Municipal corporation - Revision history

Indianeagle1: minor adjust formatting per standard format and updated info

2026-05-05T12:17:46Z

minor adjust formatting per standard format and updated info

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:47, 5 May 2026
Line 1:		Line 1:
	{{short description\|Legal term for a local governing body}}		{{short description\|Legal term for a local governing body}}
	'''Municipal corporation''' is the legal term for a [[local government\|local governing body]], including (but not necessarily limited to) [[city\|cities]], [[county\|counties]], [[town]]s, [[township]]s, [[charter township]]s, [[village]]s, and [[borough]]s.<ref name="Voornetal" /> ~~The term can also be used to describe~~ [[municipally owned corporation]]s.<ref name=Voornetal>{{cite journal\|last1 = Voorn\| first1 = Bart\|first2= Marieke L.\|last2=Van Genugten\|first3=Sandra\| last3 = van Thiel\|year=2017\|title=The efficiency and effectiveness of municipally owned corporations: A systematic review\|journal=Local Government Studies\|volume=43\|issue=5\|pages=820–841\|doi=10.1080/03003930.2017.1319360\|hdl=2066/176125\|url=https://repository.ubn.ru.nl/bitstream/2066/176125/1/176125.pdf\|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=TavaresCamoes>{{cite journal\|last1=Tavares\|first1=Antonio F.\|first2=Pedro J.\|last2=Camoes\|title=Local service delivery choices in Portugal: A political transaction costs network\|journal=Local Government Studies\|volume=33\|issue=4\|pages=535–553\|doi=10.1080/03003930701417544\|year=2007\|s2cid=154709321}}</ref><ref name=GrossiReichard>{{cite journal\|last1=Grossi\|first1=G.\|last2=Reichard\|first2=C.\|title=Municipal corporatization in Germany and Italy\|journal=Public Management Review\|volume=10\|issue=5\|pages=597–617\|doi=10.1080/14719030802264275\|year=2008\|s2cid=153354582}}</ref>		'''Municipal corporation''' is the legal term for a [[local government\|local governing body]], including (but not necessarily limited to) [[city\|cities]], [[county\|counties]], [[town]]s, [[township]]s, [[charter township]]s, [[village]]s, and [[borough]]s.<ref name="Voornetal" />[[municipally owned corporation\|wned corporation]]s.<ref name=Voornetal>{{cite journal\|last1 = Voorn\| first1 = Bart\|first2= Marieke L.\|last2=Van Genugten\|first3=Sandra\| last3 = van Thiel\|year=2017\|title=The efficiency and effectiveness of municipally owned corporations: A systematic review\|journal=Local Government Studies\|volume=43\|issue=5\|pages=820–841\|doi=10.1080/03003930.2017.1319360\|hdl=2066/176125\|url=https://repository.ubn.ru.nl/bitstream/2066/176125/1/176125.pdf\|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=TavaresCamoes>{{cite journal\|last1=Tavares\|first1=Antonio F.\|first2=Pedro J.\|last2=Camoes\|title=Local service delivery choices in Portugal: A political transaction costs network\|journal=Local Government Studies\|volume=33\|issue=4\|pages=535–553\|doi=10.1080/03003930701417544\|year=2007\|s2cid=154709321}}</ref><ref name=GrossiReichard>{{cite journal\|last1=Grossi\|first1=G.\|last2=Reichard\|first2=C.\|title=Municipal corporatization in Germany and Italy\|journal=Public Management Review\|volume=10\|issue=5\|pages=597–617\|doi=10.1080/14719030802264275\|year=2008\|s2cid=153354582}}</ref>

	==Municipal corporation as local self-government==		==Municipal corporation as local self-government==
Line 21:		Line 21:
	[[File:Ripon Building panorama.jpg\|thumb\|[[Chennai Corporation]] headquarters]]		[[File:Ripon Building panorama.jpg\|thumb\|[[Chennai Corporation]] headquarters]]

