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{{more citations needed|date=November 2020}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Mushtaq Ahmed
| image = Mushtaq_Ahmed.jpg
| imagesize =
| alt =
| caption = Shri Mushtaq Ahmed
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1919|6|1}}
| birth_place = [[Rajapur Sikror]], [[Azamgarh]], Uttar Pradesh, India
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2011|7|12|1919|6|1}}
| death_place = New Delhi
| othername =
| occupation = Mass literacy expert
| years_active =
| alma_mater = [[Aligarh Muslim University]]<br> [[Michigan State University]]
| spouse =
| domesticpartner =
| website =
}}
'''Mushtaq Ahmed Azmi''' (1 June 1919 – 12 July 2011), was a mass [[literacy]] expert. He was one of the first non-officials to be associated with the development of Adult Education program in India from the early 1950s, and was an early leader of the mass [[literacy]] movement. As an officer of [[UNESCO]], he was posted in Africa and seconded to lead mass literacy programs in [[Nigeria]] and [[Zambia]]. He was offered a position in the UNESCO by the British diplomat and head of fundamental education at UNESCO [[John Bowers (diplomat)|John Bowers]].

During his sixty-year career, he conducted a number of studies and wrote books and technical documents, which are used by experts and activists in the field of [[adult education]].

He developed control, monitoring and evaluation systems for national literacy programs such as Total Literacy Campaigns (TLC) and Post Literacy Programs (PLP), and was an advocate of [[lifelong learning]].

== Early life and education ==
Mushtaq Ahmed Azmi was born in the village of Rajapur Sikror, Saraimeer [[Azamgarh district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]. Thus, the suffix ''Azmi''. He later dropped the suffix citing his leaving the place at the tender age of seven. His early education was in [[Burma]] under his paternal uncle. After the separation of Burma from India in 1935, he returned to India and enrolled at [[Government Jubilee College, Lucknow|Jubilee College]] in [[Lucknow]], UP.

He graduated first class with a bachelor of arts in history from [[Aligarh Muslim University]] in 1942 at the age of 23.<ref name=":2" />

By the time he was 33 in 1952, he had received an Individual [[UNESCO]] Individual Training Fellowship.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000126110_eng|title=Advance Training for International Service in Fundamental Education|website=unesdoc.unesco.org|access-date=2020-01-28}}</ref> Ahmed embarked on the UNESCO Fellowship study program traveling to Jamaica (three and a half months), Haiti (two weeks), Puerto Rico (two weeks), and Nairobi (one and a half months). Throughout the program, he received further training in production programmes, techniques of writing text-books and follow-up reading materials, research and educational control necessary to produce well-graded materials according to the interest and level of comprehension of adult readers, techniques of distribution, illustration, printing, the relationship between production programmes, literacy campaigns and community development. He also trained in organizing, financing, staffing and equipping a vernacular literature bureau as well as learning of its production activities' connection to the education system and the mass education programme.<ref name=":2" />

In 1954, Ahmed graduated with a Master of Communication Arts degree from [[Michigan State University]] in East Lancing, Michigan, United States.

== Career ==

In his 20s, Ahmed was comfortably employed with the Railways and Bridges Department in the [[United Provinces of British India]] where he translated letters between English and Urdu.

However, right around the time of India's independence in 1947, Dr. [[Zakir Hussain (politician)|Zakir Hussain]] - an educationist who became India's third President - exhorted the educated youth to leave colonial service and join nationalist institutions. Ahmed complied at once and joined [[Jamia Millia Islamia]] in 1948, where he wrote, compiled and edited follow-up reading materials for new literates.<ref name=":2" />

This marked the beginning of an ensuing prolific career spanning six decades in which Mushtaq Ahmed founded, revived, mobilized and headed many institutions related to adult, primary and continuing education as detailed below.

By February 1951, Ahmed became the officiating director of the four Community Education Centers run by the Institute of Social Education in [[Jamia Millia Islamia]] (JMI).<ref name=":2" /> Within a year, he was holding the office of the Chief Editor in the Institute.<ref name=":2" />

In the three years immediately following India's independence (1948–51), he had written, edited and complied over 300 booklets for new literates, 100 of which were being published on behalf of the Government of India.<ref name=":2" />

Upon his return from the UNESCO Fellowship program, Mushtaq was appointed as the Secretary of the Adult Education Department, where he stayed till 1955. As a UNESCO fellow, he was called on to serve as the Assistant Director of [[UNESCO]] Group Training Scheme for international literacy experts in [[Mysore]] which he responded to in affirmative and held the position till 1957.

