Munda people - Revision history

203.13.128.104 at 22:05, 21 April 2026

2026-04-21T22:05:31Z

Kamal Guha: Category changed

2023-07-28T02:02:12Z

Category changed

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:32, 28 July 2023
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	[[Category:Munda people\| ]]		[[Category:Munda people\| ]]
	[[Category:Ethnic groups in Bangladesh]]		[[Category:Ethnic groups in Bangladesh]]
	[[Category:Ethnic groups in ~~India~~]]		[[Category:Ethnic groups in West Bengal]]
	[[Category:Ethnic groups in South Asia]]		[[Category:Ethnic groups in South Asia]]
	[[Category:Ethnoreligious groups in Asia]]		[[Category:Ethnoreligious groups in Asia]]

Kingsman3 at 03:14, 15 November 2022

2022-11-15T03:14:52Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:44, 15 November 2022
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			{{distinguish\|Munda peoples}}
	{{short description\|Ethnic group of India and Bangladesh}}		{{short description\|Ethnic group of India and Bangladesh}}
	{{Infobox ethnic group		{{Infobox ethnic group

Kingsman3 at 03:10, 15 November 2022

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← Older revision		Revision as of 08:40, 15 November 2022
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	[[Kurmali language\|Panchpargania]]{{}}[[Sadri language\|Sadri]]{{}}[[Odia language\|Odia]]{{*}}[[Bengali language\|Bengali]]		[[Kurmali language\|Panchpargania]]{{}}[[Sadri language\|Sadri]]{{}}[[Odia language\|Odia]]{{*}}[[Bengali language\|Bengali]]
	\| rels = {{hlist \|[[Sarnaism]]\|[[Hinduism]]}}<ref name="Cen2011">{{cite web\|title=ST-14 Scheduled Tribe Population By Religious Community\|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/SCST-Series/ST14.html\|website=Census of India\|publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, India\|access-date=15 October 2017}}</ref><ref name="Srivas">{{cite journal\|last1=Srivastava\|first1=Malini\|s2cid=73737689\|title=The Sacred Complex of Munda Tribe\|journal=Anthropologist\|date=2007\|volume=9\|issue=4\|pages=327–330\|doi=10.1080/09720073.2007.11891020\|url=http://krepublishers.com/02-Journals/T-Anth/Anth-09-0-000-000-2007-Web/Anth-09-4-000-07-Abst-PDF/Anth-09-4-327-07-417-Srivastava-M/Anth-09-4-327-07-417-Srivastava-M-Tt.pdf\|access-date=22 October 2017}}</ref>{{rp\|327}}		\| rels = {{hlist \|[[Sarnaism]]\|[[Hinduism]]}}<ref name="Cen2011">{{cite web\|title=ST-14 Scheduled Tribe Population By Religious Community\|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/SCST-Series/ST14.html\|website=Census of India\|publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, India\|access-date=15 October 2017}}</ref><ref name="Srivas">{{cite journal\|last1=Srivastava\|first1=Malini\|s2cid=73737689\|title=The Sacred Complex of Munda Tribe\|journal=Anthropologist\|date=2007\|volume=9\|issue=4\|pages=327–330\|doi=10.1080/09720073.2007.11891020\|url=http://krepublishers.com/02-Journals/T-Anth/Anth-09-0-000-000-2007-Web/Anth-09-4-000-07-Abst-PDF/Anth-09-4-327-07-417-Srivastava-M/Anth-09-4-327-07-417-Srivastava-M-Tt.pdf\|access-date=22 October 2017}}</ref>{{rp\|327}}
	\| related = {{hlist \| [[Ho people\|Hos]]\|[[Kharia people\|Kharia]]\|[[Juang people\|Juang]]\|[[~~Santhal~~ people\|Santhals]]\|\|[[Bhumij people\|Bhumij]]}}		\| related = {{hlist \| [[Ho people\|Hos]]\|[[Kharia people\|Kharia]]\|[[Juang people\|Juang]]\|[[Santal people\|Santhals]]\|\|[[Bhumij people\|Bhumij]]}}
	\| native_name_lang =		\| native_name_lang =
	}}		}}