	Municipal corporations are the local bodies responsible for governing large urban areas in India. Their establishment is mandated by the [[Seventy-fourth Amendment of the Constitution of India\|74th amendment]],<ref>{{Cite book \|url=https://mohua.gov.in/upload/uploadfiles/files/ConsAct74.pdf \|title=THE CONSTITUTION (SEVENTY-FOURTH AMENDMENT) ACT, 1992 \|publisher=[[Government of India]] \|year=1992}}</ref> and each municipal corporation is established through and governed by municipal acts passed by [[State legislative assemblies of India\|state legislatures]].<ref>{{Cite web \|date=2020-06-04 \|title=Nagrika - What is a Municipal Act? \|url=https://www.nagrika.org/nagrikalarticles/municipalacts \|access-date=2025-04-19 \|website=Nagrika \|language=en-US}}</ref> The [[Greater Chennai Corporation]] is the oldest municipal corporation in India.<ref name="oldestcorp">{{cite news\|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/04/02/stories/2003040200100300.htm\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040128034716/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/04/02/stories/2003040200100300.htm\|url-status=dead\|archive-date=2004-01-28\|title=The first corporation \|date=2003-04-02\|access-date=14 April 2012\|work=[[The Hindu]]\|location=Chennai}}</ref>		Municipal corporations are the local bodies responsible for governing large urban areas in India. Their establishment is mandated by the [[Seventy-fourth Amendment of the Constitution of India\|74th amendment]],<ref>{{Cite book \|url=https://mohua.gov.in/upload/uploadfiles/files/ConsAct74.pdf \|title=THE CONSTITUTION (SEVENTY-FOURTH AMENDMENT) ACT, 1992 \|publisher=[[Government of India]] \|year=1992}}</ref> and each municipal corporation is established through and governed by municipal acts passed by [[State legislative assemblies of India\|state legislatures]].<ref>{{Cite web \|date=2020-06-04 \|title=Nagrika - What is a Municipal Act? \|url=https://www.nagrika.org/nagrikalarticles/municipalacts \|access-date=2025-04-19 \|website=Nagrika \|language=en-US}}</ref> The [[Greater Chennai Corporation]] is the oldest municipal corporation in India, and the oldest in [[Commonwealth of Nations\|the Commonwealth]] outside Britain.<ref name="oldestcorp">{{cite news\|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/04/02/stories/2003040200100300.htm\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040128034716/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/04/02/stories/2003040200100300.htm\|url-status=dead\|archive-date=2004-01-28\|title=The first corporation \|date=2003-04-02\|access-date=14 April 2012\|work=[[The Hindu]]\|location=Chennai}}</ref>