He moved back to New Delhi in 1958 to serve as the Director of Research, Training and Production Center within Jamia Millia Islamia until 1960.<ref name="RTP">{{cite web |url=http://www.education.nic.in/cd50years/g/12/25/12250901.htm |title=Reports and minutes of various committees in which Dr.Mushtaq Ahmed was a member |publisher=Education.nic.in |access-date=18 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090416230612/http://education.nic.in/cd50years/g/12/25/12250901.htm |archive-date=16 April 2009 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

Meanwhile, Mrs. [[Welthy Honsinger Fisher]] had founded Literacy House in Lucknow, UP, in 1956 at the behest of Mahatma Gandhi.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.worlded.org/WEIInternet/aboutus/founder.cfm|title=Our Founder - About Us - World Education, Inc.|website=www.worlded.org|access-date=2020-01-28}}</ref> It secured funding from [https://www.worlded.org/WEIInternet/ World Education, NY], in 1958<ref name=":3" /> Mushtaq Ahmed was one of its earliest directors serving from 1960 to 1964 in [[Lucknow]]<ref name="LH">{{cite web |url=http://www.education.nic.in/cd50years/g/t/W/0T0W1301.htm |title=Ministry of HRD, Govt. of India. |publisher=Education.nic.in |access-date=18 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060521004924/http://www.education.nic.in/cd50years/g/T/W/0T0W1301.htm |archive-date=21 May 2006 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

Over the next one decade, from 1965 till 1978, Ahmed served as a UNESCO Adviser on adult literacy to the governments of Nigeria, Zambia, among others.<ref name="UN1">{{cite news|url=http://nigerianobservernews.com/05012011/features/features3.html|title=The Role of Universities in the Promotion of Literacy in Africa|date=1 May 2011|work=The Nigerian Observer|access-date=11 August 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004220329/http://nigerianobservernews.com/05012011/features/features3.html|archive-date=4 October 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="two">{{cite web|url=http://planningcommission.nic.in/reports/sereport/ser/ser_rsg.doc |title=Planning commission of India. |access-date=18 December 2011}}</ref>

Upon his return to India in 1978, he held the office of Director, Center for Development of Women and Youth in Aligarh, UP. He shifted base to New Delhi in 1982, where he worked as the Director of the State Resource Center within Jamia Millia Islamia. In 1990, he resumed his position as the Director of Literacy House in Lucknow, UP and stayed there till 1993.

He was appointed as the Chairman of the National Institute of Adult Education (NIAE) in 1995, [https://mhrd.gov.in/ Ministry of Human Resource Development (HRD)], Government of India, in New Delhi<ref name="one">{{cite web|url=http://www.iiale.org/admin.html |title=International Institute for adult and lifelong education |publisher=Iiale.org |access-date=18 December 2011}}</ref> Simultanesouly, he also served as the Chairman of National Core Group, External Evaluation of Total Literacy Campaign (TLC)/Post-Literacy Programmes (PLP), an initiative of the Ministry of HRD, Government of India, New Delhi<ref name="two" /> He stayed in the former position till 1999 and the latter, till 2001.<ref name="two" /><ref name="one" />

He also served as the Chairman of Krishi Vigyan Kendra (KVK) Sitapur, UP, and Jan Shiksha Sansthan (JSS), Handi, although the dates on these positions are to be confirmed.

== Publications ==
Mushtaq Ahmed was a prolific writer. Some of his published work related to adult education which serves as reference material for researchers and scholars is listed below:<ref>http://www.scert.kerala.gov.in/images/2013/SCERT_LIBRARY_REPORT.pdf</ref>

