Muhammad Husain Azad - Revision history

2402:8100:261C:FB55:73AE:AF42:EF75:78BC at 15:44, 23 March 2022

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← Older revision		Revision as of 21:14, 23 March 2022
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	{{Infobox person		{{Infobox person
	\| name = Muhammad Husain Azad		\| name = Muhammad Husain Azad
			\| image = https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQwXy5Drj0RaNqVA52f1D8ORy40LadDqxp1tw1sY3QmAFxYebYeNu-ddaEs&s=10
	\| birth_date = 5 May 1830		\| birth_date = 5 May 1830
	\| birth_place = [[Delhi]], [[Mughal Empire]]<br>(now in [[India]])		\| birth_place = [[Delhi]], [[Mughal Empire]]<br>(now in [[India]])
	\| death_date = 22 January 1910		\| death_date = 22 January 1910
	\| death_place = [[Lahore]], [[British India]]<br>(now in [[Punjab, Pakistan\|Punjab]], [[Pakistan]])		\| death_place = [[Lahore]], [[British India]]<br>(now in [[Punjab, Pakistan\|Punjab]], [[Pakistan]])
			\| nationality =
	\| notable_works = [[Aab-e hayat (Azad)\|Aab-e-Hayat]]		\| notable_works = [[Aab-e hayat (Azad)\|Aab-e-Hayat]]
	}}		}}
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	Azad started teaching at the newly-founded [[Government College, Lahore]] in 1864, and later at [[Oriental College]], Lahore. In Lahore, he came in contact with [[G. W. Leitner]], who was the principal and founder of Anjuman-e-Punjab. In 1866, Azad became a regularly paid lecturer on behalf of the Anjuman and a year later became its secretary. In 1887, he established the Azad Library which helped him earn the title of ''Shams-ul-ulama'' (Sun among the Learned).<ref name=UrduAdab/><ref name=UC/>		Azad started teaching at the newly-founded [[Government College, Lahore]] in 1864, and later at [[Oriental College]], Lahore. In Lahore, he came in contact with [[G. W. Leitner]], who was the principal and founder of Anjuman-e-Punjab. In 1866, Azad became a regularly paid lecturer on behalf of the Anjuman and a year later became its secretary. In 1887, he established the Azad Library which helped him earn the title of ''Shams-ul-ulama'' (Sun among the Learned).<ref name=UrduAdab/><ref name=UC/>

	Along with [[Altaf Hussain Hali]], Azad led a movement for 'natural poetry', a movement to reform classical Urdu poetry. He declared the aim of poetry to be ~~...~~ “as we express it, it should arouse in the listeners’ heart the same effect, the same emotion, the same fervor, as would be created by seeing the thing itself, rejecting the aesthetics of classical Urdu poetry, which, according to him, was artificial and involved in a 'game of words' that did not produce genuine emotion. Sir [[Syed Ahmad Khan]] encouraged and supported both Hali and Azad in their effort to create a simple and realistic-looking creed of Urdu literature.<ref name=UC/><ref name="Dubrow2018">{{cite book\|last=Dubrow\|first=Jennifer\|title=Cosmopolitan Dreams: The Making of Modern Urdu Literary Culture in Colonial South Asia\|url=https://www.degruyter.com/viewbooktoc/product/523583\|date=October 2018\|publisher=University of Hawaii Press\|isbn=978-0-8248-7270-0\|chapter=Chapter 1 : Printing the Cosmopolis\|chapter-url=https://www.degruyter.com/view/books/9780824876692/9780824876692-005/9780824876692-005.xml\|page=23\|via=[[De Gruyter]]}} {{Subscription required}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/azad-mohammad-hosayn-scholar-and-writer-in-urdu-and-persian-born-about-1834-in-delhi\|title=ĀZĀD, MOḤAMMAD-ḤOSAYN – Encyclopaedia Iranica\|website=www.iranicaonline.org\|access-date=2020-02-10}}</ref>		Along with [[Altaf Hussain Hali]], Azad led a movement for 'natural poetry', a movement to reform classical Urdu poetry. He declared the aim of poetry to be “as we express it, it should arouse in the listeners’ heart the same effect, the same emotion, the same fervor, as would be created by seeing the thing itself, rejecting the aesthetics of classical Urdu poetry, which, according to him, was artificial and involved in a 'game of words' that did not produce genuine emotion. Sir [[Syed Ahmad Khan]] encouraged and supported both Hali and Azad in their effort to create a simple and realistic-looking creed of Urdu literature.<ref name=UC/><ref name="Dubrow2018">{{cite book\|last=Dubrow\|first=Jennifer\|title=Cosmopolitan Dreams: The Making of Modern Urdu Literary Culture in Colonial South Asia\|url=https://www.degruyter.com/viewbooktoc/product/523583\|date=October 2018\|publisher=University of Hawaii Press\|isbn=978-0-8248-7270-0\|chapter=Chapter 1 : Printing the Cosmopolis\|chapter-url=https://www.degruyter.com/view/books/9780824876692/9780824876692-005/9780824876692-005.xml\|page=23\|via=[[De Gruyter]]}} {{Subscription required}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/azad-mohammad-hosayn-scholar-and-writer-in-urdu-and-persian-born-about-1834-in-delhi\|title=ĀZĀD, MOḤAMMAD-ḤOSAYN – Encyclopaedia Iranica\|website=www.iranicaonline.org\|access-date=2020-02-10}}</ref>