	===Ireland===		===Ireland===

Shenna87P79423: basic rework formatting for consistency and fixed typos

2026-03-24T13:45:19Z

basic rework formatting for consistency and fixed typos

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:15, 24 March 2026
Line 1:		Line 1:
	{{short description\|Legal term for a local governing body}}		{{short description\|Legal term for a local governing body}}
	A '''~~municipal~~ corporation''' is the legal term for a [[local government\|local governing body]], including (but not necessarily limited to) [[city\|cities]], [[county\|counties]], [[town]]s, [[township]]s, [[charter township]]s, [[village]]s, and [[borough]]s.<ref name="Voornetal" /> The term can also be used to describe [[municipally owned corporation]]s.<ref name=Voornetal>{{cite journal\|last1 = Voorn\| first1 = Bart\|first2= Marieke L.\|last2=Van Genugten\|first3=Sandra\| last3 = van Thiel\|year=2017\|title=The efficiency and effectiveness of municipally owned corporations: A systematic review\|journal=Local Government Studies\|volume=43\|issue=5\|pages=820–841\|doi=10.1080/03003930.2017.1319360\|hdl=2066/176125\|url=https://repository.ubn.ru.nl/bitstream/2066/176125/1/176125.pdf\|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=TavaresCamoes>{{cite journal\|last1=Tavares\|first1=Antonio F.\|first2=Pedro J.\|last2=Camoes\|title=Local service delivery choices in Portugal: A political transaction costs network\|journal=Local Government Studies\|volume=33\|issue=4\|pages=535–553\|doi=10.1080/03003930701417544\|year=2007\|s2cid=154709321}}</ref><ref name=GrossiReichard>{{cite journal\|last1=Grossi\|first1=G.\|last2=Reichard\|first2=C.\|title=Municipal corporatization in Germany and Italy\|journal=Public Management Review\|volume=10\|issue=5\|pages=597–617\|doi=10.1080/14719030802264275\|year=2008\|s2cid=153354582}}</ref>		'''Municipal corporation''' is the legal term for a [[local government\|local governing body]], including (but not necessarily limited to) [[city\|cities]], [[county\|counties]], [[town]]s, [[township]]s, [[charter township]]s, [[village]]s, and [[borough]]s.<ref name="Voornetal" /> The term can also be used to describe [[municipally owned corporation]]s.<ref name=Voornetal>{{cite journal\|last1 = Voorn\| first1 = Bart\|first2= Marieke L.\|last2=Van Genugten\|first3=Sandra\| last3 = van Thiel\|year=2017\|title=The efficiency and effectiveness of municipally owned corporations: A systematic review\|journal=Local Government Studies\|volume=43\|issue=5\|pages=820–841\|doi=10.1080/03003930.2017.1319360\|hdl=2066/176125\|url=https://repository.ubn.ru.nl/bitstream/2066/176125/1/176125.pdf\|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=TavaresCamoes>{{cite journal\|last1=Tavares\|first1=Antonio F.\|first2=Pedro J.\|last2=Camoes\|title=Local service delivery choices in Portugal: A political transaction costs network\|journal=Local Government Studies\|volume=33\|issue=4\|pages=535–553\|doi=10.1080/03003930701417544\|year=2007\|s2cid=154709321}}</ref><ref name=GrossiReichard>{{cite journal\|last1=Grossi\|first1=G.\|last2=Reichard\|first2=C.\|title=Municipal corporatization in Germany and Italy\|journal=Public Management Review\|volume=10\|issue=5\|pages=597–617\|doi=10.1080/14719030802264275\|year=2008\|s2cid=153354582}}</ref>

	==Municipal corporation as local self-government==		==Municipal corporation as local self-government==

	Municipal incorporation occurs when such [[municipality\|municipalities]] become self-governing entities under the laws of the state or province in which they are located. Often, this event is marked by the award or declaration of a [[municipal charter]]. A '''city charter''' or '''town charter''' or '''municipal charter''' is a [[legal document]] establishing a municipality, such as a [[city]] or [[town]].{{citation needed\|date=May 2017}}		Municipal incorporation occurs when such [[municipality\|municipalities]] become self-governing entities under the laws of the state or province in which they are located. Often, this event is marked by the award or declaration of a [[municipal charter]]. A '''city charter''' or '''town charter''' or '''municipal charter''' is a [[legal document]] establishing a municipality, such as a [[city]] or [[town]].{{citation needed\|date=May 2017}}

			===Bangladesh===
			{{main article\|List of city corporations in Bangladesh}}
			{{main article\|List of municipal corporations in Bangladesh}}
			There are 12 city corporations in [[Bangladesh]]. Two of them are located in the capital [[Dhaka]] and the remaining 10 are located in the most populous [[cities]] of the eight divisions.{{Clarify\|date=January 2025}} They carry out major works in the cities and perform socio-economic and civic functions. In addition, there are 330 municipalities in the eight [[Administrative division\|divisions]] of [[Bangladesh]]. A city corporation is a much stronger and larger [[Local governing body]] than a municipal corporation. This is because a city corporation consists of a [[Metropolitan municipality\|metropolitan city]] of a [[district]] and a municipal corporation consists of a [[municipal]] area in a [[Upazila\|sub-district]].<ref>{{cite web \| url=https://thefinancialexpress.com.bd/views/columns/making-city-corporation-effective-1649869161#google_vignette \| title=Making City Corporation effective }}</ref><ref>{{cite web \| url=https://en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/603y478vyh \| title=Facilities of city corporations' councilors being increased by manifold \| date=12 February 2023 }}</ref>