Kingsman3 at 12:24, 14 November 2022

2022-11-14T12:24:25Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:54, 14 November 2022
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	[[Kurmali language\|Panchpargania]]{{}}[[Sadri language\|Sadri]]{{}}[[Odia language\|Odia]]{{*}}[[Bengali language\|Bengali]]		[[Kurmali language\|Panchpargania]]{{}}[[Sadri language\|Sadri]]{{}}[[Odia language\|Odia]]{{*}}[[Bengali language\|Bengali]]
	\| rels = {{hlist \|[[Sarnaism]]\|[[Hinduism]]}}<ref name="Cen2011">{{cite web\|title=ST-14 Scheduled Tribe Population By Religious Community\|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/SCST-Series/ST14.html\|website=Census of India\|publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, India\|access-date=15 October 2017}}</ref><ref name="Srivas">{{cite journal\|last1=Srivastava\|first1=Malini\|s2cid=73737689\|title=The Sacred Complex of Munda Tribe\|journal=Anthropologist\|date=2007\|volume=9\|issue=4\|pages=327–330\|doi=10.1080/09720073.2007.11891020\|url=http://krepublishers.com/02-Journals/T-Anth/Anth-09-0-000-000-2007-Web/Anth-09-4-000-07-Abst-PDF/Anth-09-4-327-07-417-Srivastava-M/Anth-09-4-327-07-417-Srivastava-M-Tt.pdf\|access-date=22 October 2017}}</ref>{{rp\|327}}		\| rels = {{hlist \|[[Sarnaism]]\|[[Hinduism]]}}<ref name="Cen2011">{{cite web\|title=ST-14 Scheduled Tribe Population By Religious Community\|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/SCST-Series/ST14.html\|website=Census of India\|publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, India\|access-date=15 October 2017}}</ref><ref name="Srivas">{{cite journal\|last1=Srivastava\|first1=Malini\|s2cid=73737689\|title=The Sacred Complex of Munda Tribe\|journal=Anthropologist\|date=2007\|volume=9\|issue=4\|pages=327–330\|doi=10.1080/09720073.2007.11891020\|url=http://krepublishers.com/02-Journals/T-Anth/Anth-09-0-000-000-2007-Web/Anth-09-4-000-07-Abst-PDF/Anth-09-4-327-07-417-Srivastava-M/Anth-09-4-327-07-417-Srivastava-M-Tt.pdf\|access-date=22 October 2017}}</ref>{{rp\|327}}
	\| related = {{hlist \| [[Ho people\|Hos]]\|[[Kharia people\|Kharia]]\|[[Juang people\|Juang]]\|[[Santhal people\|Santhals]]\|\|[[Bhumij]]}}		\| related = {{hlist \| [[Ho people\|Hos]]\|[[Kharia people\|Kharia]]\|[[Juang people\|Juang]]\|[[Santhal people\|Santhals]]\|\|[[Bhumij people\|Bhumij]]}}
	\| native_name_lang =		\| native_name_lang =
	}}		}}

Kingsman3: /* Notable Mundas */

2022-11-14T10:03:00Z

Notable Mundas

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	* [[Sukra Munda]] (active 2016 to 2020), politician		* [[Sukra Munda]] (active 2016 to 2020), politician
	* [[Tulasi Munda]] (born 1947), social activist		* [[Tulasi Munda]] (born 1947), social activist
	* [[Rohidas Singh Nag]] (1934-2012), creator of "Mundari Bani" script		* [[Rohidas Singh Nag]] (1934-2012), creator of "[[Mundari Bani]]" script
	<!---♦♦♦ Only add a person to this list if they already have their own article on the English Wikipedia ♦♦♦--->		<!---♦♦♦ Only add a person to this list if they already have their own article on the English Wikipedia ♦♦♦--->
	<!---♦♦♦ Please keep the list in alphabetical order by LAST NAME ♦♦♦--->		<!---♦♦♦ Please keep the list in alphabetical order by LAST NAME ♦♦♦--->

