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{{for|the [[Romania]]n commune called Mundra in [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]]|Mândra}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Mundra
| official_name =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = town
| image_skyline = Glass studded roof of Bukhari Pir Dargah, Mundra, Kutch, Gujarat.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Glass studded roof of Bukhari Pir Dargah
| pushpin_map = India Gujarat#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Gujarat, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.85|N|69.73|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Gujarat]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kutch district|Kutch]]
| established_title =
| established_date = 1640s
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Municipality]]
| governing_body = Mundra-Baroi Nagar Palika
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 14
| population_total = 36,281<ref name="x1"/>
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| demographics1_title2 = Others
| demographics1_info2 = [[Kutchi language|Kutchi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 370421
| registration_plate = GJ-12
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Mundra''' is a [[census town]] and a headquarter of Mundra Taluka of [[Kutch district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Gujarat]]. Founded in about the 1640s, the town was an important mercantile centre and port throughout its history. [[Mundra Port]] is the largest private port in India.

==History==
[[File:Mundra Fort Kutch Gujarat.jpg|thumb|Mundra Fort|left]]
Mundra was established by Bhojarajji I of [[Cutch State]] in the 1640s.{{sfn|Goswami|2015|p=94}}<ref name="Mehta2009">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wyc5QwAACAAJ|title=History of International Trade and Customs Duties in Gujarat|last=Mehta|first=Makrand|publisher=Darshak Itihas Nidhi|year=2009|location=Vadodara|pages=55|chapter=Ports and Maritime Trade of Kutch|oclc=439922062}}</ref>

According to a legend, a [[Jain]] merchant named Vardhaman Sheth asked Pir Hazrat Shah Murad Bukhari to pray for the safety of his sinking cargo ship. Miraculously, the ship was saved when the [[Pir (Sufism)|pir]] used his ''[[dhoti]]'' to prevent seawater from entering the ship. Vardhaman Sheth requested the pir to rename the town from Dumra to Muradabad in his respect, but the pir declined and suggested the name Munahara, {{literal translation|a picturesque town near a river}}. The name Mundra derived from Munahara. Many other miracles are attributed to the pir. The legend also highlights a local custom among seafarers and merchants of visiting the pir's shrine before going to sea.{{sfn|Goswami|2015|p=94}}

The town was fortified in 1728 by Devakaran Seth, Dewan of [[Deshalji I]].<ref name="gb" />{{sfn|Goswami|2015|p=95}} The Old Mundra town was walled and fortified with the masonry from the ruins of the ancient town of [[Bhadresar|Bhadreshwar]], twenty-seven kilometres to the north-east.<ref name="Burgess1876">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u0D9MgEACAAJ|title=Report on the Antiquities of Kutch & Kathiawar: Being the Result of the Second Season's Operations of the Archaeological Survey of Western India, 1874-1875|author=James Burgess|author-link=James Burgess (archaeologist)|publisher=India Museum|year=1876|location=London|pages=187, 217|access-date=27 August 2016|archive-url=http://www.dli.ernet.in/handle/2015/106940|archive-date=2015}}{{PD-notice}}</ref> It is mentioned in the Bantvijaya Chronicles and the masonry was transported as late as Vikram Samvat 1817 (1760). It is also mentioned by [[James Burgess (archaeologist)|James Burgess]]. Colonel Holland who visited it in the 1840s mentions that the walled town was 1.5 miles in circumference and had 1500 houses.{{sfn|Goswami|2015|p=97}}

In 1755, Mundra was held and defended by [[Godji II]] when he was in revolt against his father Rao [[Lakhpatji]]. He imposed charges on merchants entering and exiting the town to raise the funds on the advice of Punja, his adviser. Lakhaptji was angered by the act and sent an army to the town. Godji fled to [[Morbi]], strengthened his army and recaptured the town from his father. They compromised and Godji was allowed to keep Mundra and Punja was forced to retire.{{sfn|Goswami|2015|p=97}}

