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Mulabhadra - Revision history
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 20:16, 20 May 2022</td>
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<p><b>New page</b></p><div>{{Short description|Mūlabhadri was a Secret Method of Communication Employed by the Royal Spies of the Erstwhile Travancore Kingdom during the Medieval Period}}{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}<br />
{{more citations needed|date=July 2017}}<br />
'''Mūlabhadra''' (മൂലഭദ്ര) aka Mūlabhadri ([[:ml:മൂലഭദ്രി]]) was a secret method of communication employed by the royal spies of the erstwhile [[Travancore Kingdom]] during the medieval period.<ref name="Unni">{{cite book|last=Bhaskaranunni |first=Pi. |title=Pattompatāṃ nūt̲t̲āṇṭile Kēraḷaṃ: paṭhanaṃ ''(പത്തൊമ്പതാം നൂറ്റാണ്ടിലെ കേരളം)'' |trans-title=Kerala in the Nineteenth Century |lccn=91904280 |publisher=[[Kerala Sahitya Akademi]] |location=[[Thrissur]], [[Kerala]], [[India]] |date=1988 |page=670 |language=Malayalam}}</ref> The scheme was also colloquially referred to as '''Mūlapatra'''. It was essentially a cryptographic scheme involving a partial transposition of the letters of the [[Malayalam]] [[alphabet]]. The scheme had been extensively used by [[Marthanda Varma|King Marthanda Varma]] (1706–1758) of [[Travancore Kingdom]] and his spies both for oral and written communication of messages.<ref name="Unni"/> It was a fixed one-time unchangeable code in as much as it did not employ any key in its implementation in contrast to modern methods of substitution ciphers involving the utilisation of a key for generating a system of codes. ''Mūlabhadra'' is the only such scheme known to have been used in governance in this part of India during this period.{{Citation needed|date=May 2010}}The only known speaker of the language currently is K. N. Mohan, Ettumanoor, Kottayam district, Kerala.<br />
<br />
==The scheme==<br />
<br />
The following tables give the transposition scheme used in the ''Mulabhadra'' code.<ref name="Unni"/><br />
{{Contains special characters|Indic}}<br />
<br />
===Vowels===<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
|'''[[Clear text]]''' <br />
|അ<br />
|ആ<br />
|ഇ<br />
|ഈ<br />
|ഉ<br />
|ഊ<br />
|ഋ<br />
|എ<br />
|ഏ<br />
|ഐ<br />
|ഒ<br />
|ഓ<br />
|ഔ<br />
|അം<br />
|അഃ<br />
|-<br />
|'''[[Cipher text]]''' <br />
|ക<br />
|കാ<br />
|കി<br />
|കീ<br />
|കു<br />
|കൂ<br />
|കൃ<br />
|കെ<br />
|കേ<br />
|കൈ<br />
|കൊ<br />
|കോ<br />
|കൌ<br />
|കം<br />
|ക:<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Consonants===<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
| '''Clear text'''<br />
|ക<br />
|ഖ<br />
|ഗ<br />
|ഘ<br />
|ങ<br />
|ച<br />
|ഛ<br />
|ജ<br />
|ഝ<br />
|ഞ<br />
|ട<br />
|ഠ<br />
|ഡ<br />
|ഢ<br />
|ണ<br />
|ത<br />
|ഥ<br />
|ദ<br />
|ധ<br />
|ന<br />
|പ<br />
|ഫ<br />
|ബ<br />
|ഭ<br />
|മ<br />
|-<br />
| '''Cipher text'''<br />
|അ<br />
|ഗ<br />
|ഖ<br />
|ങ<br />
|ഘ<br />
|ട<br />
|ഠ<br />
|ഡ<br />
|ഢ<br />
|ണ<br />
|ച<br />
|ഛ<br />
|ജ<br />
|ഝ<br />
|ഞ<br />
|പ<br />
|ഫ<br />
|ബ<br />
|ഭ<br />
|മ<br />
|ത<br />
|ഥ<br />
|ദ<br />
|ധ<br />
|ന<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
|'''Clear text''':<br />
|യ<br />
|ര<br />
|ല<br />
|വ<br />
|ശ<br />
|ഷ<br />
|സ<br />
|ഹ<br />
|ള<br />
|ന<br />
|-<br />
| '''Cipher text'''<br />
|ശ<br />
|ഷ<br />
|സ<br />
|ഹ<br />
|യ<br />
|ര<br />
|ല<br />
|വ<br />
|ക്ഷ<br />
|റ<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===[[Malayalam script#Chillus|Chillus]]===<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
|'''Clear text''':<br />
|ല്<br />
|ന്<br />
|ര്<br />
|ള്<br />
|-<br />
| '''Cipher text'''<br />
|പ്<br />
|മ്<br />
|ഷ്<br />
|ക്ഷ്<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Mnemonic===<br />
The users had developed a [[mnemonic]] to learn and remember this language. The mnemonic was very similar to [[Sanskrit]] [[Shloka|slokas]].<br />
<br />
അകോഖഗോഘങശ്ചൈവ<br />
<br />
ചടോഞണതപോമനഃ<br />
<br />
യശോരഷോലസശ്ചൈവ<br />
<br />
===Examples===<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
|'''Clear text'''<br />
|പല്മനാഭപുരം<br />
|രാമന്<br />
|ആള്ക്കാര്<br />
|-<br />
| '''Cipher text'''<br />
|തസ്നറാധതുഷം<br />
|ഷാനമ്<br />
|കാക്ഷ് ആഷ്<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Mlecchita vikalpa]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Cryptography]]<br />
[[Category:History of cryptography]]<br />
[[Category:Military communications]]<br />
[[Category:Kingdom of Travancore]]</div>
imported>Darkknight927