Music in ancient India - Revision history

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2021-07-16T01:12:43Z

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← Older revision		Revision as of 06:42, 16 July 2021
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	==Prehistoric music==		==Prehistoric music==
	===Archaeological discoveries===		===Archaeological discoveries===
	Musical instruments, such as the seven-holed [[flute]] and various types of stringed instruments such as [[Ravanahatha]],<ref>{{Cite book\|title=The Music and Musical Instruments of North Eastern India\|last=Barthakur\|first=Dilip Ranjan\|isbn=8170998816\|pages=24}}</ref> [[~~cymbal~~]]s have been recovered from [[Indus Valley Civilization]] archaeological sites. Evidence suggests use of drum or dhol in the Indus valley civilization.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/music/music-to-the-years-musical-instruments-from-the-indus-valley-civilisation/story-WuViIqOST8WMNCSkkayuuN.html\|title=Music to the years: Musical instruments from the Indus Valley Civilisation\|date=2016-08-14\|website=hindustantimes\|language=en\|access-date=2019-04-17}}</ref> There have not been a lot of depictions of musical instruments from IVC, but contemporary BMAC civilization which traded with it has archaeological depictions of [[lyre]] or [[harp]]. A kind of harp is also depicted in the [[chalcolithic]] cave drawings of India along with [[Gong]].<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.harappa.com/sites/default/files/pdf/WHEELS%20in%20Indian%20Rock%20Art%20Erwin%20Neumayer.pdf\|title=Chariots in the Chalcolithic Rock Art of Indian\|last=Erwin\|first=Neumayer}}</ref> There is also evidence of dancing figurines from Indus valley civilization suggesting an established musical tradition. A kind of [[lithophone]] has also been discovered from Orissa around 1000 BCE.<ref>{{Cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZOlNv8MAXIEC&pg=PA319&dq=indus+valley+civilization+music&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjri8qi0NbhAhURiXAKHRdgACsQ6AEINTAC#v=onepage&q=indus%20valley%20civilization%20music&f=false\|title=The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music: South Asia : the Indian subcontinent\|last=Nettl\|first=Bruno\|last2=Arnold\|first2=Alison\|last3=Stone\|first3=Ruth M.\|last4=Porter\|first4=James\|last5=Rice\|first5=Timothy\|last6=Olsen\|first6=Dale Alan\|last7=Miller\|first7=Terry E.\|last8=Kaeppler\|first8=Adrienne Lois\|last9=Sheehy\|first9=Daniel Edward\|date=1998\|publisher=Taylor & Francis\|isbn=9780824049461\|language=en}}</ref>		Musical instruments, such as the seven-holed [[flute]] and various types of stringed instruments such as [[Ravanahatha]],<ref>{{Cite book\|title=The Music and Musical Instruments of North Eastern India\|last=Barthakur\|first=Dilip Ranjan\|isbn=8170998816\|pages=24}}</ref> [[Cymbal\|cymbals]] have been recovered from [[Indus Valley Civilization]] archaeological sites. Evidence suggests use of drum or dhol in the Indus valley civilization.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/music/music-to-the-years-musical-instruments-from-the-indus-valley-civilisation/story-WuViIqOST8WMNCSkkayuuN.html\|title=Music to the years: Musical instruments from the Indus Valley Civilisation\|date=2016-08-14\|website=hindustantimes\|language=en\|access-date=2019-04-17}}</ref> There have not been a lot of depictions of musical instruments from IVC, but contemporary BMAC civilization which traded with it has archaeological depictions of [[lyre]] or [[harp]]. A kind of harp is also depicted in the [[chalcolithic]] cave drawings of India along with [[Gong]].<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.harappa.com/sites/default/files/pdf/WHEELS%20in%20Indian%20Rock%20Art%20Erwin%20Neumayer.pdf\|title=Chariots in the Chalcolithic Rock Art of Indian\|last=Erwin\|first=Neumayer}}</ref> There is also evidence of dancing figurines from Indus valley civilization suggesting an established musical tradition. A kind of [[lithophone]] has also been discovered from Orissa around 1000 BCE.<ref>{{Cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZOlNv8MAXIEC&pg=PA319&dq=indus+valley+civilization+music&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjri8qi0NbhAhURiXAKHRdgACsQ6AEINTAC#v=onepage&q=indus%20valley%20civilization%20music&f=false\|title=The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music: South Asia : the Indian subcontinent\|last=Nettl\|first=Bruno\|last2=Arnold\|first2=Alison\|last3=Stone\|first3=Ruth M.\|last4=Porter\|first4=James\|last5=Rice\|first5=Timothy\|last6=Olsen\|first6=Dale Alan\|last7=Miller\|first7=Terry E.\|last8=Kaeppler\|first8=Adrienne Lois\|last9=Sheehy\|first9=Daniel Edward\|date=1998\|publisher=Taylor & Francis\|isbn=9780824049461\|language=en}}</ref>

	===Surviving music===		===Surviving music===
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	{{Ancient music}}		{{Ancient music}}
			{{Indian Music}}