Kingsman3 at 10:01, 14 November 2022

2022-11-14T10:01:14Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:31, 14 November 2022
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	\| native_name_lang =		\| native_name_lang =
	}}		}}
	The '''Munda people''' are an [[Austroasiatic languages\|Austroasiatic]] speaking [[ethnic group]] of [[India]]. They predominantly speak the [[Mundari language]] as their native language, which belongs to the [[Munda languages\|Munda subgroup]] of [[Austroasiatic languages]]. The Munda are found in the northern areas of east India concentrated in the states of [[Jharkhand]], [[Bihar]], [[Odisha]] and [[West Bengal]]. The Munda also reside in adjacent areas of [[Chhattisgarh]] as well as in portions of [[Bangladesh]]. They are one of India's largest [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes\|scheduled tribes]]. Munda people in [[Tripura]] are also known as Mura, and in [[Madhya Pradesh]] they are often called Mudas.<ref>{{Cite web \| url=http://tribesindia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=792&Itemid=104&lang=en \| title=Homepage}}</ref>		The '''Munda people''' are an [[Austroasiatic languages\|Austroasiatic]] speaking [[ethnic group]] of [[India]]. They predominantly speak the [[Mundari language]] as their native language, which belongs to the [[Munda languages\|Munda subgroup]] of [[Austroasiatic languages]]. The Munda are found in the northern areas of east India concentrated in the states of [[Jharkhand]], [[Bihar]], [[Odisha]] and [[West Bengal]]. The Munda also reside in adjacent areas of [[Chhattisgarh]] as well as in portions of [[Bangladesh]]. They are one of India's largest [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes\|scheduled tribes]]. Munda people in [[Tripura]] are also known as Mura, and in [[Madhya Pradesh]] they are often called Mudas.<ref>{{Cite web\| url=http://tribesindia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=792&Itemid=104&lang=en\| title=Homepage}}</ref>

	==Etymology==		==Etymology==

CleanupBot: /* Notable Mundas */clean up, typos fixed: 2004-2013 → 2004–2013

2021-07-07T05:30:20Z

Notable Mundas: clean up, typos fixed: 2004-2013 → 2004–2013

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:00, 7 July 2021
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	<!---♦♦♦ Only add a person to this list if they already have their own article on the English Wikipedia ♦♦♦--->		<!---♦♦♦ Only add a person to this list if they already have their own article on the English Wikipedia ♦♦♦--->
	<!---♦♦♦ Please keep the list in alphabetical order by LAST NAME ♦♦♦--->		<!---♦♦♦ Please keep the list in alphabetical order by LAST NAME ♦♦♦--->
	* [[Dayamani Barla]] (active ~~2004-2013~~), journalist		* [[Dayamani Barla]] (active 2004–2013), journalist
	* [[Amrit Lugun]] (born 1962), Ambassador to [[Yemen]],<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/22055/Shri%20Amrit%20Lugun%20appointed%20as%20the%20next%20Ambassador%20of%20India%20to%20Republic%20of%20Yemen\|title=Sorry for the inconvenience.}}</ref> [[South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation]] director<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://saarc-sdmc.nic.in/saarc_secretariat.asp \|title=Secretariat \|access-date=23 January 2015 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403005743/http://saarc-sdmc.nic.in/saarc_secretariat.asp \|archive-date=3 April 2015 }}</ref>		* [[Amrit Lugun]] (born 1962), Ambassador to [[Yemen]],<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/22055/Shri%20Amrit%20Lugun%20appointed%20as%20the%20next%20Ambassador%20of%20India%20to%20Republic%20of%20Yemen\|title=Sorry for the inconvenience.}}</ref> [[South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation]] director<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://saarc-sdmc.nic.in/saarc_secretariat.asp \|title=Secretariat \|access-date=23 January 2015 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403005743/http://saarc-sdmc.nic.in/saarc_secretariat.asp \|archive-date=3 April 2015 }}</ref>
	* [[Anuj Lugun]] (born 1986), poet who received the 2011 Bharat Bhushan Agarwal Award<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://in.news.yahoo.com/hindi-stalwarts-praise-tribal-poet-000000197.html\|title=Hindi stalwarts praise tribal poet\|website=in.news.yahoo.com\|access-date=26 March 2016\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141112214729/https://in.news.yahoo.com/hindi-stalwarts-praise-tribal-poet-000000197.html\|archive-date=12 November 2014\|url-status=dead}}</ref>		* [[Anuj Lugun]] (born 1986), poet who received the 2011 Bharat Bhushan Agarwal Award<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://in.news.yahoo.com/hindi-stalwarts-praise-tribal-poet-000000197.html\|title=Hindi stalwarts praise tribal poet\|website=in.news.yahoo.com\|access-date=26 March 2016\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141112214729/https://in.news.yahoo.com/hindi-stalwarts-praise-tribal-poet-000000197.html\|archive-date=12 November 2014\|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Hembram Bakhul: Created page with "{{short description|Ethnic group of India and Bangladesh}} {{Infobox ethnic group | group = Munda people | native_name = | image = Old Munda Men, D..."