	== Works ==		== Works ==
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	[[Category:Writers from Lahore]]		[[Category:Writers from Lahore]]
	[[Category:Indian literary critics]]		[[Category:Indian literary critics]]
	[[Category:~~Indian academics~~]]		[[Category:Government College University, Lahore faculty]]
	[[Category:19th-century Indian poets]]		[[Category:19th-century Indian poets]]
	[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]		[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
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	[[Category:Indian expatriates in Iran]]		[[Category:Indian expatriates in Iran]]
	[[Category:Urdu-language travel writers]]		[[Category:Urdu-language travel writers]]
			[[Category:Oriental College faculty]]

imported>Gotitbro: added Category:Urdu-language travel writers using HotCat

2021-03-30T23:44:20Z

added Category:Urdu-language travel writers using HotCat

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{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Muhammad Husain Azad
| birth_date = 5 May 1830
| birth_place = [[Delhi]], [[Mughal Empire]]<br>(now in [[India]])
| death_date = 22 January 1910
| death_place = [[Lahore]], [[British India]]<br>(now in [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], [[Pakistan]])
| notable_works = [[Aab-e hayat (Azad)|Aab-e-Hayat]]
}}

'''Muhammad Husain Azad''' ({{lang-ur|{{Nastaliq|مُحمّد حُسَین آزاد}}}} — {{Transl|ur|''Mọḥammad Ḥusẹ̅n Āzād''}}; 5 May 1830 – 22 January 1910) was a scholar and an [[Urdu]] writer who wrote both prose and poetry, but he is mostly remembered for his prose. His best known work is [[Aab-e hayat (Azad)|Aab-e-Hayat]] ("Elixir of Life").<ref name=UC>{{cite web|url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/books/PK2155.H8413/0001fwp.html |title=Everybody Knows This Much....(profile of Muhammad Husain Azad)|author=Frances W. Pritchett, Columbia University|website=University of Chicago website|accessdate=26 September 2020}}</ref><ref name=UrduAdab>[http://novelsandfictionstories.blogspot.com/2009/07/muhammad-hussain-azad.html Profile of Muhammad Husain Azad on Urdu Adab website] Published 11 July 2009, Retrieved 25 September 2020</ref>

== Early life and family ==
Muhammad Hussain was born in [[Delhi]] to a Persian immigrant family. His mother died when he was four years old. His father, [[Moulvi Muhammad Baqir]] was educated at the [[Zakir Husain Delhi College|Delhi College]]. In early 1837, Azad's father bought a printing press and launched the ''Delhi Urdu Akhbaar'' (Delhi Urdu Newspaper). In 1854, Muhammad Hussain graduated from college and began to help his father with his newspaper and publishing work.<ref name=UC/>