* An Evaluation of Reading Materials for Neoliterates and a Study of their Reading Needs and Interests, Research, Training and Production Centre, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 1958<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.education.nic.in/cd50years/g/z/9j/0Z9J0501.htm|title=Research in Adult Education A Trend Report : S.C. Bhatia|publisher=Education.nic.in|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111108170208/http://www.education.nic.in/cd50years/g/z/9j/0Z9J0501.htm|archive-date=8 November 2011|access-date=18 December 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=L.|first=L. J.|date=1961|title=Review of An Evaluation of Reading Materials for New Literates and a Study of their Reading Needs and Interests|journal=Community Development Bulletin|volume=12|issue=3|pages=102–103|jstor=44279687|issn=2515-4966}}</ref><ref name="Reddy 2005 105">{{Cite book|title=Literacy and Development|last=Reddy|first=Dr. P. Adinarayana|publisher=Discovery Publishing House|year=2005|isbn=81-7141-942-9|location=New Delhi|pages=105}}</ref><ref name="Adinarayana Reddy 2004">{{Cite book|title=Literacy retention and socio-economic development|last=Adinarayana Reddy|first=P|date=2004|publisher=Sarup|isbn=978-81-7625-524-0|location=New Delhi|language=en|oclc=71617107}}</ref>
*A Survey of Reading Materials for Neoliterates, Research, Training and Production Center, JMI and Indian Adult Education Association, Govt. of India, New Delhi, 1957<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=336pwL2ZtjwC&q=mushtaq+ahmed&pg=PA321|title=Adult Education|last=Pati|first=Sura Prasad|publisher=APH Publishing|year=2008|isbn=978-81-7648-969-0|location=Delhi|pages=321|language=en}}</ref>
*A Study of Post-Literacy Programmes (PLP), 1957<ref name="Adinarayana Reddy 2004"/>
*A Study of Post-Literacy Programmes (PLP), 1958<ref name="Adinarayana Reddy 2004"/>
*Teaching Adults to Read and Write, State Resource Centre (SRC), Jamia, New Delhi, 1959<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Education of Masses in India|last=Mali|first=M.G.|publisher=Mittal Publications|year=1989|location=New Delhi|pages=174}}</ref>
*What Literacy Does to People, Ministry of Education, New Delhi, Govt. of India, 1965<ref name=":1" />
*A Survey of Reading Materials for Neoliterates, Research, Training and Production Centre, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 1985<ref name="Reddy 2005 105"/>
*How Long?, Indian Journal of Adult Education, New Delhi, Govt. of India, 1978<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ahmed|first=Mushtaq|date=1978|title=How Long?|url=https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ202742|journal=Indian Journal of Adult Education|language=en|volume=39|issue=1|pages=6–9}}</ref>
* How to Write Primers for Adults, Directorate of Adult Education, New Delhi, Govt. of India,1979<ref name="AU">{{cite web|url=https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:f1c9aPkHRTcJ:www.andhrauniversity.info/syllabus/ADULT%2520EDUCATION%2520SYLLABUS.doc+Indian+Adult+Education+Association+mushtaq+ahmed&hl=en&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESgoxcicSlDb3j-6gHdOQ264qFQiXv8T2HBxFve4ACXTHZZP6itfzogJ_8t7Gzl0fGlkillTcVjFYuHXcUJ-Ht23VoJFz2XTwMDYqowD4Zi2vDrgmDayWQ9tbXmEae6YZSSQNBFP&sig=AHIEtbSiPl5ySf2w9OWTlY92P-kRBuTAUQ|title=Used as ref in MA (Adult and lifelong education) Andhra University|access-date=18 December 2011}}</ref>
* How to Write Primers for Adults, Directorate of Adult education, New Delhi, Govt. of India, 1982<ref>{{Cite book|title=Towards a Multilingual Culture of Education|last=Ouane|first=Adama|publisher=UNESCO Institute for Education|year=2003|isbn=92 820 1131-3|location=Hamburg, Germany|pages=138}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Das|first=Varsha|date=1984|title=Oral Language in Rural Education|journal=India International Centre Quarterly|volume=11|issue=2|pages=205|jstor=23001659}}</ref>
* A Study of the Relationship between the Period of Learning and the Extent of Retention of Literacy, Indian Adult Education Association (IAEA), New Delhi, Govt. of India, 1985<ref>{{Cite book|title=Literacy and Development|last=Reddy|first=Dr. P. Adinarayana|publisher=Discovery Publishing House|year=2005|isbn=81-7141-942-9|location=New Delhi|pages=4}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Literacy retention and socio-economic development|last=Reddy|first=Dr. P. Adinarayana|date=2004|publisher=Sarup|isbn=978-81-7625-524-0|location=New Delhi|language=en|oclc=71617107}}</ref>
*A Study of Post-Literacy Programmes (PLP),1985<ref name="Adinarayana Reddy 2004"/>
* Impact of Population Education on the Learners of Adult Education Programme, SRC, Jamia, New Delhi, 1990
*How to Evaluate Learning Outcomes of Total Literacy Campaigns (TLC), 1992<ref name="Reddy 2005 3">{{Cite book|title=Literacy and Development|last=Reddy|first=Dr. P. Adinarayana|publisher=Discovery Publishing House|year=2005|isbn=81-7141-942-9|location=New Delhi|pages=3}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Two Decades of National Literacy Mission: Some Perspectives|last=Shah|first=S.Y.|publisher=Indian Adult Education Association|year=2012|location=New Delhi|pages=405}}</ref>
*A study on Total Literacy Campaigns, 1994<ref name="Reddy 2005 3"/>
* How to Evaluate Learning Outcomes of TLC Districts, [https://mhrd.gov.in/nlma National Literacy Mission], Ministry of HRD, Govt. of India, 1996
* Equivalency of New Literates vis-a-vis Primary School Students, 1997
*Guidelines for Final Evaluation of Total Literacy Campaign Districts, Department of Education, Ministry of HRD, Govt. of India, 1997<ref>{{Cite book|title=Guidelines for Final Evaluation of Total Literacy Campaign Districts|last=Ahmed|first=Mushtaq|publisher=Department of Education, Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of India|year=1997|location=New Delhi}}</ref>
* Survey of Knowledge, Opinion, and Attitude of Literate/Non-literate Adult Regarding ICPD Paradigm Shift, Directorate of Adult education, Govt. of India, 1998
*Mirror of Total Literacy Campaign (TLC) - An Evaluation of 71 External Evaluation Reports up to 1999, 2000<ref>{{Cite book|title=Two Decades of National Literacy Mission: Some Perspectives|last=Shah|first=S.Y.|publisher=Indian Adult Education Association|year=2012|location=New Delhi|pages=259}}</ref>
* Story of Adult Education, Jamia Millia Islamia, SRC Jamia, 2001
* Participation of Muslims, particularly Muslim women in Total Literacy Campaign, SRC, Jamia 2001