	{{DEFAULTSORT:Music In Ancient India}}		{{DEFAULTSORT:Music In Ancient India}}
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	~~{{en-Wikipedia}}~~

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← Older revision		Revision as of 10:32, 2 June 2021
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	==Prehistoric music==		==Prehistoric music==
	===Archaeological discoveries===		===Archaeological discoveries===
	Musical instruments, such as the seven-holed [[flute]] and various types of stringed instruments such as [[Ravanahatha]],<ref>{{Cite book\|title=The Music and Musical Instruments of North Eastern India\|last=Barthakur\|first=Dilip Ranjan\|isbn=8170998816\|pages=24}}</ref> [[~~Cymbal\|cymbals~~]] have been recovered from [[Indus Valley Civilization]] archaeological sites. Evidence suggests use of drum or dhol in the Indus valley civilization.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/music/music-to-the-years-musical-instruments-from-the-indus-valley-civilisation/story-WuViIqOST8WMNCSkkayuuN.html\|title=Music to the years: Musical instruments from the Indus Valley Civilisation\|date=2016-08-14\|website=hindustantimes\|language=en\|access-date=2019-04-17}}</ref> There have not been a lot of depictions of musical instruments from IVC, but contemporary BMAC civilization which traded with it has archaeological depictions of [[lyre]] or [[harp]]. A kind of harp is also depicted in the [[chalcolithic]] cave drawings of India along with [[Gong]].<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.harappa.com/sites/default/files/pdf/WHEELS%20in%20Indian%20Rock%20Art%20Erwin%20Neumayer.pdf\|title=Chariots in the Chalcolithic Rock Art of Indian\|last=Erwin\|first=Neumayer}}</ref> There is also evidence of dancing figurines from Indus valley civilization suggesting an established musical tradition. A kind of [[lithophone]] has also been discovered from Orissa around 1000 BCE.<ref>{{Cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZOlNv8MAXIEC&pg=PA319&dq=indus+valley+civilization+music&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjri8qi0NbhAhURiXAKHRdgACsQ6AEINTAC#v=onepage&q=indus%20valley%20civilization%20music&f=false\|title=The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music: South Asia : the Indian subcontinent\|last=Nettl\|first=Bruno\|last2=Arnold\|first2=Alison\|last3=Stone\|first3=Ruth M.\|last4=Porter\|first4=James\|last5=Rice\|first5=Timothy\|last6=Olsen\|first6=Dale Alan\|last7=Miller\|first7=Terry E.\|last8=Kaeppler\|first8=Adrienne Lois\|last9=Sheehy\|first9=Daniel Edward\|date=1998\|publisher=Taylor & Francis\|isbn=9780824049461\|language=en}}</ref>		Musical instruments, such as the seven-holed [[flute]] and various types of stringed instruments such as [[Ravanahatha]],<ref>{{Cite book\|title=The Music and Musical Instruments of North Eastern India\|last=Barthakur\|first=Dilip Ranjan\|isbn=8170998816\|pages=24}}</ref> [[cymbal]]s have been recovered from [[Indus Valley Civilization]] archaeological sites. Evidence suggests use of drum or dhol in the Indus valley civilization.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/music/music-to-the-years-musical-instruments-from-the-indus-valley-civilisation/story-WuViIqOST8WMNCSkkayuuN.html\|title=Music to the years: Musical instruments from the Indus Valley Civilisation\|date=2016-08-14\|website=hindustantimes\|language=en\|access-date=2019-04-17}}</ref> There have not been a lot of depictions of musical instruments from IVC, but contemporary BMAC civilization which traded with it has archaeological depictions of [[lyre]] or [[harp]]. A kind of harp is also depicted in the [[chalcolithic]] cave drawings of India along with [[Gong]].<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.harappa.com/sites/default/files/pdf/WHEELS%20in%20Indian%20Rock%20Art%20Erwin%20Neumayer.pdf\|title=Chariots in the Chalcolithic Rock Art of Indian\|last=Erwin\|first=Neumayer}}</ref> There is also evidence of dancing figurines from Indus valley civilization suggesting an established musical tradition. A kind of [[lithophone]] has also been discovered from Orissa around 1000 BCE.<ref>{{Cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZOlNv8MAXIEC&pg=PA319&dq=indus+valley+civilization+music&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjri8qi0NbhAhURiXAKHRdgACsQ6AEINTAC#v=onepage&q=indus%20valley%20civilization%20music&f=false\|title=The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music: South Asia : the Indian subcontinent\|last=Nettl\|first=Bruno\|last2=Arnold\|first2=Alison\|last3=Stone\|first3=Ruth M.\|last4=Porter\|first4=James\|last5=Rice\|first5=Timothy\|last6=Olsen\|first6=Dale Alan\|last7=Miller\|first7=Terry E.\|last8=Kaeppler\|first8=Adrienne Lois\|last9=Sheehy\|first9=Daniel Edward\|date=1998\|publisher=Taylor & Francis\|isbn=9780824049461\|language=en}}</ref>

	===Surviving music===		===Surviving music===
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			{{en-Wikipedia}}

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{{Indian classical music}}
{{Indian music|expanded=Genres}}
'''Music in ancient India''', encompassing the [[Indian subcontinent]], can be reproduced from written works dating to the [[Middle kingdoms of India|Indian classical period]], such as the ''[[Natya Shastra|Nātya Shastra]]'', and through surviving examples of liturgical music such as the hymns of the [[Samaveda]]. Musical instruments dating to the prehistoric period have been recovered from archaeological excavations.