2021-07-05T15:33:10Z

Created page with "{{short description|Ethnic group of India and Bangladesh}} {{Infobox ethnic group | group = Munda people | native_name = | image = Old Munda Men, D..."

New page

{{short description|Ethnic group of India and Bangladesh}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Munda people
| native_name =
| image = Old Munda Men, Dinajpur, 2010 by Biplob Rahman.jpg
| caption = Munda men, [[Dinajpur District, Bangladesh|Dinajpur district]], [[Bangladesh]]
| pop =
| region1 = {{flag|India}}
| pop1 = 51,228,661
| ref1 = <ref name="census">{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/ST.html|title=A-11 Individual Scheduled Tribe Primary Census Abstract Data and its Appendix|publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|website=www.censusindia.gov.in|access-date=18 November 2017}}</ref>
| region2 = [[Jharkhand]]
| pop2 = 31,229,221
| region3 = [[Odisha]]
| pop3 = 11,584,346
| region4 = [[West Bengal]]
| pop4 = 1,366,386
| region5 = [[Chhattisgarh]]
| pop5 = 1,005,095
| region6 = [[Bihar]]
| pop6 = 104,028
| region7 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| pop7 = 51,041
| region8 ={{flag|Bangladesh}}
| pop8 = 50,000
| ref8 = <ref>{{cite web|title=Mundari Language|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/unr|website=Ethnologue|publisher=SIL International|access-date=20 October 2017}}</ref>
| langs = [[Mundari language|Mundari]],<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Singh|first1=Geetanjali|last2=Kumar|first2=Jyoti|title=Studies on indigenous traditional knowledge of some aquatic and marshy wild edible plants used by the Munda tribe of district Khunti, Jharkhand, India|journal=International Journal of Bioassays|date=2014|volume=3|issue=2|url=http://www.ijbio.com/index.php/ijb/article/view/20|access-date=22 October 2017|quote=Munda tribe...ethnically they are proto- Austroloids and speak Mundari language}}</ref><ref name="Osada">{{cite book|last1=Osada|first1=Toshiki|editor1-last=Anderson|editor1-first=Gregory|title=The Munda languages|date=19 March 2008|publisher=Routledge|location=New York|isbn=978-0-415-32890-6|chapter=3. Mundari|quote=...the designation Munda is used for the language family. Mundari, on the other hand, refers to an individual language, namely the language of Munda people.}}</ref>
[[Kurmali language|Panchpargania]]{{*}}[[Sadri language|Sadri]]{{*}}[[Odia language|Odia]]{{*}}[[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| rels = {{hlist |[[Sarnaism]]|[[Hinduism]]}}<ref name="Cen2011">{{cite web|title=ST-14 Scheduled Tribe Population By Religious Community|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/SCST-Series/ST14.html|website=Census of India|publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, India|access-date=15 October 2017}}</ref><ref name="Srivas">{{cite journal|last1=Srivastava|first1=Malini|s2cid=73737689|title=The Sacred Complex of Munda Tribe|journal=Anthropologist|date=2007|volume=9|issue=4|pages=327–330|doi=10.1080/09720073.2007.11891020|url=http://krepublishers.com/02-Journals/T-Anth/Anth-09-0-000-000-2007-Web/Anth-09-4-000-07-Abst-PDF/Anth-09-4-327-07-417-Srivastava-M/Anth-09-4-327-07-417-Srivastava-M-Tt.pdf|access-date=22 October 2017}}</ref>{{rp|327}}
| related = {{hlist | [[Ho people|Hos]]|[[Kharia people|Kharia]]|[[Juang people|Juang]]|[[Santhal people|Santhals]]||[[Bhumij]]}}
| native_name_lang =
}}
The '''Munda people''' are an [[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]] speaking [[ethnic group]] of [[India]]. They predominantly speak the [[Mundari language]] as their native language, which belongs to the [[Munda languages|Munda subgroup]] of [[Austroasiatic languages]]. The Munda are found in the northern areas of east India concentrated in the states of [[Jharkhand]], [[Bihar]], [[Odisha]] and [[West Bengal]]. The Munda also reside in adjacent areas of [[Chhattisgarh]] as well as in portions of [[Bangladesh]]. They are one of India's largest [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|scheduled tribes]]. Munda people in [[Tripura]] are also known as Mura, and in [[Madhya Pradesh]] they are often called Mudas.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://tribesindia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=792&Itemid=104&lang=en | title=Homepage}}</ref>