== Awards ==
Mushtaq Ahmed received a Lifetime Achievement Award in 1984 for his yeoman services to the field of adult education by the [http://www.iaea-india.in/gelldetail.php?catid=9 Indian Adult Education Association (IAEA)].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Two Decades of National Literacy Mission: Some Perspectives|publisher=Indian Adult Education Association|year=2012|location=New Delhi|pages=389}}</ref>

In 1997, the [[Ministry of Human Resource Development]], Government of India, conferred upon him a National Award for Literacy, in recognition of his ''outstanding lifetime services to the cause of promoting mass literacy in India''.{{citation needed|date=May 2017}}

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*https://web.archive.org/web/20160813110657/http://iaea-india.org/images/pdf/iaea_newsletter/jan12.pdf
*https://web.archive.org/web/20111004015436/http://dspace.vidyanidhi.org.in:8080/dspace/bitstream/2009/5567/8/KER-1988-101-Bibliography.pdf
*http://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Search/Home?lookfor=subject%3A%22New+literates%27+writings.%22&type=all&limit%5B%5D=&submit=Find&filter[]=author-cluster:%22Ahmed%2C%20Mushtaq%22
*https://books.google.com/books?id=qotm3f_-iZgC&pg=PA153&lpg=PA153&dq=Mushtaq+Ahmed+adult+education+india&source=bl&ots=cSdgZTRDTa&sig=V8BqzRG3A3NzvUXtSOGXCXCv__s&hl=en&ei=SiIfTr3TGcLhrAeFlLWTBQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=10&ved=0CFMQ6AEwCQ
* {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wG4ZygAACAAJ |title=The standards, time periods, and ... – Mushtaq Ahmed – Google Books |access-date=18 December 2011}}
*http://ncw.nic.in/pdfreports/SHG%20final%20report%20in%20Himachal%20pradesh.pdf
*http://planningcommission.nic.in/reports/sereport/ser/stdy_landall.pdf
*http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0003/000300/030008eo.pdf

{{DEFAULTSORT:Azmi, Mushtaq Ahmed}}
[[Category:20th-century Indian educational theorists]]
[[Category:1919 births]]
[[Category:2011 deaths]]
[[Category:Adult education in India]]
[[Category:People from Azamgarh]]
[[Category:Aligarh Muslim University alumni]]
[[Category:Michigan State University alumni]]
[[Category:Adult education leaders]]
[[Category:UNESCO officials]]
[[Category:Jamia Millia Islamia]]
[[Category:Literacy and society theorists]]
[[Category:Indian officials of the United Nations]]

Mushtaq Ahmed Azmi - Revision history

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