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{{short description|Ethno-linguistic groups of people found in South Asia}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Munda peoples
| image = Munda-Sprachen.png
| popplace = [[India]], [[Bangladesh]]
| caption = Distribution of Munda language speakers in India
| pop =
| languages = [[Munda languages]]
| religions =
| related =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
}}

The '''Munda peoples''' of eastern and central parts of [[South Asia]] are any of several tribal groups of people who natively speak [[Munda languages]], formerly also known as [[Kolarian]].

==History==
According to linguist [[Paul Sidwell]], Munda languages arrived on the coast of [[Odisha]] from [[Southeast Asia]] about 4000-3500 years ago.<ref>Sidwell, Paul. 2018. [https://www.academia.edu/36689736/Austroasiatic_Studies_state_of_the_art_in_2018 Austroasiatic Studies: state of the art in 2018]. Presentation at the Graduate Institute of Linguistics, National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan, 22 May 2018.</ref> The Munda people spread from Southeast Asia and mixed extensively with local Indian populations.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schliesinger |first1=Joachim |title=Origin of the Tai People 3: Genetic and Archaeological Approaches |date=2016 |publisher=Booksmango |isbn=9781633239623 |page=71 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=766hDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA71&dq=munda+people+came+from+south+east+asia#v=onepage |access-date=3 October 2019 |language=en}}</ref> Robert Parkin notes that the term "Munda" did not belong to the [[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]] lexis and is of Sanskrit origin.<ref>{{cite web |website=[[University of Oxford]] |title=Second Reply to Pfeffer |first=Robert |last=Parkin |year=1993 |page=161 |url=https://www.anthro.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/anthro/documents/media/jaso24_2_1993_158_163.pdf |accessdate=December 18, 2020 |quote=The term 'Munda' is of Sanskritic origin and therefore not original in any sense to Austroasiatic speakers, although it has come to be used by one tribe as an alternative to their own term 'Horo' (Le. Roy's group; cf. Pfeffer above, p. 154; also Parkin 1990: 17, 23).}}</ref>

=== Austroasiatic DNA ===
[[:ja:崎谷満|Mitsuru Sakitani]] suggests that [[Haplogroup O-M95|Haplogroup O1b1]], which is common in Austroasiatic people and some other ethnic groups in [[southern China]], and haplogroup O1b2, which is common in today [[Japanese people|Japanese]], [[Koreans]] and some [[Manchu people|Manchu]], are the carriers of Yangtze civilization ([[Baiyue]]).<ref>崎谷満『DNA・考古・言語の学際研究が示す新・日本列島史』（勉誠出版　2009年）　</ref> Another study suggests that the haplogroup O1b1 is the major Austroasiatic paternal lineage and O1b2 the “para-Austroasiatic” lineage of the [[Yayoi people]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5Z5BDwAAQBAJ&q=japonic+austroasiatic&pg=PA207|title=Language Dispersal Beyond Farming|last1=Robbeets|first1=Martine|last2=Savelyev|first2=Alexander|date=21 December 2017|publisher=John Benjamins Publishing Company|isbn=9789027264640|language=en}}</ref>

=== Migration into India ===
According to Chaubey et al., "Austro-Asiatic speakers in India today are derived from dispersal from [[Southeast Asia]], followed by extensive sex-specific admixture with local Indian populations."{{sfn|Chaubey|Metspalu|Choi|Magi|2010|p=1013}} According to Riccio et al., the Munda people are likely descended from Austroasiatic migrants from Southeast Asia.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Riccio |first1=M. E. |s2cid=39428816 |display-authors=etal |year=2011 |title=The Austroasiatic Munda population from India and Its enigmatic origin: a HLA diversity study |journal=Human Biology |volume=83 |issue=3 |pages=405–435 |pmid=21740156 |doi=10.3378/027.083.0306}}</ref><ref>The Language Gulper, [http://www.languagesgulper.com/eng/Austroasiatic.html ''Austroasiatic Languages'']</ref>

