramatist and classical vocalist), and [[Oliver Sean]] (singer/songwriter). Goa has produced many performers of [[Hindustani music|Indian classical music]], such as the vocalist [[Kesarbai Kerkar]], [[Lata Mangeshkar]] and [[Asha Bhosle]].

Goan local bands are also known for their use of western music styles and are popular at both, public and private celebrations. Goa has become home to a style of Electronic music, the [[Trance music]]. It is popular at the Electronic music festivals hosted yearly in Goa that attract people from over 50 countries. However, owing to the tourism peak around the Christmas-New year period, the festivals have either been cancelled or rescheduled on other dates.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.youredm.com/2016/08/31/goa-set-to-ban-two-of-indias-biggest-edm-festivals-due-to-tourist-influxes/|title=Two Of The Biggest EDM Festivals In The World Might Be Getting Banned|last=Rubinstein|first=Peter|date=2016-08-31|website=Your EDM|access-date=2017-03-14}}</ref>

==Indigenous traditional music==
[[File:Codice Casanatense Hindu Marriage Right.jpg|thumb|Musicians and dancers at a Hindu wedding ceremony, from the [[Códice Casanatense]] (c. 1540)]]

The traditional Goan musical instruments include ''[[dhol]]'', ''[[mridanga]]'', ''[[tabla]]'', ''[[ghumat]]'', ''[[dholak]]'', ''[[kansallem]]'', ''[[mhadalem]]'', ''[[shehnai]]'', ''surt'', ''tasso'', ''nagado'', ''chowgudo'', and ''[[Tanpura (instrument)|tambura.]]'' The [[ghumat]] is an earthen-ware pot-like vessel made by Goan potters with openings on the two opposite sides, one large and the other small in diameter, with the middle portion much bulging outwards. On the larger opening with the edge conveniently moulded for the fitting, a wet skin of a lizard (lacerta ocelata), known in Konkani as sap or [[gar]], is fully stretched to cover the whole surface of the opening. The ghumat is essential for Hindu festivals, some temple rituals like [[Suvari]] [[vadan]], bhivari and mando performances. A [[mhadalem]] is a cylindrical earthen vessel covered at both ends with the skin of a lizard and is mostly played by the [[Kunbis]]. The chowgudo consists of two ‘dhobe’ and ‘zil’ placed in a cross form, facing each other, and played with sticks held in both hands.

''Surpavo'' and ''konpavo'' are flutes of the [[dhangar]] community of Goa. The ''surpavo'' is a long bamboo flute of the shepherds. The instrument is like a staff and is around 60-70 cm long.<ref>http://musicartsdance.blogspot.com/2013/03/are-goan-musical-instruments-extinct-by.html</ref> Its sound is described as being 'soft and sweet'.<ref name=GoanHistoryDocAppendix>http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/12459/14/14_appendix.pdf</ref> The ''konpavo'' is 20-30 cm long.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XlmFNXugKJsC |title = Folk Dances of Goa|last1 = Kheḍekara|first1 = Vināyaka Vishṇu|year = 2010}}</ref> Its tone is described as being 'bright and high-pitched'.<ref name=GoanHistoryDocAppendix /> It is played in the upright position and is made of bamboo with a reed. This instrument is said to calm aggressive or disturbed cattle.<ref>http://goachitra.com/research.html</ref>

''Surt'' (Konkani: सूर्त) is a long wooden tube fixed with a funnel shaped bell with three holes.<ref name=GoanHistoryDocAppendix /> It is used to accompany the [[shehnai]].<ref>Rajhauns New Generation Konkani English dictionary</ref> ''Shing'' is a heavy curved brass trumpet with a shrill, hoarse tone. ''Korno'' (Konkani: कोरनो) is a wooden straight trumpet with a funnel-shaped bell. ''Banko'' is a curved brass pipe instrument with four pipes fitted in one another.<ref name=GoanHistoryDocAppendix /> It has a harsh and loud sound.<ref>http://digitalgoa.com/fairs-and-festival-of-goa/</ref>

Being part of Portugal for over 450 years led to the introduction of the [[piano]], [[mandolin]] and [[violin]] to Goa. Other instruments such as the [[Drum kit|drums]], [[guitar]] and trumpet were also widely used. Schools in this period taught pupils at least one such instrument. It is said that ''Goans have music in their blood'', a statement further strengthened by the role music and dance plays in Goan culture. Popular folk dances such as the Portuguese [[Corridinho]] are still part of Catholic weddings.