==Etymology==
Robert Parkin notes that the term "Munda" did not belong to the [[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]] lexis and is of Sanskrit origin.<ref>{{cite web |website=[[University of Oxford]] |title=Second Reply to Pfeffer |first=Robert |last=Parkin |year=1993 |page=161 |url=https://www.anthro.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/anthro/documents/media/jaso24_2_1993_158_163.pdf |access-date=18 December 2020 |quote=The term 'Munda' is of Sanskritic origin and therefore not original in any sense to Austroasiatic speakers, although it has come to be used by one tribe as an alternative to their own term 'Horo' (Le. Roy's group; cf. Pfeffer above, p. 154; also Parkin 1990: 17, 23).}}</ref> According to R. R. Prasad, the name "Munda" is a Sanskrit word means "headman". It is an honorific name given by Hindus and hence became a tribal name.<ref name="Encyclopaedic Profile">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TmDRNTYw49EC&pg=PA186|title=Encyclopaedic Profile of Indian Tribes, Volume 1|isbn=9788171412983|last1=Prasad|first1=R. R.|year=1996}}</ref>

==History==
According to linguist [[Paul Sidwell]], Munda languages arrived on the coast of [[Odisha]] from [[Southeast Asia]] about 4000–3500 years ago.<ref>Sidwell, Paul. 2018. [https://www.academia.edu/36689736/Austroasiatic_Studies_state_of_the_art_in_2018 Austroasiatic Studies: state of the art in 2018]. Presentation at the Graduate Institute of Linguistics, National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan, 22 May 2018.</ref> The Munda people initially spread from Southeast Asia, but mixed extensively with local Indian populations.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schliesinger |first1=Joachim |title=Origin of the Tai People 3: Genetic and Archaeological Approaches |date=2016 |publisher=Booksmango |isbn=9781633239623 |page=71 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=766hDQAAQBAJ&q=munda+people+came+from+south+east+asia&pg=PA71 |access-date=20 September 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

According to [[Ram Sharan Sharma|R. S. Sharma]], a historian of ancient and early medieval India, pre-Aryan tribals who spoke the Munda language occupied the eastern region of ancient India. Many Munda terms occur in Vedic texts believed to have been written between 1500 BCE and 500 BCE. Their presence in texts compiled in the upper Gangetic basin late in that period suggests that Munda speakers were there at the time.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=R. S. |author-link=Ram Sharan Sharma |year=2005 |title=India's Ancient Past |publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=2, 118–119 |isbn=978-0-19-566714-1}}</ref> According to Barbara A. West, the Mundas claim origin in Uttar Pradesh, and a steady flow eastward in history as other groups moved into their original homeland. They inhabited a much larger territory in ancient India.<ref>{{cite book |last1=West |first1=Barbara A. |title=Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania |date=2010 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |isbn=9781438119137 |page=564 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pCiNqFj3MQsC&q=munda+people+came+from+south+east+asia&pg=PA564 |access-date=20 September 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