According to Zhang et al., Austroasiatic migrations from Southeast Asia into India took place after the last Glacial maximum, circa 10,000 years ago.{{sfn|Zhang|2015}} Arunkumar et al. suggest Austroasiatic migrations from Southeast Asia occurred into Northeast India 5.2 ± 0.6 kya and into East India 4.3 ± 0.2 kya.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Arunkumar | first1 = G. | display-authors = etal | year = 2015 | title = A late Neolithic expansion of Y chromosomal haplogroup O2a1-M95 from east to west | journal = Journal of Systematics and Evolution | volume = 53 | issue = 6| pages = 546–560 | doi = 10.1111/jse.12147 | s2cid = 83103649 }}</ref>

Tätte et al. 2019 estimated that the Austroasiatic language speaking people admixed with Indian population about 2000-3800 year ago which may suggest arrival of south-east Asian genetic component in the area. Munda-speaking people have high amount of East Asian paternal lineages O1b1 (~75%) and D1a1 (~6%), which is absent from other Indian groups. They found that the modern Munda-speaking people have about 29% East/Southeast Asian , 15.5% West Asian and 55.5% South Asian ancestry on average. The authors concluded that there was a mostly male-dominated migration into India from Southeast Asia. Modern people in [[Laos]], [[Cambodia]] and [[Malaysia]] were found to represent the ancestral group, which migrated into India, and spread the Austroasiatic languages.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tätte|first=Kai|last2=Pagani|first2=Luca|last3=Pathak|first3=Ajai K.|last4=Kõks|first4=Sulev|last5=Ho Duy|first5=Binh|last6=Ho|first6=Xuan Dung|last7=Sultana|first7=Gazi Nurun Nahar|last8=Sharif|first8=Mohd Istiaq|last9=Asaduzzaman|first9=Md|last10=Behar|first10=Doron M.|last11=Hadid|first11=Yarin|date=2019-03-07|title=The genetic legacy of continental scale admixture in Indian Austroasiatic speakers|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-40399-8|journal=Scientific Reports|language=en|volume=9|issue=1|pages=3818|doi=10.1038/s41598-019-40399-8|issn=2045-2322|doi-access=free}}</ref>

[[File:Munda Male.jpg|thumb|Munda Male]]
[[File:Munda Lady.jpg|thumb|Munda Lady]]
==Ethnic groups==
*[[Kol people]]
*[[Munda people]]
*[[Ho people]]
*[[Santhal people]]
*[[Birhor people]]
*[[Bhumij|Bhumij people]]
*[[Korwa people]]
*[[Kodaku people]]
*[[Korku people]]
*[[Kharia people]]
*[[Juang people]]
*[[Sabar people]]
*[[Sora people]]
*[[Gorum language|Gorum]] (Parenga) people
*[[Gadaba people]] (Only some Gadabas speak the Bonda-related [[Gutob language]]. Some others speak [[Ollari language|a Dravidian language]].)
*[[Bonda people]]
*Didayi (Dire, [[Gta’ language|Gta’]]) people

== Possible kins of the Munda peoples ==
Some ethnic groups do not natively speak any of the Munda tongues, but nevertheless have been linked by some to the Munda lede grounded upon anthropological or genetic token:

*[[Khonds]]
*[[Gonds]]
*[[Baiga tribe|Baiga]]
*[[Nihali language|Nihali]]
*
*[[Saharia]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* http://projekt.ht.lu.se/rwaai RWAAI (Repository and Workspace for Austroasiatic Intangible Heritage)
* [[hdl:10050/00-0000-0000-0003-66EE-3@view|http://hdl.handle.net/10050/00-0000-0000-0003-66EE-3@view]] Munda languages in RWAAI Digital Archive
[[Category:Scheduled Tribes of India]]
[[Category:Social groups of Odisha]]
[[Category:Social groups of Jharkhand]]

Munda peoples - Revision history

213.162.80.33: rm disputed picture which currently has a deletion discussion on Wikimedia