During Rao [[Rayadhan III]]'s reign in 1778, he was forced to retire and the administration of the state was took over by [[Bar Bhayat ni Jamat]] (the council of twelve), a group of chiefs. A soldier called [[Fateh Muhammad]] rose to dominance in 1792. In 1801, Mundra was given by Fateh Muhammad to another chief called Dosal Ven. He later regained the town from him.{{sfn|Goswami|2015|p=97}} Later it was given to Hansraj who also rose against him so he transferred it to his associate Muhammad Sota. In 1815, when held by Muhammad Sota, it was unsuccessfully attacked by Rao [[Bharmalji II]].{{sfn|Goswami|2015|p=98}} In 1818, it is said to have a population of 1200 souls and to have yielded a revenue of £3000 (Rs 30,000). In 1855, the fort was in good repair and contained 1500 houses. In 1861, it was noted for petty carpets of stamped cotton. In 1879, there was a considerable trade with [[Kathiawar]], [[Khambhat]], [[Surat]] and [[Bombay]]. The chief exports were cotton, castor seed, pulse, wool and dyed cloth and the chief imports were metals, timber, grain, dates, grocery, and piece goods. In 1872, it had a population of 7952.<ref name="gb">{{cite book|title=Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Cutch, Palanpur, and Mahi Kantha|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dLUBAAAAYAAJ|year=1880|publisher=Printed at the Government Central Press|pages=213–215, 244–245}}{{PD-notice}}</ref> The town was the base of many mercantile communities including Kutchi Oswal Vanias and Bhatias in the 18th to early 20th century. The importance of the town declined with the rise of [[Bombay]] (now Mumbai) and the construction of the [[Rajputana–Malwa Railway|Rajputana railway]] in the 1870s.{{sfn|Goswami|2015|pp=101-108}}
[[File:SAMUNDARA TOWNSHIP - panoramio.jpg|thumb|left|Samundra Township]]
After the independence of India in 1947, [[Cutch State]] acceded unto the [[dominion of India]] and was constituted an independent [[commissionaire]], [[Kutch State]]. In 1956, Kutch State was merged with [[Bombay state]], which in 1960 was divided into the new linguistic states of [[Gujarat]] and [[Maharashtra]], with Kutch becoming part of Gujarat state. Mundra now falls under [[Kutch district]] of Gujarat.

In 1994, the [[Mundra Port]] was announced at Mundra. The operation started in October 1998. In subsequent years, the port expanded rapidly resulting in rapid expansion of the town and population. During the [[2001 Gujarat earthquake|January 2001 Gujarat earthquake]], Mundra was the only place in the district of Kutch which was not affected by the devastation. Following the earthquake, the tax incentives were granted for setting up new industries in this district which led to the rapid industrialisation of this region. In 2014, Mundra Port surpassed [[Kandla]] in cargo handling and became the largest private port of India.{{sfn|Goswami|2015|p=108}}<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/HiMOhetrkIIrJmAVtI6RMN/Mundra-overtakes-Kandla-to-emerge-as-Indias-largest-port.html|title=Mundra overtakes Kandla to emerge as India’s largest port|last=Pathak|first=Maulik|date=2013-07-22|work=Live Mint|access-date=2017-08-22}}</ref> On 29 August 2020, Mundra and Baroi [[Gram panchayat|Gram Panchayat]]s were merged to form the Mundra-Baroi [[Municipal Council (India)|Municipality]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-08-17|title=Port town Mundra in Kutch to get Municipality Status|url=https://www.deshgujarat.com/2020/08/17/port-town-mundra-in-kutch-to-get-municipality-status/|access-date=2020-10-04|website=DeshGujarat|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-08-18|title=કચ્છના મુન્દ્રા તાલુકાની બે પંચાયતને પાલિકાનો દરજ્જો, મુન્દ્રા અને બારોઇ એક સંયુક્ત નગરપાલિકા|url=https://www.divyabhaskar.co.in/local/gujarat/ahmedabad/news/two-panchayats-of-mundra-taluka-of-kutch-have-municipal-status-mundra-and-baroi-are-a-joint-municipality-127626004.html|access-date=2020-10-04|website=Divya Bhaskar|language=gu}}</ref>

==Civic administration==
Mundra-Baroi Municipality was incorporated in 2020. They were administered by [[gram panchayat]]s before. There are 7 wards and 28 seats in Mundra-Baroi Municipality. Of them, 18 seats are for reserved categories and 10 seats for unreserved categories.<ref name="x1">{{Cite web|date=2020-09-05|title=પોલિટીકલ: મુન્દ્રા-બારોઇ નગરપાલિકાના 7 વોર્ડની રચના સાથે 28 બેઠકો જાહેર|url=https://www.divyabhaskar.co.in/local/gujarat/bhuj/news/28-seats-declared-with-formation-of-7-wards-of-mundra-baroi-municipality-127686327.html|access-date=2021-04-27|website=Divya Bhaskar|language=gu}}</ref>