	===Canada===		===Canada===
Line 13:		Line 18:
	===India===		===India===

	{{Main\|Municipal ~~Corporations in~~ India}}		{{Main\|Municipal corporation (India)}}
	[[File:Ripon Building panorama.jpg\|thumb\|[[Chennai Corporation]] headquarters]]		[[File:Ripon Building panorama.jpg\|thumb\|[[Chennai Corporation]] headquarters]]

	The [[Greater Chennai Corporation]] is the oldest ~~Municipal Corporation~~ in ~~the world outside the United Kingdom~~.<ref name="oldestcorp">{{cite news\|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/04/02/stories/2003040200100300.htm\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040128034716/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/04/02/stories/2003040200100300.htm\|url-status=dead\|archive-date=2004-01-28\|title=The first corporation \|date=2003-04-02\|access-date=14 April 2012\|work=[[The Hindu]]\|location=Chennai}}</ref>		Municipal corporations are the local bodies responsible for governing large urban areas in India. Their establishment is mandated by the [[Seventy-fourth Amendment of the Constitution of India\|74th amendment]],<ref>{{Cite book \|url=https://mohua.gov.in/upload/uploadfiles/files/ConsAct74.pdf \|title=THE CONSTITUTION (SEVENTY-FOURTH AMENDMENT) ACT, 1992 \|publisher=[[Government of India]] \|year=1992}}</ref> and each municipal corporation is established through and governed by municipal acts passed by [[State legislative assemblies of India\|state legislatures]].<ref>{{Cite web \|date=2020-06-04 \|title=Nagrika - What is a Municipal Act? \|url=https://www.nagrika.org/nagrikalarticles/municipalacts \|access-date=2025-04-19 \|website=Nagrika \|language=en-US}}</ref> The [[Greater Chennai Corporation]] is the oldest municipal corporation in India.<ref name="oldestcorp">{{cite news\|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/04/02/stories/2003040200100300.htm\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040128034716/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/04/02/stories/2003040200100300.htm\|url-status=dead\|archive-date=2004-01-28\|title=The first corporation \|date=2003-04-02\|access-date=14 April 2012\|work=[[The Hindu]]\|location=Chennai}}</ref>

	===Ireland===		===Ireland===
Line 26:		Line 31:
	===New Zealand===		===New Zealand===

	The [[New Zealand Constitution Act 1852]] allowed municipal corporations to be established within the new [[~~Provinces~~ of New Zealand]]. The term fell out of favour following the abolition of the ~~Provinces~~ in 1876.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-GovCons-t1-body-d1-d1.html\|publisher=[[Victoria University of Wellington]] - New Zealand Electronic Text Collection\|title=New Zealand Constitution Act 1852\|access-date=2 April 2019\|date=30 June 1852\|ref={{sfnref\|Constitution Act\|1852}}}}</ref>		The [[New Zealand Constitution Act 1852]] allowed municipal corporations to be established within the new [[provinces of New Zealand]]. The term fell out of favour following the abolition of the provinces in 1876.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-GovCons-t1-body-d1-d1.html\|publisher=[[Victoria University of Wellington]] - New Zealand Electronic Text Collection\|title=New Zealand Constitution Act 1852\|access-date=2 April 2019\|date=30 June 1852\|ref={{sfnref\|Constitution Act\|1852}}}}</ref>

			===Pakistan===

			{{main article\|Municipal Corporation (Pakistan)}}
			Municipal corporations are local government bodies responsible for running the city system of [[Pakistan]]. They have been established under their respective [[Local government in Pakistan\|Local Government Acts]] of the provinces.
			Article 140-A of the [[Constitution of Pakistan]], introduced by the
			18th Amendment in 2010, mandates that each province must establish a local government system by law and devolve political, administrative, and financial power to elected local representatives.

	===United Kingdom===		===United Kingdom===
Line 38:		Line 50:

	{{main\|Local government in the United States}}		{{main\|Local government in the United States}}

			Most [[U.S. state]]s and territories have at least two tiers of local government: [[County (United States)\|counties]] and [[Municipality\|municipalities]]. [[Louisiana]] uses the term [[List of parishes in Louisiana\|parish]], [[Alaska]] uses the term [[List of boroughs and census areas in Alaska\|borough]], and [[Connecticut]] uses the term [[Councils of governments in Connecticut\|planning region]] for what the [[United States Census Bureau\|U.S. Census Bureau]] terms [[county equivalent]]s in those states. [[Civil township]]s or towns are used as subdivisions of a county in 20 states, mostly in the Northeast and Midwest.