Konkani song may be classified in four groups: one which draws on the more pristine form in music and verse, as in the ''[[fugdi]]'' or the ''dhalo''; the second which blends western and native music but retains Konkani lyrics as in [[deknni]]s; the third which blends native and western music as well as language as in [[dulpod]]; and the fourth which has a marked influence of western music and lyrics (in Konkani) with borrowed Portuguese words as in [[Mando (music)|mando.]]

As many as 35<ref>Pereira, José/ Martins, Micael. 1984: Nr. 145, p. 62. Refer also to Rodrigues, Manuel C. 1957. “Folk Songs of Goa “, in : Goan Tribune of 6.10.1957, pp. 9-10.</ref> types of Konkani Song have been classified. These include ''banvarh, deknni, dhalo, dulpod, duvalo, [[Fell (music)|fell]]'' song, ''[[fugdi|fughri]], kunnbi'' song, ''launimm, mando, [[ovi (music)|ovi]], palnnam, talghari, [[tiatr]]'' song, ''[[Zagor (festival)|zagor]]'' song and ''[[zoti]]''. The Christian hymns and Hindu religious songs are also characterized separately with the former related to contemporary western styles.

* Banvarh is a mourning song, usually sung on the day of cremation by Hindus.
* [[Deknni]] is a song which originated in [[Bardez]], [[Ilhas]] and [[Salcete]].
* [[Dhalo]] is a wedding song.
* [[Dulpod]] is a dance song with quick rhythm and themes from everyday Goan life.
* Duvallo is a pregnancy song.
* [[Fell (music)|Fell]] is folk drama with themes from Indian epics or Indian history. It is performed by wandering artists usually after the rains, which start in June and end in August or September. The ''fell'' song is a dance song.
* [[Fugdi|Fughri]] is a dance song performed on religious occasions, particularly in honour of the deity [[Ganesha]].
* The ''Kunnbi'', who are probably together with the ''Gaudde'' the oldest inhabitants of Goa, belong to the peasant strata. The kunnbi song is a dance song in the fughri style depicting their own life, but also protesting against exploitation and social discrimination in a subtle manner.
* Launim is a song dealing with religious and legendary themes.
* [[Mando (music)|Mando]] is a dance song whose major theme is love, the minor ones being historical narratives, grievance against exploitation and social injustice, and political resistance during the Portuguese presence in Goa.
* Ovi, which the Portuguese termed as versos, is a song with nuptial themes. It has the Sanskrit root ''vri'' which means “to choose, to select”. The ovi has three rhymed lines and one unrhymed. The former contain each three or four words and the fourth line one, two, and exceptionally three words. The number of syllables is nine for the rhymed lines and four or five for the last line. The early Portuguese Christian missionaries adopted the ovi-form for liturgical and devotional hymns.
* Palnnam is a cradle song, a lullaby.
* Talgarhi is a song of the Gaudde. The theatre song is sung during the stage play, mainly performed by wandering artists during the dry season. They entertain the public while touching on daily life, but also sing subtle satires on local politics and the shortcomings of Goans.
* [[Zagor]] means “watch”. The zagor song is sung in kunnbi folk plays depicting their own life. They are usually staged at night.
* [[Zoti]] is sung at nuptials.

The Christian hymns and Hindu songs for the liturgy and popular devotions form an essential part of Goan daily life. It is common for passersby to hear people playing instruments in their houses during the evening hours.

==Western traditional music==
[[File:Local musician performing at Martins Corner, Binwaddo, Betalbatim, Salcette, Goa, India.webm|thumb|Local musician performing at Martins Corner in [[Betalbatim]]]]
[[File:Portuguese music and dance on cruise, Mhadei River, Panjim, Goa.webm|thumb|Portuguese music and dance on cruise, [[Mandovi River]] in Panjim]]
[[Goa]], a part of [[India]] [[Annexation of Portuguese India|since 1961]], had been part of [[Portugal]] for over 450 years and hence has closer connections with Western [[european classical music|classical]] and [[popular music]]. Use of [[Music of Portugal|Portuguese music]] and other western music is popular specifically at most [[Marriage in the Catholic Church|Catholic weddings]] and celebrations. Live bands are a celebratory feature at such weddings, sometimes substituted by a [[Disc jockey|Disc Jockey]] instead.