==Places of interest==
<gallery mode="packed">
File:Bukhari Pir Dargah Mundra Kutch Gujarat India.jpg|Bukhari Pir Dargah
File:Gate of Bukhari Pir Dargah, Mundra, Kutch, Gujarat.jpg|Stone carving on the gate of Bukhari Pir Dargah
File:Shikhara in a Jain canopy at Mundra, Kutch (destroyed in 2001 earthquake).jpg|Shikhara of a Jain canopy, destroyed in 2001 earthquake
File:Shiv Mandir at Shantivan Mundra.JPG|Shantinath Mahadev Temple at Shantivan Colony, Mundra
</gallery>
* The Mahadev temple has memorials to some sailors of town, including some who advised the Sultan of Zanzibar and guided Vasco da Gama to India.
* [[Jhulelal (Hinduism)|Dariyalal]], the patron saint of Kutchi fisher-people has a dedicated temple.
* Bukhari Pir Dargah: Shah Murad Bukhari arrived ruled Khanate of [[Bukhara]] (now in Uzbekistan) but he was spiritually inclined. He came to India during the reign of [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] Emperor Aurangzeb (1662) and lived at [[Nizamuddin Dargah]] in Delhi for some time and later reached Kutch where he was welcome by Rao Tamachi and locals. He lived in Mundra from 1662 to 1670. When he died, a Dariya Pir Dargah (shrine) dedicated to him was built. Aurangzeb built a gate in his honor, which still stands and is known today as the Mughal Gate. The seafarers and merchants used to visit it for blessings before venturing into the sea. The shrine receives a large number of devotees returning from the pilgrimage to [[Hajipir]] in March–April.{{sfn|Goswami|2015|p=94}}<ref name="Ray2011">{{cite book|author=Aniruddha Ray|title=The Varied Facets of History: Essays in Honour of Aniruddha Ray|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5qSbjBTDC-UC&pg=PA265|year=2011|publisher=Primus Books|isbn=978-93-80607-16-0|page=265}}</ref><ref name="Kumari2007">{{cite book|author=Ashok Pratap Singh& Patiraj Kumari|title=Psychological Implications in Industrial Performance|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MHNsxbiEM4UC&pg=PA830|year=2007|publisher=Global Vision Publishing House|isbn=978-81-8220-200-9|page=830}}</ref>
* Fortification: The walls of the old city fortifications have a religious origin, as they were dragged from the ruins of the ancient city of Bhadravati (now [[Bhadresar]]).<ref name="gb"/><ref name="Burgess1876"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gujarattourism.com/showpage.aspx?contentid=263&webpartid=531&lang=English|title=Mundra|website=Gujarat Tourism|date=19 September 2016|access-date=19 September 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111202034729/http://www.gujarattourism.com/showpage.aspx?contentid=263&webpartid=531&lang=English|archive-date=2 December 2011}}</ref>
* Navlakho Bungalow: a very large and handsome two-storied bungalow built by Laximdas Laddha, son of Laddha Damji who was a manager of firm of [[Jairam Shivji]], a merchant banker who dominated commerce in East Africa in 18th and 19th century.<ref name=Goswami>{{cite book|last=Goswami|first=Chhaya|title=Globalization before Its Time: The Gujarati Merchants from Kachchh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a9GECwAAQBAJ&pg=PT148|date=18 February 2016|publisher=Penguin Books Limited|isbn=978-93-85890-70-3|pp=222, 225}}</ref>
* Swali Sheri: The family of Jairam Shivji came to be known as Swahili due to their business in East Africa where [[Swahili language]] is spoken. His family adopted the surname Swali and the street near his house became known as Swali Sheri.<ref name=Goswami/><ref name="Khan2013">{{cite news |last1=Khan |first1=Saeed |title=Mundra town has a Swahili Street {{!}} Ahmedabad News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/mundra-town-has-a-swahili-street/articleshow/23117661.cms |access-date=19 May 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=27 September 2013 |language=en}}</ref>
* A canopy (''chhatra'') raised over the footprints (''paduka'') of a Jain high priest of the [[Gaccha|Anchal Gaccha]], 13{{1/2}} feet square inside, with a small spire over the marble slab on which the footprints arc engraved. The inside of the dome is neatly carved with a row of standing musicians. The outside of the dome is modern, but the screen wall, pillars, and interior are all old in thirteenth- or fourteenth-century style. As the inscription round the footprints is dated 1744, this shrine is probably the hall, ''mandap'' of an old temple. The front of the spire, ''shikhar'' over the marble slab bears the footprints of the Guru Harshaji, the disciple of Radhaji, the disciple of the Guru Jivaji, who died in [[Margashirsha]] Vad 10th of Samvat 1797 (1740) which is inscribed. Near this is a memorial stone, ''[[paliya]]'', apparently, from the figure of a ship carved on it, raised to some seafarer.<ref name="gb"/><ref name="Burgess1876"/> The canopy was destroyed in the 2001 earthquake.
* Shantinath Mahadev Temple is a Hindu temple dedicated to [[Shiva]]. It is located near Shantivan Colony, a township for employees of Adani Port, near Nana Kapaya village. The temple is surrounded by a garden.
* There are four [[Jain]] temples in town; [[Sheetalnath]] temple of Anchal Gaccha, [[Parshwanath]] temple of [[Tapa Gaccha]], [[Mahavira]] temple of [[Kharatara Gaccha]] and Amizara Parshwanath temple of Gorji Trust.
* At Baroi, about a mile from Mundra, enclosed in a small court, is a temple of Nilkanth Mahadev, or the blue-necked Shiva, with, at the right side of the shrine door, an inscription dated 1667 (Samvat 1724). The [[lingam|linga]] is overshadowed by a large seven-headed brass snake. It is said to have been brought from the Shiva temple of Duda at Bhadresar.<ref name="gb"/><ref name="Burgess1876"/>