			Population centers may be organized into incorporated municipalities of several types, including the [[city]], [[town]], [[Borough (United States)\|borough]], and [[Village (United States)\|village]]. The types and nature of these municipal entities vary from state to state. In addition to these general-purpose local governments, states may also create [[Special district (United States)\|special-purpose]] local governments. Depending on the state, local governments may operate under their own charters or under general law, or a state may have a mix of chartered and general-law local governments. Generally, in a state having both chartered and general-law local governments, the chartered local governments have more local autonomy and home rule. Municipalities are typically subordinate to a county government, with some exceptions. Certain cities, for example, have consolidated with their county government as [[Consolidated city-county\|consolidated city-counties]]. In [[Virginia]], cities are completely [[Independent city (United States)\|independent]] from the county in which they would otherwise be a part. In some states, particularly in New England, [[New England town\|towns]] form the primary unit of local government below the state level, in some cases eliminating the need for county government entirely. Many rural areas and even some suburban areas of many states have no municipal government below the county level.

			In addition to counties and municipalities, states often create special purpose authorities, such as [[school district]]s and districts for fire protection, [[sanitary sewer]] service, [[public transport]]ation, [[Public library\|public libraries]], public parks or forests, water resource management, and [[conservation district]]s. Such special purpose districts may encompass areas in multiple municipalities or counties. According to the US Census Bureau's data collected in 2012, there were 89,004 local government units in the United States. This data shows a decline from 89,476 units since the last census of local governments performed in 2007.{{update inline\|date=July 2025}}

			Each of the five permanently inhabited [[Territories of the United States\|U.S. territories]] is also subdivided into smaller entities. Puerto Rico has [[Municipalities of Puerto Rico\|78 municipalities]], and the [[Northern Mariana Islands]] has four municipalities. [[Guam]] has [[List of populated places in Guam#List of villages\|villages]], the [[United States Virgin Islands\|U.S. Virgin Islands]] has [[Districts and sub-districts of the United States Virgin Islands\|districts]], and [[American Samoa]] has [[Administrative divisions of American Samoa\|districts and unorganized atolls]].

			Each [[Indian Reservation]] is subdivided in various ways. For example, the [[Navajo Nation]] is subdivided into agencies and [[Chapter house (Navajo Nation)\|chapter houses]], while the [[Blackfeet Indian Reservation\|Blackfeet Nation]] is subdivided into [[Blackfeet Indian Reservation\|communities]].

	==Municipal corporations as enterprises==		==Municipal corporations as enterprises==

	According to one definition of the term, municipal corporations are "organisations with independent corporate status, managed by an executive board appointed primarily by local government officials, and with majority public ownership".<ref name=Voornetal /> Some such corporations rely on revenue from user fees, distinguishing them from agencies and special districts funded through taxation,<ref name=TavaresCamoes /> although this is not always the case.<ref name=Voornetal /> Such municipal corporations result from a process of "externalization", and require different skills and orientations from the respective local governments, and follow common changes{{clarify\|date=February 2022}} in the institutional landscape of public services.<ref name=GrossiReichard /> They are argued to be more efficient than government bureaucracies, ~~but~~ have higher failure rates because of their legal and managerial ~~autonomy~~.<ref name=Voornetal />		According to one definition of the term, municipal corporations are "organisations with independent corporate status, managed by an executive board appointed primarily by local government officials, and with majority public ownership".<ref name=Voornetal /> Some such corporations rely on revenue from user fees, distinguishing them from agencies and special districts funded through taxation,<ref name=TavaresCamoes /> although this is not always the case.<ref name=Voornetal /> Such municipal corporations result from a process of "externalization", and require different skills and orientations from the respective local governments, and follow common changes{{clarify\|date=February 2022}} in the institutional landscape of public services.<ref name=GrossiReichard /> They are argued to be more efficient than government bureaucracies, having been observed as generally more successful in providing most public goods and services, despite seeming to have higher failure rates initially, hypothetically because of their legal and managerial status.<ref name=Voornetal />

