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{{Distinguish|Muhammad Akbar Khan (politician)}}
{{Other people|Akbar Khan}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date=March 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox military person
|name= Muhammad Akbar Khan PA-1
|birth_date=19 April 1897
|death_date= 1993
|birth_place= [[Chakwal]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]], British India
|death_place= Karachi, Pakistan
|image=
|caption=
|nickname=
|allegiance= [[File:British Raj Red Ensign.svg|24px]] [[British Indian Empire]]<br>{{PAK}}
|branch={{army|British India|23px}}<br>{{flagicon|Pakistan}}[[Pakistan Army]] (PA-1)
|serviceyears= 1920–1950
|rank= [[Major General]]
|current position=
|commands=
|unit= [[British Indian Army]]<br>[[File:Flag of the Pakistani Army.svg|20px]] [[Pakistan Army]]
|battles=[[World War I]]<br>[[World War II]]
|awards=[[Order of the British Empire]]
|laterwork=
}}

'''Muhammed Akbar Khan''' ({{lang-ur|محمد اکبر خان}}), [[Order of the British Empire|MBE]] PA-1 (19 April 1897 - 1993) was a Pakistani general and at the time of the [[independence of Pakistan]], he was the most senior Muslim General. He also served as the first Senior Military Secretary of the Quaid-e-Azam, [[Muhammed Ali Jinnah]]. He holds the distinguished honor of being the senior most officer of the Pakistan Army and holds Pakistan Army number PA-1.

==Early career==
Born on 19 April 1897 to a [[Minhas]] [[Rajput]] family, Khan enlisted in the Indian Army & the 12th Cavalry 1 May 1914. He was made a Viceroy's Commissioned Officer (VCO) in the rank of Jemadar 1 July 1915.<ref>January 1919 Indian Army List</ref> The 12th Cavalry was mobilized for field service in November 1915 and he served in Mesopotamia from 28 November 1915 to 13 September 1917.<ref>January 1939 Indian Army List Supplement</ref> He was granted a temporary commission in the Indian Army as a [[second lieutenant]] on 1 December 1919. He was attached to 40th Cavalry Regiment from 6 January 1920 until 6 January 1921, when, now a [[lieutenant]] as of 1 December 1920, he was attached to the 12th Cavalry. On 28 August 1921, the 12th Cavalry amalgamated with the 11th K. E. O. Cavalry to form the 11/12th Cavalry, which was renamed the 5th King Edward's Own Probyn's Horse in July 1922.<ref>Indian Army List, various dates</ref>

Khan was given a permanent commission in the Indian Army as second lieutenant with effect from 17 July 1920.<ref>London Gazette, 8 August 1922</ref> He was also permanently appointed to the 5th King Edward's Own Probyn's Horse from being attached to the regiment. He was promoted [[Captain (British Army and Royal Marines)|captain]] on 17 July 1927 and from late 1927 to late 1931 he held the appointment of Quarter Master in the regiment.<ref>Indian Army List, various dates</ref> He was appointed a [[Member of the Order of the British Empire]] in June 1930.<ref>London Gazette, 3 June 1930</ref> From 1 May 1933 he was posted away from the regiment as Assistant Recruiting Officer, Lahore, a post he held until 30 April 1934.<ref>January 1939 Indian Army List Supplement</ref> On 11 May 1934 he transferred to the 1st battalion, [[14th Punjab Regiment]], who he served with on the Mohamand campaign on the North West Frontier in 1935. Whilst serving with them he later became attached to the Royal Indian Army Service Corps, to which he transferred on 5 February 1936.<ref>January 1939 Indian Army List Supplement</ref>

Khan was promoted to [[major]] on 17 July 1938.<ref>January 1939 Indian Army List</ref> At the outbreak of [[World War II]] he was commanding the 41st Animal Transport Company in France but deployed from Mumbai to [[Marseille|Marseilles]] in December 1939 with 32 Animal Transport Company (Mules) as part of Force K-6, having entrained at Landikotal on 2 December 1939. Later he was to help in the evacuation of troops from Malo-les-Bains.<ref>October 1939 Indian Army List</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.lrb.co.uk/v39/n22/letters|title = Letters · LRB|journal = London Review of Books|volume = 39|issue = 22}}</ref> He was promoted to temporary [[lieutenant-colonel]] on 31 October 1942, while serving with the R.I.A.S.C.

On 27 July 1945 he was appointed acting colonel, then on 26 January 1946 promoted temporary colonel, on 17 July 1946 promoted substantive lieutenant-colonel and finally on the 21 December 1946 appointed acting brigadier.<ref>December 1947 Army List</ref>

On the creation of Pakistan he was appointed to command Sind Area, later renamed (1 January 1948) 8th Division on 15 August 1947 until 6 December 1950.<ref>The Pakistan Army 1947-49 by Major-General Shaukat Riza</ref>

== Books ==
He wrote over 40 books under the name ‘’Rangroot’’, which means private soldier or enlisted man to denote his rise from a modest background, on subjects related to Islam and military strategy, including:
* ''Ḥadīs-i difāʻ Nabī-ĕ-Akram-ke usva-ĕ-ḥasana-kī rawshanī-meṅ'', 1954, 336 p.
* ''Māz̤ī, ḥāl aur mustaqbal kā aṣlaḥ jang'', 1954, 115 p.
* ''Hazrat Ali as an Amir'', 44 p.
* ''Krūsaid aur jihād'', 1961, 436 p.
* ''Muhammad Mustafā Kamāl Pasha'', 1966, 295 p.
* ''Turkon ki jidd o jahd-i āzādi'', 1966, 4,240 p.
* ''K̲h̲avātīn-i Islām aur hadīs'', 1966, 160 p.
* ''The ideologies in conflict'', 1967, 217 p.
* ''On war; the Islamic policy: grand strategy & diplomacy'', 1967, 418 p.
* ''Guerrilla warfare, its past, present and future; and, Counter guerrilla warfare'', 1967, 392 p.
* ''The choice of the Arabs versus Zionists cult'', 1967, 68 p.
* ''K̲h̲avātīn-i Islām kelie mashʻal-i rāh'', 1967, 280 p.
* ''Maḥshar-i Falast̤īn'', 1968, 244 p.
* ''Sultan Salahuddin Yousaf Ayubi versus the crusaders'', 1968, 437 p.
* ''Merī āk̲hi̲rī manzil'', 2006, 438 p.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Pakistan's Drift into Extremism, Hassan Abbas, 2005
* Pakistani Generals, A. K Anwar, 1992
* Meri Akhri Maanzil - Urdu: Akbar Khan, a biography, by Khalid Akbar, 2006. [Khalid Akbar is his son].
* Nationalisation of the Indian Army (1885–1947, Lt.Col.Gautam Sharma
* Memoirs Of Maj Gen A A Rudra, Maj Gen D K Palit

{{Pakistan Army template}}

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Akbar}}
[[Category:Pakistani generals]]
[[Category:Pakistani Members of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:Pakistani writers]]
[[Category:Indian Army personnel of World War II]]
[[Category:People from Chakwal District]]
[[Category:Indian Army personnel of World War I]]
[[Category:1897 births]]
[[Category:1993 deaths]]
[[Category:British Indian Army officers]]

Muhammed Akbar Khan - Revision history

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