==Prehistoric music==
===Archaeological discoveries===
Musical instruments, such as the seven-holed [[flute]] and various types of stringed instruments such as [[Ravanahatha]],<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Music and Musical Instruments of North Eastern India|last=Barthakur|first=Dilip Ranjan|isbn=8170998816|pages=24}}</ref> [[Cymbal|cymbals]] have been recovered from [[Indus Valley Civilization]] archaeological sites. Evidence suggests use of drum or dhol in the Indus valley civilization.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/music/music-to-the-years-musical-instruments-from-the-indus-valley-civilisation/story-WuViIqOST8WMNCSkkayuuN.html|title=Music to the years: Musical instruments from the Indus Valley Civilisation|date=2016-08-14|website=hindustantimes|language=en|access-date=2019-04-17}}</ref> There have not been a lot of depictions of musical instruments from IVC, but contemporary BMAC civilization which traded with it has archaeological depictions of [[lyre]] or [[harp]]. A kind of harp is also depicted in the [[chalcolithic]] cave drawings of India along with [[Gong]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.harappa.com/sites/default/files/pdf/WHEELS%20in%20Indian%20Rock%20Art%20Erwin%20Neumayer.pdf|title=Chariots in the Chalcolithic Rock Art of Indian|last=Erwin|first=Neumayer}}</ref> There is also evidence of dancing figurines from Indus valley civilization suggesting an established musical tradition. A kind of [[lithophone]] has also been discovered from Orissa around 1000 BCE.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZOlNv8MAXIEC&pg=PA319&dq=indus+valley+civilization+music&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjri8qi0NbhAhURiXAKHRdgACsQ6AEINTAC#v=onepage&q=indus%20valley%20civilization%20music&f=false|title=The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music: South Asia : the Indian subcontinent|last=Nettl|first=Bruno|last2=Arnold|first2=Alison|last3=Stone|first3=Ruth M.|last4=Porter|first4=James|last5=Rice|first5=Timothy|last6=Olsen|first6=Dale Alan|last7=Miller|first7=Terry E.|last8=Kaeppler|first8=Adrienne Lois|last9=Sheehy|first9=Daniel Edward|date=1998|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=9780824049461|language=en}}</ref>

===Surviving music===
The [[Samaveda]], one of the ancient core Hindu scriptures known as the [[Vedas]], consists of a collection (samhita) of hymns, portions of hymns and detached verses, all but 75 of which are taken from the [[Rigveda]]. They were intended to be sung using melodies called [[Samagana]] whose musical forms are indicated. These hymns were sung by [[Udgatar]] priests at sacrifices in which the juice of the [[Soma (drink)|Soma]] plant, clarified and mixed with milk and other ingredients, were offered in libation to various deities. This [[Patha#Styles of memorization|memorization by Hindu priests]] of the sacred Vedas included up to eleven musical forms of recitation that could be used on the same text.

===Echoes in modern Indian music===
Contemporary [[South Asian music|South Asian]] and [[Music of India|Indian music]] has its roots in the [[Indian History#Prehistoric era|prehistoric era]] of Indian and South Asian culture

==''Nātya Shastra''==
{{Main|Natya Shastra}}
The ''[[Natya Shastra|Nātya Shastra]]'' is an [[History of India|ancient Indian]] treatise on the [[performing arts]], embracing [[Indian theatre]], early [[Indian classical dance]] and [[Indian classical music]]. It was written between 200 BC and 200 AD, during the [[Middle kingdoms of India|classical period of Indian history]]. This text, which contains 6000 [[shlokas]], is attributed to a [[Rishi Muni|muni]] whose name was [[Bharata Muni]].

The ''Nātya Shastra'' is based upon a much older text called the ''Nātya Veda'', which contained 36,000 shlokas.<ref>{{cite book |last = Ghosh |first = Manomohan |title = Natyasastra |year = 2002 |page = 2 |isbn =81-7080-076-5}}</ref> No copies of the ''Nātya Veda'' have survived. Some scholars believe that it may have been written by various authors over a period of time.<ref>The most authoritative commentary on the ''Nātya Shastra'' is ''[[Abhinavabharati]]'' by [[Abhinava Gupta]].{{Citation needed|date=October 2009}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Origins and history of Carnatic music]]
* [[Ancient Tamil music]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}


==External links==
* [https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/the-natyashastra/d/doc210229.html The Dhruvā Songs], Chapter XXXII of the Nāṭyaśāstra

{{Ancient music}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Music In Ancient India}}
[[Category:Ancient music]]
[[Category:Indian music history]]
[[Category:Pakistani music history]]

{{India-music-stub}}