	==See also==		==See also==
Line 67:		Line 89:

	[[Category:Government corporations]]		[[Category:Government corporations]]
			[[Category:Municipalities]]
	[[Category:Types of business entity]]		[[Category:Types of business entity]]
	[[Category:Urban planning]]		[[Category:Urban planning]]

Ajay Kumar: Created a new article

2023-08-25T20:18:43Z

Created a new article

New page

{{short description|Legal term for a local governing body}}
A '''municipal corporation''' is the legal term for a [[local government|local governing body]], including (but not necessarily limited to) [[city|cities]], [[county|counties]], [[town]]s, [[township]]s, [[charter township]]s, [[village]]s, and [[borough]]s.<ref name="Voornetal" /> The term can also be used to describe [[municipally owned corporation]]s.<ref name=Voornetal>{{cite journal|last1 = Voorn| first1 = Bart|first2= Marieke L.|last2=Van Genugten|first3=Sandra| last3 = van Thiel|year=2017|title=The efficiency and effectiveness of municipally owned corporations: A systematic review|journal=Local Government Studies|volume=43|issue=5|pages=820–841|doi=10.1080/03003930.2017.1319360|hdl=2066/176125|url=https://repository.ubn.ru.nl/bitstream/2066/176125/1/176125.pdf|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=TavaresCamoes>{{cite journal|last1=Tavares|first1=Antonio F.|first2=Pedro J.|last2=Camoes|title=Local service delivery choices in Portugal: A political transaction costs network|journal=Local Government Studies|volume=33|issue=4|pages=535–553|doi=10.1080/03003930701417544|year=2007|s2cid=154709321}}</ref><ref name=GrossiReichard>{{cite journal|last1=Grossi|first1=G.|last2=Reichard|first2=C.|title=Municipal corporatization in Germany and Italy|journal=Public Management Review|volume=10|issue=5|pages=597–617|doi=10.1080/14719030802264275|year=2008|s2cid=153354582}}</ref>

==Municipal corporation as local self-government==

Municipal incorporation occurs when such [[municipality|municipalities]] become self-governing entities under the laws of the state or province in which they are located. Often, this event is marked by the award or declaration of a [[municipal charter]]. A '''city charter''' or '''town charter''' or '''municipal charter''' is a [[legal document]] establishing a municipality, such as a [[city]] or [[town]].{{citation needed|date=May 2017}}

===Canada===

{{main article|Municipal government in Canada}}
In Canada, charters are granted by [[provinces and territories of Canada|provincial authorities]].

===India===

{{Main|Municipal Corporations in India}}
[[File:Ripon Building panorama.jpg|thumb|[[Chennai Corporation]] headquarters]]

The [[Greater Chennai Corporation]] is the oldest Municipal Corporation in the world outside the United Kingdom.<ref name="oldestcorp">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/04/02/stories/2003040200100300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040128034716/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/04/02/stories/2003040200100300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2004-01-28|title=The first corporation |date=2003-04-02|access-date=14 April 2012|work=[[The Hindu]]|location=Chennai}}</ref>

===Ireland===

The title "corporation" was used in [[borough]]s from soon after the [[Norman conquest of Ireland|Norman conquest]] until the [[Local Government Act 2001]]. Under the 2001 act, [[county borough]]s were renamed "cities" and their corporations became "city councils"; other borough corporations were renamed "borough councils".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/2001/en/act/pub/0037/|title=Local Government Act, 2001|work=[[Irish Statute Book]]|access-date=13 May 2014|page=§11(3), §11(4), Schedule 2|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140204040438/http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/2001/en/act/pub/0037/|archive-date=4 February 2014}}</ref>