Over the centuries, indigenous Goan music was blended with European music, particularly that of [[Music of Portugal|Portugal]]. Hence Goan music uses western styles, notes and musical instruments more significantly than regional Asian variants. The Goa Symphony Orchestra and Goa Philharmonic Choir were founded by [[Lourdino Barreto]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.goa-world.com/goa/music/lourdino.htm |title=Archived copy |access-date=2005-01-07 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050107171149/http://www.goa-world.com/goa/music/lourdino.htm |archive-date=2005-01-07 }}</ref>

The Monte Music Festival hosted by Lisbon-headquartered Fundação Oriente, in partnership with the hotel Cidade de Goa is one of the premier cultural events on Goa’s crowded calendar. Every year, the three-day concert features both Indian and Western classical music along with dance performances held at the spectacularly situated Capela do Monte, high above the old capital of the Estado da India (former [[Portuguese India|Portuguese state]]).<ref name=ScrollGoaClassical>{{Cite news|url=https://scroll.in/magazine/829347/goas-western-classical-music-tradition-is-witnessing-a-revival-500-years-after-its-birth|title=Goa's Western classical music tradition is witnessing a revival, 500 years after its birth|last=Menezes|first=Vivek|work=Scroll.in|access-date=2017-03-14|language=en-US}}</ref> The area is a [[World Heritage Site|UNESCO world heritage site]].

The recently introduced annual two-day Ketevan World Sacred music festival offers music programs, courses and conferences with artists from several traditions around the world including Carnatic, Christian, Sufi, Hindustani, Jewish, Orthodox and many others. Artists like Santiango Girelli (orchestra conductor from Argentina), Rocio De Frutos (soprano from Spain) and Leo Rossi (violinist from Argentina) have participated in past events.<ref name=ScrollGoaClassical /><ref>{{cite news |title=The fourth annual Ketevan World Sacred Music Festival delights audiences - Times of India |url=https://m.timesofindia.com/entertainment/events/goa/the-fourth-annual-ketevan-world-sacred-music-festival-delights-audiences/articleshow/68228481.cms |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=6th Ketevan Sacred Music Festival to begin on April 6 |url=https://www.thegoan.net/goa-news/%EF%BB%BF6th-ketevan-sacred-music-festival-to-begin-on-april-6/67818.html |work=The Goan EveryDay |language=en}}</ref>

==Tiatr==
{{main article|Tiatr}}
Another major attraction of the Goan music industry is the ''[[Tiatr]]'' derived from the Portuguese word ''<nowiki/>'teatro''' meaning ''theater.'' It is a type of [[musical theatre]] still very popular with Goans, resident in Goa or Bombay as well as with expatriates and resident communities in the [[Middle East]], London and other major western cities (where Konkani speakers have a considerable presence). The [[drama]]s are performed in the [[Romi Konkani|Roman Konkani]] dialects and include music, dancing and singing. Tiatr performers are called ''tiatrists''. Songs integral to the plays are known as 'Kants'. Other songs, called ''kantaram'' are generally either comedic or based on topical, political and controversial issues that are interspersed through the performance. These musical interludes are independent of the main theme of the play. The songs are often satirical and unsparing of the politics and politicians of Goa. The music is provided by a live band including [[Keyboard instrument|keyboard]], [[trumpet]], [[saxophone]], [[bass guitar]] and [[drums]]. This century old theater industry in Goa still remains independent of government control and efforts to bring it under such control have met massive opposition from locals for fear of government regulation over content of political nature.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://currentnews.in/films-now-folk-art-goas-bjp-govt-looking-ban-100-year-old-burlesque/|title=After films now folk art: Goa's BJP govt looking to ban 100-year-old burlesque}}</ref>

<gallery mode="traditional">
File:Scene from a tiatr (a popular form of Konkani theatre) in Goa.JPG|A comic scene from a tiatr.
File:Model of tiatr stage.JPG|Mobile Props that can be used on stage for various scenes.
File:Tiatr posters at Ravindra Bhavan, South Goa.jpg|Posters of Tiatrs at a cultural center in Goa.
</gallery>

==Konkani liturgical music and choirs==
{{main article|Konkani liturgical music}}
Goa has a rich heritage of Konkani [[liturgical music]] and [[hymns]]. The standard [[hymnal]] of the [[Archdiocese of Goa and Daman]] is called ''[[Gaionancho Jhelo]]'' (Garland of hymns) and the diocese also brings out a periodical [[sheet music]] publication of Konkani liturgical hymns a called ''Devacheam Bhurgeanchim Gitam'' (Songs of God's children). As with the liturgy, the entire music of the Catholic church in Goa is in the Latin script.
[[File:Con2008.jpg|thumb|Concert of Classical Music in tribute to Maestro [[Lourdino Barreto|Lourdino Barretto]], presented by the Santa Cecilia Choir, conducted by Rev. Romeo Monteiro, at Goa (April 2008).]]
Churches across Goa always maintain choirs. Like most Catholic churches worldwide, there are separate choirs for adults and children. Some historically significant seminaries also maintain choirs of their own. A notable one is the all-male seminarians of the ''[[Santa Cecilia Choir]]'' (Coro di Santa Cecilia), part of the over 400 year old [[Rachol Seminary|Rachol seminary]] (''Seminário de Rachol)'' of Goa''.'' The choir has also been known to use a 16th-century restored [[pipe organ]] for its concerts. Most of the centuries-old churches in Goa feature these pipe organs, but few are known to use them now because of their upkeep. However, they still form part of the churches interior decor and in almost all instances are located in the nave above the main entrances facing the altar in the far end below.