==Amenities and culture==
[[File:Khoja Lalji Sumar Primary School, Mundra, Kutch, Gujarat, India.jpg|thumb|Khoja Lalji Sumar Primary School]]
Gaddhasar or Shastri Ground is the major playground in town. The transportation and medical facilities are available. Maharaoshri Khengarji Library in the old town is public library run by local administration.

In 1905, [[Aga Khan III]] started the Aga Khan School in Mundra, the first school what later became a large network of schools, [[Aga Khan Education Service]]. Other major schools are Government Primary School (Darbari), R. D. Highschool, St. Xavier's School, Calorx Public School (Samudra Township), Adani Public School. Khoja Lalji Sumar Primary School was founded in 1871.

There are commerce, arts and PTC colleges in the town.

[[Dabeli]] and Kadak are popular snacks of town.

Nani Ravadi and Moti Ravadi are local dance and procession festivals celebrated in Shravan month of Hindu calendar by seafaring communities of [[Kharwa caste|Kharva]]. Nava Naroj is celebrated as a starting day of new seafaring season. All other major Hindu and Muslim religious festivals are celebrated in the town including [[Diwali]], [[Holi]], [[Uttarayan]], [[Muharram]] and [[Eid al-Fitr|Eids]].

==Economy==
{{main|Mundra Port|Mundra Ultra Mega Power Plant||Mundra Thermal Power Station}}
[[File:Adani Mundra Port Kutch Gujarat.jpg|thumb|left|Mundra Port]]
[[File:Mundra thermal power station.jpg|thumb|Mundra thermal power station]]
Mundra was well known for salt and spice trading in the past and now for [[tie-dye]] and [[Woodblock printing on textiles|block-printed]] textiles. The old harbor is virtually unusable today, and only small local fishing crafts navigate its silted waterways up the river.

The main source of income for the local people is agriculture, horticulture and wage labour. Mundra has a [[Date Palm]] Research Station operated by [[Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural University]] converted from seed farm in 1969. Several people are employed in manufacturing companies, port and power stations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tatapower.com/cgpl-mundra/home.aspx|title=4000 MW Mundra Ultra Mega Power Project (UMPP)}}</ref>

[[Mundra Port]] is the largest private port with multiproduct [[special economic zone]] owned and operated by [[Adani Ports & SEZ Limited]].

There are two [[thermal power station]]s adjacent to Mundra, [[Mundra Ultra Mega Power Plant]] operated by [[Tata Power]] and [[Mundra Thermal Power Station]] operated by [[Adani Power]]. This power station generates over 8,600 [[Watt#Megawatt|MW]] of electricity. The coal for the power plant is imported primarily from Indonesia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/money/report_indonesian-nightmare-for-tata-adani-jsw-lanco_1554313|title=Indonesian nightmare for Tata, Adani, JSW, Lanco}}</ref> Source of water for the power plant is sea water from the [[Gulf of Kutch]].

==Transport==
[[Mundra Airport]] is a private airport operated by [[Adani Group]] for scheduled as well as non-scheduled operations.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

===Bibliography===
* {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dEqUrgEACAAJ|title=Port Towns of Gujarat|last=Goswami|first=Chhaya|publisher=Primus Books with Darshak Itihas Nidhi, Vadodara|year=2015|isbn=978-93-84082-16-1|editor-last=Keller|editor-first=Sara|location=Delhi|pages=93–110|chapter=8. Mundra: A Tale of a Walled Port Town|oclc=905646412|editor-last2=Pearson|editor-first2=Michael N.|chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/36334462/8_Mundra_A_Tale_of_a_Walled_Port_Town_chhaya_goswami|via=academia.edu}}
{{commons category}}
{{Gujarat}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Kutch district]]
[[Category:Ports and harbours of Gujarat]]

Mundra - Revision history

imported>Whispyhistory: /* Places of interest */ ce/convert bare url