In the late 1800s, during the [[British Raj]], the Mundas were forced to pay rents and work as bonded labourers. Munda freedom fighter [[Birsa Munda]] began the first protest marches calling for non-payment of rents and remission of forest dues. He led guerrilla warfare to uproot British Raj and establish Munda Raj. [[Millenarianism]] in the [[India tribal belt|tribal belt]] started with him, and he is still revered in [[Jharkhand]], with villagers in his home village worshipping him as ''Birsa Bhagawan''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/jharkhand-amit-shah-launches-scheme-for-villages-of-freedom-fighters-khunti-4848635/|title=Jharkhand: Amit Shah launches scheme for villages of freedom fighters|last=Pandey|first=Prashant|date=18 September 2017|work=The Indian Express|access-date=21 October 2017|language=en-US}}</ref>

==Culture and tradition==
Nomadic hunters in the [[India tribal belt]], they became farmers who were employed in basketwork and weaving. With the listing of the Munda people as [[Scheduled Tribes]], many are employed in various governmental organisations (particularly [[Indian Railways]]).<ref>{{cite web|title=List of Schedule Castes |publisher=Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment, Government of India |year=2011 |url=http://socialjustice.nic.in/aboutdivision1.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140923060507/http://socialjustice.nic.in/aboutdivision1.php |archive-date=23 September 2014 }}</ref>

[[File:Encyclopedia mundarica (John-Baptist Hoffmann).JPG|thumb|alt=Eight books on a shelf|upright=1.2|Part of [[John-Baptist Hoffmann]]'s 15-volume ''Encyclopaedia Mundarica'']]

Clans among Mundas are known as ''Killi'' which is similar to [[Sanskrit]] word ''Kula''. Munda are patrilineal and clan name descends father to son. According to tradition, people of same clan are descendant of same forefather. Clan among Mundas are of totemic origin. Some clans are:

* Baa (a fish)
* Baba (rice)
* Bodra
* Balamchu (fish net)
* Barla
* Bhengra
* Bulung (salt)
* Dang, Dungdung (a fish)
* Gudia, Hans (swan)
* Hemrom/Hembram (a tree)
* Herenz (a Specific Bird)
* Horo (turtle)
* Hundar (hyena)
* Jojo (tamarind)
* Kauwa (crow)
* Kerketta (a bird)
* Kula (tiger)
* Nil (bull)
* Mus (mouse)
* Nag (cobra)
* Pandu (cobra)
* Sandil (a bird)
* Purty
* Runda (wild cat)
* Sanga (a type of root)
* Surin/Soren/Soreng (a bird)
* Tiru (a bird)
* Tuti (a type of grain)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hi.vikaspedia.in/social-welfare/92d93e930924-915940-91c92891c93e92493f92f93e901/90692693f93593e938940-93890293894d91594392493f-914930-92a93092e94d92a93093e/90692693f93593e938940-91794b92494d930|title=आदिवासी गोत्र|website=vikaspedia|access-date=18 September 2019}}</ref>
* Kongari (a rare specie of bird: white crow)<ref>{{Cite book|last=Roy|first=Sarat Chandra|title=The Mundas and their Country|publisher=Asia Publishing House|year=1912}}</ref>

Involved in agriculture, the Munda people celebrate the seasonal festivals of [[Mage Parab]], Phagu, [[Karam (festival)]], [[Baha parab]], [[Sarhul]] and [[Sohrai]]. Some seasonal festivals have coincided with religious festivals, but their original meaning remains.<ref name="auto"/>
[[File:Adiwasi dance.jpg|thumb|Mundari dance]]
They have many [[folk song]]s, [[dance]]s, [[Narrative|tales]] and traditional [[musical instruments]]. Both sexes participate in dances at social events and festivals. The [[naqareh]] is a principal musical instrument.{{Citation needed|date=March 2017}} Munda refer to their dance and song as ''durang'' and ''susun'' respectively. Some folk dances of the Munda are ''Jadur'', ''Karam Susun'' and ''Mage Susun''.<ref name="Encyclopaedic Profile"/>