Azad married Aghai Begum, the daughter of another Persian immigrant family. Then his world came apart during next few years due to his father-owned newspaper's support of the rebels against the British empire and restoration of Mughal emperor [[Bahadur Shah Zafar]] in Delhi temporarily in the aftermath of [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]. After the British retook Delhi some months later and executed his father Maulvi Muhammad Baqir, his whole joint family including old women and young children were expelled from their house by force by the British authorities. A period of turmoil followed in [[Delhi]], Azad then decided to migrate to [[Lahore]] in 1861.<ref name=UrduAdab/><ref name=UC/>

== Career ==
Azad started teaching at the newly-founded [[Government College, Lahore]] in 1864, and later at [[Oriental College]], Lahore. In Lahore, he came in contact with [[G. W. Leitner]], who was the principal and founder of Anjuman-e-Punjab. In 1866, Azad became a regularly paid lecturer on behalf of the Anjuman and a year later became its secretary. In 1887, he established the Azad Library which helped him earn the title of ''Shams-ul-ulama'' (Sun among the Learned).<ref name=UrduAdab/><ref name=UC/>

Along with [[Altaf Hussain Hali]], Azad led a movement for 'natural poetry', a movement to reform classical Urdu poetry. He declared the aim of poetry to be ... “as we express it, it should arouse in the listeners’ heart the same effect, the same emotion, the same fervor, as would be created by seeing the thing itself, rejecting the aesthetics of classical Urdu poetry, which, according to him, was artificial and involved in a 'game of words' that did not produce genuine emotion. Sir [[Syed Ahmad Khan]] encouraged and supported both Hali and Azad in their effort to create a simple and realistic-looking creed of Urdu literature.<ref name=UC/><ref name="Dubrow2018">{{cite book|last=Dubrow|first=Jennifer|title=Cosmopolitan Dreams: The Making of Modern Urdu Literary Culture in Colonial South Asia|url=https://www.degruyter.com/viewbooktoc/product/523583|date=October 2018|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|isbn=978-0-8248-7270-0|chapter=Chapter 1 : Printing the Cosmopolis|chapter-url=https://www.degruyter.com/view/books/9780824876692/9780824876692-005/9780824876692-005.xml|page=23|via=[[De Gruyter]]}} {{Subscription required}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/azad-mohammad-hosayn-scholar-and-writer-in-urdu-and-persian-born-about-1834-in-delhi|title=ĀZĀD, MOḤAMMAD-ḤOSAYN – Encyclopaedia Iranica|website=www.iranicaonline.org|access-date=2020-02-10}}</ref>

== Works ==
* ''Qisas ul-hind'' ("Stories of India") - 1869<ref name=UrduAdab/><ref name=UC/>
* ''Nairang-e Khiyāl'' ("The Wonder-World of Thought") - 1880<ref name=UC/>
* [[Aab-e hayat (Azad)|Aab-e-Hayat]] ("Water of Life/Elixir") - 1880 (this book describes the history of Urdu poetry)<ref name=UrduAdab/><ref name=UC/>
* ''Sair-i Iran'' - 1886
* ''Sukhandān-e fārs'' ("On Iranian Poets") - completed in 1887 and published in 1907<ref name=UrduAdab/>
* ''Darbār-e akbarī'' ("The Court of Akbar") - 1898<ref name=UrduAdab/><ref name=UC/>

==Death==
Muhammad Hussain Azad died in Lahore on 22 January 1910 at age 79.<ref name=UC/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://dsal.uchicago.edu/digbooks/dig_toc.html?BOOKID=PK2167.A84 Table of Contents -- Digital South Asia Library] at dsal.uchicago.edu Aab-eHayat link to 1907 edition printed Naval Kishore Press, Lahore.
* [https://dsal.uchicago.edu/books/PK2155.H8413/index.html ] at dsal.uchicago.edu Aab-eHayat link to English Translation, Translated and edited by Frances W. Pritchett, in association with Shamsur Rahman Faruqi

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Azad, Muhammad Husain}}
[[Category:Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:Muslim reformers]]
[[Category:Poets from Delhi]]
[[Category:1830 births]]
[[Category:1910 deaths]]
[[Category:Urdu-language poets from India]]
[[Category:Muslim writers]]
[[Category:Writers from Lahore]]
[[Category:Indian literary critics]]
[[Category:Indian academics]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Indian travel writers]]
[[Category:Indian expatriates in Iran]]
[[Category:Urdu-language travel writers]]