==Pop==
In the area of Western music, there are several [[pop music|pop]] stars, among them [[Remo Fernandes]] (born 1953). Goan popular music is generally sung in the [[Konkani language]] and English language. Another contributor to Goan music is the [[Canadians|Canadian]]-Goan band Goa Amigos, which has represented Goa at the largest South Asian festival in North America.

==Electronic music==
{{see also|Electronica}}
Goa has become a home for [[electronic music]], especially a style called [[Goa trance music|Goa trance]]. This genre began its evolution in the late 1960s, when [[hippie]]s from the [[United States]], [[United Kingdom]] and elsewhere turned Goa into a tourist destination. When tourism began to die out, a number of devotees stayed in the area, pursuing a specific style of [[trance music]]. Early pioneers included [[Mark Allen (deejay)|Mark Allen]], [[Goa Gil]] and [[Fred Disko]].

===Goa trance===
{{main article|Goa trance|Psychedelic trance}}
Goa Trance (sometimes referred to as Goa or by the number 604) is a form of electronic music that developed around the same time as Trance music became popular in Europe. It originated during the late 1980s and early 1990s in the Indian state of Goa. Essentially, Trance music was pop culture's answer to the Goa Trance music scene on the beaches of Goa where the traveler's music scene has been famous since the time of the Beatles. Goa Trance enjoyed the greater part of its success from around 1994 -1998, and since then has dwindled significantly both in production and consumption, being replaced by its successor, Psychedelic Trance (also known as psytrance). Many of the original Goa Trance artists: [[Hallucinogen (musician)|Hallucinogen]], [[Slinky Wizard]], and [[Total Eclipse (band)|Total Eclipse]] are still making music, but refer to their style of music simply as "PSY". TIP Records, Flying Rhino Records, Dragonfly Records, Transient Records, Phantasm Records, Symbiosis Records, Blue Room Released were all key players on the beach and in the scene.

Goa Trance is closely related to the emergence of [[Psytrance]] during the latter half of the 1990s and early 2000s, where the two genres mixed together. In popular culture, the distinction between the two genres often remains largely a matter of opinion (they are considered by some to be synonymous; others say that Psytrance is more "psychedelic/cybernetic" and that Goa Trance is more "organic", and still others maintain that there is a clear difference between the two). If anything, the styles are easier to differentiate in Central and Eastern Europe (e.g. Austria, Hungary, Romania) where Goa Trance parties are more popular than Psy-Trance parties - the opposite being true in the UK, Belgium and Germany. Psy Trance has a noticeably more aggressive bass line and Goa tends to avoid the triplet-style bass lines. Between them however, both psy- and Goa trance are sonically distinct from other forms of trance in both tonal quality, structure and feel. In many countries they are generally more underground and less commercial than other forms of trance, except for Brazil and Israel, which since the year of 2000 it became both countries most popular type of music for the general party scene. Top DJs from the UK and other parts of Western Europe fly to Goa for special parties, often on the beaches or in rice paddies. ''"Shorebar''" at Anjuna Beach in Northern Goa is traditionally seen as the birthplace and center of the Goan trance scene.

<gallery mode="traditional">
File:Goa01.jpg|Decor for music settings in Goa.
File:Vagator, Goa, India, Trance party in Goa, Psychedelic art.jpg|Trance party in Goa.
File:Vagator, Goa, India, DJ playing trance music.jpg|DJ playing music.
File:Live band performing at Martin's corner, Betal Patin, Goa.jpg|Live bands involving Karaoke are a regular feature at popular restaurants such as this one at Martin's corner (Goa).
</gallery>

==See also==
*[[Baila]] - Style of Sri Lankan songs similar to [[Portugal|Portuguese]] style Goa songs.
*[[Amancio D'Silva]] - Goan Guitarist who brought Carnatic styling to Jazz in the west in the late 1960s.

==Notes and references==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |publisher=Sansgiri Mandovi |title=Musical Instruments Of Goa (video) |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U2e2e2SpHBg |website=YouTube |access-date=28 August 2021 |language=gom |date=3 July 2021}}

{{Performing arts of Goa}}

[[Category:Music of Indian subdivisions|Goa]]
[[Category:Goan music| ]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]

Music of Goa - Revision history

imported>The Discoverer: /* External links */ corrections in external link entry