Munda religion is known as ''Sarna Dharam'' which is distinct from any other dominant religions such as Christianity, Hinduism or Islam.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Munda|first=Ram Dayal|title=Adi-dharam|publisher=sarini and birsa|year=2000}}</ref> The supreme deity of Mundas is ''Sing Bonga'', meaning the [[Sun god|Sun God]], who according to them, saves them from troubles.<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=http://www.ecoindia.com/tribes/munda.html|title=Mundas, Munda Tribe in Jharkhand India, Occupation of Mundas|website=www.ecoindia.com|access-date=26 March 2016}}</ref>{{citation needed|date=September 2019}}

The Munda people have elaborate rituals to celebrate birth, death, engagement and marriage. The birth of a boy is celebrated as an earner for the family, and the birth of a girl is celebrated as a family caretaker. ''Lota-pani'' is the engagement ceremony. ''Dali Takka'', a monetary gift to paternal guardians, is generally paid before the marriage. Marriage, considered one of the main rituals of life, is a week-long festivity.{{Citation needed|date=March 2017}}

An ointment of scented oil and turmeric is applied to the face and body after death. Widow marriage is common. The Munda people are patrilineal, [[Patrilocal residence|patrilocal]] and patriarchal.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}

Munda people of Jharkhand also follow the old age tradition of Patthalgari i.e. stone erection in which the tribal community residing in the village buries a large inverted U-shaped dressed headstone on the head side of grave or entrance of village in which is inscribed the family tree of the dead persons.<ref>http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/20515/11/11_chapter%205.pdf</ref> There are some other types of patthalgari also:-
*[[Horadiri]] - It is the stone in which family tree is written.
*[[Chalpadiri]] or [[Saasandiri]] - It is the stone in remarking boundary of any village and its limits.
*[[Magodiri]] - This is the headstone of a social criminal who committed polygamy or unsocial marriage.
*[[Ziddiri]] - This is the stone placed over burial of placenta and dried naval part of a newborn.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.antiquity.ac.uk/projgall/mendaly352|title=Menhirs and cultural diffusion: megalithic practices in Central-eastern India | Antiquity Journal|website=www.antiquity.ac.uk|access-date=22 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://scroll.in/article/878468/the-constitution-set-in-stone-adivasis-in-jharkhand-are-using-an-old-tradition-as-a-novel-protest |title = The Constitution set in stone: Adivasis in Jharkhand are using an old tradition as a novel protest}}</ref>
[[File:Munda House at " State Tribal Fair- 2020 " , Bhubaneswar, India.jpg|thumb|Munda House at "State Tribal Fair- 2020", Bhubaneswar]]

== Economic condition ==
===In Sunderbans, West Bengal===
In a 2016 research paper on subsistence strategies of Mundas in a village of [[Sunderbans]] in [[West Bengal]], it was found that many people migrate out of their residences because of poor economic conditions and landlessness. This rural to urban migration has followed a greater trend within [[India]]. Men and women engage in forest product collection, cultivation, small business and agricultural as well as non-agricultural jobs. A person or a family may be engaged in multiple occupations, often undertaking risky visits to the forests and rivers. It was also found that younger generation preferred to engage as migrant workers outside the village and often outside the district and the state.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bandyopadhyay |first1=Ayan |title=Subsistence strategies of the Mundas in a village of Sundarban, West Bengal |date=November 2016 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/318359839 |journal=Journal of the Indian Anthropological Society |volume=51 |issue=3 |pages=128–144 |access-date=30 March 2020}}</ref>