After the [[Partition of Ireland]], the corporations in the [[Irish Free State]] were Dublin, [[Cork (city)|Cork]], [[Limerick]] and [[Waterford]] (county boroughs) and [[Drogheda]], [[Kilkenny]], [[Sligo]], [[Clonmel]], and Wexford (non-county boroughs). [[Dún Laoghaire]] gained borough status in 1930 as "The Corporation of Dun Laoghaire".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/1930/en/act/pub/0027/sec0003.html#sec3|title=Local Government (Dublin) Act, 1930, Section 3|work=[[Irish Statute Book]]|access-date=13 May 2014}}</ref> [[Galway]]'s borough status, lost in 1840, was restored in 1937; it was formally styled "the Mayor, Aldermen and Burgesses of the Borough of Galway",<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/1937/en/act/prv/0003/sec0003.html |title=Local Government (Galway) Act, 1937, Section 3 |work=[[Irish Statute Book]]|access-date=13 May 2014}}</ref> but referred to as "the Corporation".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/1937/en/act/prv/0003/sec0002.html |title=Local Government (Galway) Act, 1937, Section 2 |work=[[Irish Statute Book]]|access-date=13 May 2014}}</ref>

===New Zealand===

The [[New Zealand Constitution Act 1852]] allowed municipal corporations to be established within the new [[Provinces of New Zealand]]. The term fell out of favour following the abolition of the Provinces in 1876.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-GovCons-t1-body-d1-d1.html|publisher=[[Victoria University of Wellington]] - New Zealand Electronic Text Collection|title=New Zealand Constitution Act 1852|access-date=2 April 2019|date=30 June 1852|ref={{sfnref|Constitution Act|1852}}}}</ref>

===United Kingdom===

{{main|Borough status in the United Kingdom}}
The [[ancient borough]]s of [[England and Wales]] were typically incorporated by a [[royal charter]], though some were boroughs by [[Customary law|prescription]]. The [[Municipal Corporations Act 1835]] and [[Municipal Corporations Act 1882]] abolished the corporations of [[rotten borough]]s and other small rural areas. The [[Local Government Act 1888]] aligned the powers of the remaining borough corporations with those of the new [[Urban district (England and Wales)|urban district council]]s. All borough corporations were replaced under the [[Local Government Act 1972]] with councils not designated as "corporations", with the exception of the [[City of London Corporation]].

The corporations of the [[burgh]]s of Scotland were similar in origin and were reformed or replaced in the nineteenth century before being abolished by the [[Local Government (Scotland) Act 1973]]. The Irish borough corporations within what is now [[Northern Ireland]] were reformed by the [[Municipal Corporations (Ireland) Act 1840]] and [[Local Government (Ireland) Act 1898]] and replaced by the [[Local Government Act (Northern Ireland) 1972]].

===United States===

{{main|Local government in the United States}}

==Municipal corporations as enterprises==

According to one definition of the term, municipal corporations are "organisations with independent corporate status, managed by an executive board appointed primarily by local government officials, and with majority public ownership".<ref name=Voornetal /> Some such corporations rely on revenue from user fees, distinguishing them from agencies and special districts funded through taxation,<ref name=TavaresCamoes /> although this is not always the case.<ref name=Voornetal /> Such municipal corporations result from a process of "externalization", and require different skills and orientations from the respective local governments, and follow common changes{{clarify|date=February 2022}} in the institutional landscape of public services.<ref name=GrossiReichard /> They are argued to be more efficient than government bureaucracies, but have higher failure rates because of their legal and managerial autonomy.<ref name=Voornetal />

==See also==
* [[German town law]]
* [[Unincorporated area]]
* [[Municipality]]
* '''''<small>{{portal-inline|Cities}}</small>'''''

==References==

{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==

===Municipal incorporation===

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20141020110606/https://www.census.gov/geo/reference/pdfs/GARM/Ch9GARM.pdf "Characteristics and State Requirements for Incorporated Places"] - United States Census

===Municipal disincorporation/dissolution===

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20181117014943/http://www.californiacityfinance.com/DisincorporationKnox2010.pdf "Municipal Disincorporation in California"] - California City Finance

{{Cities}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Government corporations]]
[[Category:Types of business entity]]
[[Category:Urban planning]]