==Literature and studies==
[[Jesuit]] priest John-Baptist Hoffmann (1857–1928) studied the language, customs, religion and life of the Munda people, publishing the first [[Mundari language]] grammar in 1903. With the help of Menas Orea, Hoffmann published the 15-volume ''Encyclopaedia Mundarica''. The first edition was published posthumously in 1937, and a third edition was published in 1976. ''The Mundas and Their Country'', by S. C. Roy, was published in 1912. ''Adidharam'' (Hindi:आदि धर्म) by Ram Dayal Munda and Ratan Singh Manki, in Mundari with a [[Hindi]] translation, describes Munda rituals and customs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tribalstuffs.blogspot.in/2011/11/mundari-language-of-munda-tribe.html|title=Mundari: The Language of Munda Tribe}}</ref>

==Notable Mundas==
{{more citations needed section|date=October 2019}}


* [[Dayamani Barla]] (active 2004-2013), journalist
* [[Amrit Lugun]] (born 1962), Ambassador to [[Yemen]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/22055/Shri%20Amrit%20Lugun%20appointed%20as%20the%20next%20Ambassador%20of%20India%20to%20Republic%20of%20Yemen|title=Sorry for the inconvenience.}}</ref> [[South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation]] director<ref>{{cite web|url=http://saarc-sdmc.nic.in/saarc_secretariat.asp |title=Secretariat |access-date=23 January 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403005743/http://saarc-sdmc.nic.in/saarc_secretariat.asp |archive-date=3 April 2015 }}</ref>
* [[Anuj Lugun]] (born 1986), poet who received the 2011 Bharat Bhushan Agarwal Award<ref>{{cite web|url=https://in.news.yahoo.com/hindi-stalwarts-praise-tribal-poet-000000197.html|title=Hindi stalwarts praise tribal poet|website=in.news.yahoo.com|access-date=26 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141112214729/https://in.news.yahoo.com/hindi-stalwarts-praise-tribal-poet-000000197.html|archive-date=12 November 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Arjun Munda]] (born 1968), politician
* [[Birsa Munda]] (1875-1900), freedom fighter, religious leader
* [[Jaipal Singh Munda]] (1903-1970), politician, hockey player
* [[Kariya Munda]] (born 1936), politician
* [[Nilkanth Singh Munda]] (born 1968), politician
* [[Ram Dayal Munda]] (1939-2011), scholar in languages & folklore
* [[Sukra Munda]] (active 2016 to 2020), politician
* [[Tulasi Munda]] (born 1947), social activist
* [[Rohidas Singh Nag]] (1934-2012), creator of "Mundari Bani" script



==See also==
* [[Christianity in Jharkhand]]
* [[Korku people]]
* [[Munda peoples]]
* [[Kolarian]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Parkin, R. (1992). ''The Munda of central India: an account of their social organisation''. Delhi: Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0-19-563029-7}}
* Omkar, P.(2018). "Santhal tribes present in India" like Jharkhand, Odisha, and West Bengal... Belavadi.
* Omkar, patil.(2018). "Kola tribes"...

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* [http://koenraadelst.bharatvani.org/articles/chr/sarna.html Sarna – A case study in religion] On the religion of the Munda tribals
* [http://www.sinlung.com/ Sinlung] – Indian tribes
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Mundās|volume=18|short=x}} This article is a discussion of the related family of languages.
* [http://projekt.ht.lu.se/rwaai RWAAI | RWAAI, Lunds universitet] RWAAI (Repository and Workspace for Austroasiatic Intangible Heritage)
* [[hdl:10050/00-0000-0000-0003-A6AA-C@view|http://hdl.handle.net/10050/00-0000-0000-0003-A6AA-C@view]] Mundari language in RWAAI Digital Archive

{{Ethnic groups in Bangladesh}}
{{Ethnic groups in Nepal}}
{{Scheduled tribes of India}}
{{Hill tribes of Northeast India}}
{{Scheduled tribes in Orissa}}
{{Tribes of Jharkhand}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Munda}}
[[Category:Munda people| ]]
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[[Category:Ethnic groups in India]]
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[[Category:Social groups of Bihar]]
[[Category:Social groups of Jharkhand]]
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[[Category:Sociology of religion]]
[[Category:Tribes of Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Tribes of West Bengal]]